fix ruff errors

examples/struct_and_perf.py

@@ -27,10 +27,7 @@ def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
     dataobj.pid = pid()
     dataobj.ts = ktime()
     # dataobj.comm = strobj
-    print(
+    print(f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid" f"{dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}")
-        f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid"
-        f"{dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}"
-    )
     events.output(dataobj)
     return c_int32(0)
 

pythonbpf/functions_pass.py

@@ -83,19 +83,16 @@ def handle_assign(
     elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
         if isinstance(rval.value, bool):
             if rval.value:
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1),
+                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-                              local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
             else:
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 0),
+                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 0), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-                              local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
             print(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
         elif isinstance(rval.value, int):
             # Assume c_int64 for now
             # var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
             # var.align = 8
             builder.store(
-                ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64),
+                ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), rval.value), local_sym_tab[var_name][0]
-                            rval.value), local_sym_tab[var_name][0]
             )
             # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
             print(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
@@ -110,8 +107,7 @@ def handle_assign(
             global_str.linkage = "internal"
             global_str.global_constant = True
             global_str.initializer = str_const
-            str_ptr = builder.bitcast(
+            str_ptr = builder.bitcast(global_str, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)))
-                global_str, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)))
             builder.store(str_ptr, local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
             print(f"Assigned string constant '{rval.value}' to {var_name}")
         else:
@@ -130,8 +126,7 @@ def handle_assign(
                 # var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                 # var.align = ir_type.width // 8
                 builder.store(
-                    ir.Constant(
+                    ir.Constant(ir_type, rval.args[0].value), local_sym_tab[var_name][0]
-                        ir_type, rval.args[0].value), local_sym_tab[var_name][0]
                 )
                 print(
                     f"Assigned {call_type} constant "
@@ -177,8 +172,7 @@ def handle_assign(
                 ir_type = struct_info.ir_type
                 # var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                 # Null init
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir_type, None),
+                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir_type, None), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-                              local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
                 local_var_metadata[var_name] = call_type
                 print(f"Assigned struct {call_type} to {var_name}")
                 # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
@@ -249,8 +243,7 @@ def handle_cond(func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab):
             print(f"Undefined variable {cond.id} in condition")
             return None
     elif isinstance(cond, ast.Compare):
-        lhs = eval_expr(func, module, builder, cond.left,
+        lhs = eval_expr(func, module, builder, cond.left, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)[0]
-                        local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)[0]
         if len(cond.ops) != 1 or len(cond.comparators) != 1:
             print("Unsupported complex comparison")
             return None
@@ -303,8 +296,7 @@ def handle_if(
     else:
         else_block = None
 
-    cond = handle_cond(func, module, builder, stmt.test,
+    cond = handle_cond(func, module, builder, stmt.test, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)
-                       local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)
     if else_block:
         builder.cbranch(cond, then_block, else_block)
     else:
@@ -449,8 +441,7 @@ def allocate_mem(
                         ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
                         var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                         var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                        print(
+                        print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type {call_type}")
-                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type {call_type}")
                     elif HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_type):
                         # Assume return type is int64 for now
                         ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
@@ -671,8 +662,7 @@ def infer_return_type(func_node: ast.FunctionDef):
             if found_type is None:
                 found_type = t
             elif found_type != t:
-                raise ValueError("Conflicting return types:"
+                raise ValueError("Conflicting return types:" f"{found_type} vs {t}")
-                                 f"{found_type} vs {t}")
     return found_type or "None"
 
 
@@ -709,8 +699,7 @@ def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_l
         char = builder.load(src_ptr)
 
         # Store character in target
-        dst_ptr = builder.gep(
+        dst_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), idx])
-            target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), idx])
         builder.store(char, dst_ptr)
 
         # Increment counter
@@ -721,6 +710,5 @@ def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_l
 
     # Ensure null termination
     last_idx = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length - 1)
-    null_ptr = builder.gep(
+    null_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), last_idx])
-        target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), last_idx])
     builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(8), 0), null_ptr)

pythonbpf/helper/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 from .helper_utils import HelperHandlerRegistry
 from .bpf_helper_handler import handle_helper_call
+
+__all__ = [HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call]

pythonbpf/helper/bpf_helper_handler.py

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 import ast
 from llvmlite import ir
 from enum import Enum
-from .helper_utils import (HelperHandlerRegistry,
+from .helper_utils import (
-                           get_or_create_ptr_from_arg, get_flags_val,
+    HelperHandlerRegistry,
-                           handle_fstring_print, simple_string_print,
+    get_or_create_ptr_from_arg,
-                           get_data_ptr_and_size)
+    get_flags_val,
+    handle_fstring_print,
+    simple_string_print,
+    get_data_ptr_and_size,
+)
 
 
 class BPFHelperID(Enum):
@@ -18,9 +22,16 @@ class BPFHelperID(Enum):
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("ktime")
-def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(
-                             local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                             local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ktime_get_ns helper function call.
     """
@@ -34,27 +45,34 @@ def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("lookup")
-def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
-                                local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_lookup_elem helper function call.
     """
     if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
-        raise ValueError("Map lookup expects exactly one argument (key), got "
+        raise ValueError(
-                         f"{len(call.args)}")
+            "Map lookup expects exactly one argument (key), got " f"{len(call.args)}"
+        )
     key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab)
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
 
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.PointerType(),  # Return type: void*
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType()],  # Args: (void*, void*)
-        var_arg=False
+        var_arg=False,
     )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
-    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM.value)
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr], tail=False)
@@ -63,33 +81,46 @@ def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("print")
-def bpf_printk_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_printk_emitter(
-                       local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                       local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """Emit LLVM IR for bpf_printk helper function call."""
     if not hasattr(func, "_fmt_counter"):
         func._fmt_counter = 0
 
     if not call.args:
-        raise ValueError(
+        raise ValueError("bpf_printk expects at least one argument (format string)")
-            "bpf_printk expects at least one argument (format string)")
 
     args = []
     if isinstance(call.args[0], ast.JoinedStr):
-        args = handle_fstring_print(call.args[0], module, builder, func,
+        args = handle_fstring_print(
-                                    local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+            call.args[0],
-                                    local_var_metadata)
+            module,
-    elif (isinstance(call.args[0], ast.Constant) and
+            builder,
-          isinstance(call.args[0].value, str)):
+            func,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+            local_var_metadata,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(call.args[0], ast.Constant) and isinstance(call.args[0].value, str):
         # TODO: We are only supporting single arguments for now.
         # In case of multiple args, the first one will be taken.
         args = simple_string_print(call.args[0].value, module, builder, func)
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple strings or f-strings are supported in bpf_printk.")
+            "Only simple strings or f-strings are supported in bpf_printk."
+        )
 
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
-        ir.IntType(64), [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32)], var_arg=True)
+        ir.IntType(64), [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32)], var_arg=True
+    )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
     fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PRINTK.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
@@ -99,18 +130,25 @@ def bpf_printk_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("update")
-def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
-                                local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_update_elem helper function call.
     Expected call signature: map.update(key, value, flags=0)
     """
-    if (not call.args or
+    if not call.args or len(call.args) < 2 or len(call.args) > 3:
-        len(call.args) < 2 or
+        raise ValueError(
-            len(call.args) > 3):
+            "Map update expects 2 or 3 args (key, value, flags), "
-        raise ValueError("Map update expects 2 or 3 args (key, value, flags), "
+            f"got {len(call.args)}"
-                         f"got {len(call.args)}")
+        )
 
     key_arg = call.args[0]
     value_arg = call.args[1]
@@ -124,12 +162,11 @@ def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.IntType(64),
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
-        var_arg=False
+        var_arg=False,
     )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
-    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM.value)
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     if isinstance(flags_val, int):
@@ -138,22 +175,31 @@ def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
         flags_const = flags_val
 
     result = builder.call(
-        fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr, value_ptr, flags_const], tail=False)
+        fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr, value_ptr, flags_const], tail=False
+    )
 
     return result, None
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("delete")
-def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
-                                local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_delete_elem helper function call.
     Expected call signature: map.delete(key)
     """
     if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
-        raise ValueError("Map delete expects exactly one argument (key), got "
+        raise ValueError(
-                         f"{len(call.args)}")
+            "Map delete expects exactly one argument (key), got " f"{len(call.args)}"
+        )
     key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab)
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
 
@@ -161,12 +207,11 @@ def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.IntType(64),  # Return type: int64 (status code)
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType()],  # Args: (void*, void*)
-        var_arg=False
+        var_arg=False,
     )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
-    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM.value)
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr], tail=False)
@@ -175,15 +220,21 @@ def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("pid")
-def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
-                                     local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                     local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_pid_tgid helper function call.
     """
     # func is an arg to just have a uniform signature with other emitters
-    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_PID_TGID.value)
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_PID_TGID.value)
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(64), [], var_arg=False)
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
@@ -196,18 +247,26 @@ def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("output")
-def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
-                                  local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                  local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     if len(call.args) != 1:
-        raise ValueError("Perf event output expects exactly one argument, "
+        raise ValueError(
-                         f"got {len(call.args)}")
+            "Perf event output expects exactly one argument, " f"got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
     data_arg = call.args[0]
     ctx_ptr = func.args[0]  # First argument to the function is ctx
 
-    data_ptr, size_val = get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab,
+    data_ptr, size_val = get_data_ptr_and_size(
-                                               struct_sym_tab,
+        data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata
-                                               local_var_metadata)
+    )
 
     # BPF_F_CURRENT_CPU is -1 in 32 bit
     flags_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0xFFFFFFFF)
@@ -216,36 +275,56 @@ def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
     data_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(data_ptr, ir.PointerType())
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.IntType(64),
-        [ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)), ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64),
+        [
-         ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
+            ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
-        var_arg=False
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+        ],
+        var_arg=False,
     )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
     # helper id
-    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64),
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PERF_EVENT_OUTPUT.value)
-                          BPFHelperID.BPF_PERF_EVENT_OUTPUT.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     result = builder.call(
-        fn_ptr,
+        fn_ptr, [ctx_ptr, map_void_ptr, flags_val, data_void_ptr, size_val], tail=False
-        [ctx_ptr, map_void_ptr, flags_val, data_void_ptr, size_val],
+    )
-        tail=False)
     return result, None
 
 
-def handle_helper_call(call, module, builder, func,
+def handle_helper_call(
-                       local_sym_tab=None, map_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                       struct_sym_tab=None, local_var_metadata=None):
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """Process a BPF helper function call and emit the appropriate LLVM IR."""
+
     # Helper function to get map pointer and invoke handler
     def invoke_helper(method_name, map_ptr=None):
         handler = HelperHandlerRegistry.get_handler(method_name)
         if not handler:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Helper function '{method_name}' is not implemented.")
+                f"Helper function '{method_name}' is not implemented."
-        return handler(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+            )
-                       local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
+        return handler(
+            call,
+            map_ptr,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            func,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+            local_var_metadata,
+        )
 
     # Handle direct function calls (e.g., print(), ktime())
     if isinstance(call.func, ast.Name):
@@ -265,7 +344,8 @@ def handle_helper_call(call, module, builder, func,
             map_name = value.id
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Unsupported map access pattern: {ast.dump(value)}")
+                f"Unsupported map access pattern: {ast.dump(value)}"
+            )
 
         # Verify map exists and get pointer
         if not map_sym_tab or map_name not in map_sym_tab:

pythonbpf/helper/helper_utils.py

@@ -8,14 +8,17 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 class HelperHandlerRegistry:
     """Registry for BPF helpers"""
+
     _handlers = {}
 
     @classmethod
     def register(cls, helper_name):
         """Decorator to register a handler function for a helper"""
+
         def decorator(func):
             cls._handlers[helper_name] = func
             return func
+
         return decorator
 
     @classmethod
@@ -55,7 +58,8 @@ def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(arg, builder, local_sym_tab):
         ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder)
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple variable names are supported as args in map helpers.")
+            "Only simple variable names are supported as args in map helpers."
+        )
     return ptr
 
 
@@ -69,13 +73,13 @@ def get_flags_val(arg, builder, local_sym_tab):
             flags_ptr = local_sym_tab[arg.id][0]
             return builder.load(flags_ptr)
         else:
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{arg.id}' not found in local symbol table")
-                f"Variable '{arg.id}' not found in local symbol table")
     elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, int):
         return arg.value
 
     raise NotImplementedError(
-        "Only var names or int consts are supported as map helpers flags.")
+        "Only var names or int consts are supported as map helpers flags."
+    )
 
 
 def simple_string_print(string_value, module, builder, func):
@@ -87,9 +91,15 @@ def simple_string_print(string_value, module, builder, func):
     return args
 
 
-def handle_fstring_print(joined_str, module, builder, func,
+def handle_fstring_print(
-                         local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    joined_str,
-                         local_var_metadata=None):
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    local_var_metadata=None,
+):
     """Handle f-string formatting for bpf_printk emitter."""
     fmt_parts = []
     exprs = []
@@ -100,25 +110,34 @@ def handle_fstring_print(joined_str, module, builder, func,
         if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
             _process_constant_in_fstring(value, fmt_parts, exprs)
         elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
-            _process_fval(value, fmt_parts, exprs,
+            _process_fval(
-                          local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+                value,
-                          local_var_metadata)
+                fmt_parts,
+                exprs,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+                local_var_metadata,
+            )
         else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported f-string value type: {type(value)}")
-                f"Unsupported f-string value type: {type(value)}")
 
     fmt_str = "".join(fmt_parts)
     args = simple_string_print(fmt_str, module, builder, func)
 
     # NOTE: Process expressions (limited to 3 due to BPF constraints)
     if len(exprs) > 3:
-        logger.warning(
+        logger.warning("bpf_printk supports up to 3 args, extra args will be ignored.")
-            "bpf_printk supports up to 3 args, extra args will be ignored.")
 
     for expr in exprs[:3]:
-        arg_value = _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder,
+        arg_value = _prepare_expr_args(
-                                       local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+            expr,
-                                       local_var_metadata)
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+            local_var_metadata,
+        )
         args.append(arg_value)
 
     return args
@@ -133,24 +152,31 @@ def _process_constant_in_fstring(cst, fmt_parts, exprs):
         exprs.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), cst.value))
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            f"Unsupported constant type in f-string: {type(cst.value)}")
+            f"Unsupported constant type in f-string: {type(cst.value)}"
+        )
 
 
-def _process_fval(fval, fmt_parts, exprs,
+def _process_fval(
-                  local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+    fval, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata
-                  local_var_metadata):
+):
     """Process formatted values in f-string."""
     logger.debug(f"Processing formatted value: {ast.dump(fval)}")
 
     if isinstance(fval.value, ast.Name):
         _process_name_in_fval(fval.value, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab)
     elif isinstance(fval.value, ast.Attribute):
-        _process_attr_in_fval(fval.value, fmt_parts, exprs,
+        _process_attr_in_fval(
-                              local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+            fval.value,
-                              local_var_metadata)
+            fmt_parts,
+            exprs,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+            local_var_metadata,
+        )
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            f"Unsupported formatted value in f-string: {type(fval.value)}")
+            f"Unsupported formatted value in f-string: {type(fval.value)}"
+        )
 
 
 def _process_name_in_fval(name_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab):
@@ -160,34 +186,39 @@ def _process_name_in_fval(name_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab):
         _populate_fval(var_type, name_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
 
 
-def _process_attr_in_fval(attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs,
+def _process_attr_in_fval(
-                          local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+    attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata
-                          local_var_metadata):
+):
     """Process attribute nodes in formatted values."""
-    if (isinstance(attr_node.value, ast.Name) and
+    if (
-            local_sym_tab and attr_node.value.id in local_sym_tab):
+        isinstance(attr_node.value, ast.Name)
+        and local_sym_tab
+        and attr_node.value.id in local_sym_tab
+    ):
         var_name = attr_node.value.id
         field_name = attr_node.attr
 
         if not local_var_metadata or var_name not in local_var_metadata:
             raise ValueError(
-                f"Metadata for '{var_name}' not found in local var metadata")
+                f"Metadata for '{var_name}' not found in local var metadata"
+            )
 
         var_type = local_var_metadata[var_name]
         if var_type not in struct_sym_tab:
             raise ValueError(
-                f"Struct '{var_type}' for '{var_name}' not in symbol table")
+                f"Struct '{var_type}' for '{var_name}' not in symbol table"
+            )
 
         struct_info = struct_sym_tab[var_type]
         if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{var_type}'")
-                f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{var_type}'")
 
         field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
         _populate_fval(field_type, attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple attribute on local vars is supported in f-strings.")
+            "Only simple attribute on local vars is supported in f-strings."
+        )
 
 
 def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
@@ -202,14 +233,14 @@ def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
             exprs.append(node)
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Unsupported integer width in f-string: {ftype.width}")
+                f"Unsupported integer width in f-string: {ftype.width}"
+            )
     elif ftype == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
         # NOTE: We assume i8* is a string
         fmt_parts.append("%s")
         exprs.append(node)
     else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
-            f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
 
 
 def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
@@ -218,11 +249,11 @@ def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
     func._fmt_counter += 1
 
     fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
-        module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name)
+        module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name
+    )
     fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
     fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(
-        ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)),
+        ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
-        bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
     )
     fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
     fmt_gvar.align = 1
@@ -230,13 +261,20 @@ def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
     return builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
 
 
-def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder,
+def _prepare_expr_args(
-                       local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+    expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata
-                       local_var_metadata):
+):
     """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
-    val, _ = eval_expr(func, module, builder, expr,
+    val, _ = eval_expr(
-                       local_sym_tab, None, struct_sym_tab,
+        func,
-                       local_var_metadata)
+        module,
+        builder,
+        expr,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        None,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        local_var_metadata,
+    )
 
     if val:
         if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
@@ -246,19 +284,19 @@ def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder,
                 val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
         else:
             logger.warning(
-                "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. "
+                "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. " "Others default to 0."
-                "Others default to 0.")
+            )
             val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
         return val
     else:
         logger.warning(
             "Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk argument. "
-            "It will be converted to 0.")
+            "It will be converted to 0."
+        )
         return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
 
 
-def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
+def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata):
-                          local_var_metadata):
     """Extract data pointer and size information for perf event output."""
     if isinstance(data_arg, ast.Name):
         data_name = data_arg.id
@@ -266,7 +304,8 @@ def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
             data_ptr = local_sym_tab[data_name][0]
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                f"Data variable {data_name} not found in local symbol table.")
+                f"Data variable {data_name} not found in local symbol table."
+            )
 
         # Check if data_name is a struct
         if local_var_metadata and data_name in local_var_metadata:
@@ -277,12 +316,14 @@ def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab,
                 return data_ptr, size_val
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    f"Struct {data_type} for {data_name} not in symbol table.")
+                    f"Struct {data_type} for {data_name} not in symbol table."
+                )
         else:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Metadata for variable {data_name} "
-                "not found in local variable metadata.")
+                "not found in local variable metadata."
+            )
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple object names are supported "
+            "Only simple object names are supported " "as data in perf event output."
-            "as data in perf event output.")
+        )