bump version to v0.1.5

Adds IR and debug info generation capabilities for vmlinux imported structs

BCC-Examples/hello_fields.py

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
-def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    print("Hello, World!")
-    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"
-
-
-# Compile and load
-b = BPF()
-b.load()
-b.attach_all()
-
-# header
-print(f"{'TIME(s)':<18} {'COMM':<16} {'PID':<6} {'MESSAGE'}")
-
-# format output
-while True:
-    try:
-        (task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg) = trace_fields()
-    except ValueError:
-        continue
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        exit()
-    print(f"{ts:<18} {task:<16} {pid:<6} {msg}")

BCC-Examples/hello_perf_output.py

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
-from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid, comm
-from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
-
-
-@bpf
-@struct
-class data_t:
-    pid: c_uint64
-    ts: c_uint64
-    comm: str(16)  # type: ignore [valid-type]
-
-
-@bpf
-@map
-def events() -> PerfEventArray:
-    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
-def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    dataobj = data_t()
-    dataobj.pid, dataobj.ts = pid(), ktime()
-    comm(dataobj.comm)
-    events.output(dataobj)
-    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"
-
-
-# Compile and load
-b = BPF()
-b.load()
-b.attach_all()
-
-start = 0
-
-
-def callback(cpu, event):
-    global start
-    if start == 0:
-        start = event.ts
-    ts = (event.ts - start) / 1e9
-    print(f"[CPU {cpu}] PID: {event.pid}, TS: {ts}, COMM: {event.comm.decode()}")
-
-
-perf = b["events"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name="data_t")
-print("Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)")
-print("Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events")
-
-try:
-    while True:
-        b["events"].poll(1000)
-except KeyboardInterrupt:
-    print("Stopping...")

BCC-Examples/hello_world.py

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
-def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    print("Hello, World!")
-    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"
-
-
-# Compile and load
-b = BPF()
-b.load()
-b.attach_all()
-
-trace_pipe()

BCC-Examples/sync_count.py

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields
-from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
-from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
-
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@map
-def last() -> HashMap:
-    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=2)
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
-def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    ts_key, cnt_key = 0, 1
-    tsp, cntp = last.lookup(ts_key), last.lookup(cnt_key)
-    if not cntp:
-        last.update(cnt_key, 0)
-        cntp = last.lookup(cnt_key)
-    if tsp:
-        delta = ktime() - tsp
-        if delta < 1000000000:
-            time_ms = delta // 1000000
-            print(f"{time_ms} {cntp}")
-        last.delete(ts_key)
-    else:
-        last.update(ts_key, ktime())
-    last.update(cnt_key, cntp + 1)
-    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"
-
-
-# Compile and load
-b = BPF()
-b.load()
-b.attach_all()
-
-print("Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end")
-
-# format output
-start = 0
-while True:
-    try:
-        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg = trace_fields()
-        if start == 0:
-            start = ts
-        ts -= start
-        ms, cnt = msg.split()
-        print(f"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago. Count {cnt}")
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        exit()

BCC-Examples/sync_perf_output.py

@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
-from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
-from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
-from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@struct
-class data_t:
-    ts: c_int64
-    ms: c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@map
-def events() -> PerfEventArray:
-    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)
-
-
-@bpf
-@map
-def last() -> HashMap:
-    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
-def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    dat, dat.ts, key = data_t(), ktime(), 0
-    tsp = last.lookup(key)
-    if tsp:
-        delta = ktime() - tsp
-        if delta < 1000000000:
-            dat.ms = delta // 1000000
-            events.output(dat)
-        last.delete(key)
-    else:
-        last.update(key, ktime())
-    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"
-
-
-# Compile and load
-b = BPF()
-b.load()
-b.attach_all()
-
-print("Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end")
-
-# format output
-start = 0
-
-
-def callback(cpu, event):
-    global start
-    if start == 0:
-        start = event.ts
-    event.ts -= start
-    print(
-        f"At time {event.ts / 1e9} s: Multiple sync detected, Last sync: {event.ms} ms ago"
-    )
-
-
-perf = b["events"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name="data_t")
-print("Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)")
-print("Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events")
-
-try:
-    while True:
-        b["events"].poll(1000)
-except KeyboardInterrupt:
-    print("Stopping...")

BCC-Examples/sync_timing.py

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields
-from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
-from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
-
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@map
-def last() -> HashMap:
-    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
-def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    key = 0
-    tsp = last.lookup(key)
-    if tsp:
-        delta = ktime() - tsp
-        if delta < 1000000000:
-            time_ms = delta // 1000000
-            print(f"{time_ms}")
-        last.delete(key)
-    else:
-        last.update(key, ktime())
-    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"
-
-
-# Compile and load
-b = BPF()
-b.load()
-b.attach_all()
-
-print("Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end")
-
-# format output
-start = 0
-while True:
-    try:
-        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, ms = trace_fields()
-        if start == 0:
-            start = ts
-        ts -= start
-        print(f"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago")
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        exit()

BCC-Examples/sys_sync.py

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
-def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    print("sys_sync() called")
-    return c_int64(0)
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"
-
-
-# Compile and load
-b = BPF()
-b.load()
-b.attach_all()
-print("Tracing sys_sync()... Ctrl-C to end.")
-trace_pipe()

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "pythonbpf"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.5"
 description = "Reduced Python frontend for eBPF"
 authors = [
   { name = "r41k0u", email="pragyanshchaturvedi18@gmail.com" },

pythonbpf/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from .decorators import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, struct
 from .codegen import compile_to_ir, compile, BPF
-from .utils import trace_pipe, trace_fields
 
 __all__ = [
     "bpf",
@@ -11,6 +10,4 @@ __all__ = [
     "compile_to_ir",
     "compile",
     "BPF",
-    "trace_pipe",
-    "trace_fields",
 ]

pythonbpf/allocation_pass.py

@@ -22,68 +22,44 @@ class LocalSymbol:
         yield self.metadata
 
 
-def create_targets_and_rvals(stmt):
-    """Create lists of targets and right-hand values from an assignment statement."""
-    if isinstance(stmt.targets[0], ast.Tuple):
-        if not isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Tuple):
-            logger.warning("Mismatched multi-target assignment, skipping allocation")
-            return
-        targets, rvals = stmt.targets[0].elts, stmt.value.elts
-        if len(targets) != len(rvals):
-            logger.warning("length of LHS != length of RHS, skipping allocation")
-            return
-        return targets, rvals
-    return stmt.targets, [stmt.value]
-
-
 def handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
     """Handle memory allocation for assignment statements."""
 
-    logger.info(f"Handling assignment for allocation: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
+    # Validate assignment
+    if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
+        logger.warning("Multi-target assignment not supported, skipping allocation")
+        return
 
-    # NOTE: Support multi-target assignments (e.g.: a, b = 1, 2)
+    target = stmt.targets[0]
-    targets, rvals = create_targets_and_rvals(stmt)
 
-    for target, rval in zip(targets, rvals):
+    # Skip non-name targets (e.g., struct field assignments)
-        # Skip non-name targets (e.g., struct field assignments)
+    if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
-        if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
+        logger.debug(f"Struct field assignment to {target.attr}, no allocation needed")
-            logger.debug(
+        return
-                f"Struct field assignment to {target.attr}, no allocation needed"
-            )
-            continue
 
-        if not isinstance(target, ast.Name):
+    if not isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-            logger.warning(
+        logger.warning(f"Unsupported assignment target type: {type(target).__name__}")
-                f"Unsupported assignment target type: {type(target).__name__}"
+        return
-            )
-            continue
 
-        var_name = target.id
+    var_name = target.id
+    rval = stmt.value
 
-        # Skip if already allocated
+    # Skip if already allocated
-        if var_name in local_sym_tab:
+    if var_name in local_sym_tab:
-            logger.debug(f"Variable {var_name} already allocated, skipping")
+        logger.debug(f"Variable {var_name} already allocated, skipping")
-            continue
+        return
 
-        # Determine type and allocate based on rval
+    # Determine type and allocate based on rval
-        if isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
+    if isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
-            _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+        _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
-        elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
+    elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
-            _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab)
+        _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab)
-        elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
+    elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
-            _allocate_for_binop(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        _allocate_for_binop(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
-        elif isinstance(rval, ast.Name):
+    else:
-            # Variable-to-variable assignment (b = a)
+        logger.warning(
-            _allocate_for_name(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab)
+            f"Unsupported assignment value type for {var_name}: {type(rval).__name__}"
-        elif isinstance(rval, ast.Attribute):
+        )
-            # Struct field-to-variable assignment (a = dat.fld)
-            _allocate_for_attribute(
-                builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-            )
-        else:
-            logger.warning(
-                f"Unsupported assignment value type for {var_name}: {type(rval).__name__}"
-            )
 
 
 def _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
@@ -200,88 +176,3 @@ def allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps, local_sym_tab):
         temp_var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=temp_name)
         temp_var.align = 8
         local_sym_tab[temp_name] = LocalSymbol(temp_var, ir.IntType(64))
-
-
-def _allocate_for_name(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab):
-    """Allocate memory for variable-to-variable assignment (b = a)."""
-    source_var = rval.id
-
-    if source_var not in local_sym_tab:
-        logger.error(f"Source variable '{source_var}' not found in symbol table")
-        return
-
-    # Get type and metadata from source variable
-    source_symbol = local_sym_tab[source_var]
-
-    # Allocate with same type and alignment
-    var = _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, source_symbol.ir_type)
-    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(
-        var, source_symbol.ir_type, source_symbol.metadata
-    )
-
-    logger.info(
-        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} from {source_var} with type {source_symbol.ir_type}"
-    )
-
-
-def _allocate_for_attribute(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
-    """Allocate memory for struct field-to-variable assignment (a = dat.fld)."""
-    if not isinstance(rval.value, ast.Name):
-        logger.warning(f"Complex attribute access not supported for {var_name}")
-        return
-
-    struct_var = rval.value.id
-    field_name = rval.attr
-
-    # Validate struct and field
-    if struct_var not in local_sym_tab:
-        logger.error(f"Struct variable '{struct_var}' not found")
-        return
-
-    struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_var].metadata
-    if not struct_type or struct_type not in structs_sym_tab:
-        logger.error(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
-        return
-
-    struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]
-    if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-        logger.error(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{struct_type}'")
-        return
-
-    # Get field type
-    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-
-    # Special case: char array -> allocate as i8* pointer instead
-    if (
-        isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
-        and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
-        and field_type.element.width == 8
-    ):
-        alloc_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
-        logger.info(f"Allocating {var_name} as i8* (pointer to char array)")
-    else:
-        alloc_type = field_type
-
-    var = _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, alloc_type)
-    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, alloc_type)
-
-    logger.info(
-        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} from {struct_var}.{field_name} with type {alloc_type}"
-    )
-
-
-def _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, ir_type):
-    """Allocate variable with appropriate alignment for type."""
-    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-    var.align = _get_alignment(ir_type)
-    return var
-
-
-def _get_alignment(ir_type):
-    """Get appropriate alignment for IR type."""
-    if isinstance(ir_type, ir.IntType):
-        return ir_type.width // 8
-    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType) and isinstance(ir_type.element, ir.IntType):
-        return ir_type.element.width // 8
-    else:
-        return 8  # Default: pointer size

pythonbpf/assign_pass.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import ast
 import logging
 from llvmlite import ir
 from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr
-from pythonbpf.helper import emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -28,82 +27,27 @@ def handle_struct_field_assignment(
 
     # Get field pointer and evaluate value
     field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, local_sym_tab[var_name].var, field_name)
-    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+    val = eval_expr(
-    val_result = eval_expr(
         func, module, builder, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
     )
 
-    if val_result is None:
+    if val is None:
         logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate value for {var_name}.{field_name}")
         return
 
-    val, val_type = val_result
+    # TODO: Handle string assignment to char array (not a priority)
-
+    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-    # Special case: i8* string to [N x i8] char array
+    if isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType) and val[1] == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
-    if _is_char_array(field_type) and _is_i8_ptr(val_type):
+        logger.warning(
-        _copy_string_to_char_array(
+            f"String to char array assignment not implemented for {var_name}.{field_name}"
-            func,
-            module,
-            builder,
-            val,
-            field_ptr,
-            field_type,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            map_sym_tab,
-            structs_sym_tab,
         )
-        logger.info(f"Copied string to char array {var_name}.{field_name}")
         return
 
-    # Regular assignment
+    # Store the value
-    builder.store(val, field_ptr)
+    builder.store(val[0], field_ptr)
     logger.info(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
 
 
-def _copy_string_to_char_array(
-    func,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    src_ptr,
-    dst_ptr,
-    array_type,
-    local_sym_tab,
-    map_sym_tab,
-    struct_sym_tab,
-):
-    """Copy string (i8*) to char array ([N x i8]) using bpf_probe_read_kernel_str"""
-
-    array_size = array_type.count
-
-    # Get pointer to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
-    dst_i8_ptr = builder.gep(
-        dst_ptr,
-        [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
-        inbounds=True,
-    )
-
-    # Use the shared emitter function
-    emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_i8_ptr, array_size, src_ptr)
-
-
-def _is_char_array(ir_type):
-    """Check if type is [N x i8]."""
-    return (
-        isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType)
-        and isinstance(ir_type.element, ir.IntType)
-        and ir_type.element.width == 8
-    )
-
-
-def _is_i8_ptr(ir_type):
-    """Check if type is i8*."""
-    return (
-        isinstance(ir_type, ir.PointerType)
-        and isinstance(ir_type.pointee, ir.IntType)
-        and ir_type.pointee.width == 8
-    )
-
-
 def handle_variable_assignment(
     func, module, builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
 ):
@@ -127,17 +71,6 @@ def handle_variable_assignment(
             logger.info(f"Initialized struct {struct_name} for variable {var_name}")
             return True
 
-    # Special case: struct field char array -> pointer
-    # Handle this before eval_expr to get the pointer, not the value
-    if isinstance(rval, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(rval.value, ast.Name):
-        converted_val = _try_convert_char_array_to_ptr(
-            rval, var_type, builder, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-        )
-        if converted_val is not None:
-            builder.store(converted_val, var_ptr)
-            logger.info(f"Assigned char array pointer to {var_name}")
-            return True
-
     val_result = eval_expr(
         func, module, builder, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
     )
@@ -173,52 +106,3 @@ def handle_variable_assignment(
     builder.store(val, var_ptr)
     logger.info(f"Assigned value to variable {var_name}")
     return True
-
-
-def _try_convert_char_array_to_ptr(
-    rval, var_type, builder, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-):
-    """Try to convert char array field to i8* pointer"""
-    # Only convert if target is i8*
-    if not (
-        isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType)
-        and isinstance(var_type.pointee, ir.IntType)
-        and var_type.pointee.width == 8
-    ):
-        return None
-
-    struct_var = rval.value.id
-    field_name = rval.attr
-
-    # Validate struct
-    if struct_var not in local_sym_tab:
-        return None
-
-    struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_var].metadata
-    if not struct_type or struct_type not in structs_sym_tab:
-        return None
-
-    struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]
-    if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-        return None
-
-    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-
-    # Check if it's a char array
-    if not (
-        isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
-        and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
-        and field_type.element.width == 8
-    ):
-        return None
-
-    # Get pointer to struct field
-    struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[struct_var].var
-    field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
-
-    # GEP to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
-    return builder.gep(
-        field_ptr,
-        [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
-        inbounds=True,
-    )

pythonbpf/codegen.py

@@ -15,14 +15,24 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 import inspect
 from pathlib import Path
-from pylibbpf import BpfObject
+from pylibbpf import BpfProgram
 import tempfile
 from logging import Logger
 import logging
+import re
 
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-VERSION = "v0.1.4"
+VERSION = "v0.1.5"
+
+
+def finalize_module(original_str):
+    """After all IR generation is complete, we monkey patch btf_ama attribute"""
+
+    # Create a string with applied transformation of btf_ama attribute addition to BTF struct field accesses.
+    pattern = r'(@"llvm\.[^"]+:[^"]*" = external global i64, !llvm\.preserve\.access\.index ![0-9]+)'
+    replacement = r'\1 "btf_ama"'
+    return re.sub(pattern, replacement, original_str)
 
 
 def find_bpf_chunks(tree):
@@ -55,7 +65,6 @@ def processor(source_code, filename, module):
     func_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
 
     globals_list_creation(tree, module)
-    return structs_sym_tab, map_sym_tab
 
 
 def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
@@ -81,7 +90,7 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
             True,
         )
 
-    structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab = processor(source, filename, module)
+    processor(source, filename, module)
 
     wchar_size = module.add_metadata(
         [
@@ -122,13 +131,15 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
 
     module.add_named_metadata("llvm.ident", [f"PythonBPF {VERSION}"])
 
+    module_string = finalize_module(str(module))
+
     logger.info(f"IR written to {output}")
     with open(output, "w") as f:
         f.write(f'source_filename = "{filename}"\n')
-        f.write(str(module))
+        f.write(module_string)
         f.write("\n")
 
-    return output, structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab
+    return output
 
 
 def _run_llc(ll_file, obj_file):
@@ -158,7 +169,7 @@ def _run_llc(ll_file, obj_file):
         return False
 
 
-def compile(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> bool:
+def compile(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> bool:
     # Look one level up the stack to the caller of this function
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     caller_file = Path(caller_frame.filename).resolve()
@@ -166,19 +177,18 @@ def compile(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> bool:
     ll_file = Path("/tmp") / caller_file.with_suffix(".ll").name
     o_file = caller_file.with_suffix(".o")
 
-    _, structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab = compile_to_ir(
+    success = True
-        str(caller_file), str(ll_file), loglevel=loglevel
+    success = (
+        compile_to_ir(str(caller_file), str(ll_file), loglevel=loglevel) and success
     )
 
-    if not _run_llc(ll_file, o_file):
+    success = _run_llc(ll_file, o_file) and success
-        logger.error("Compilation to object file failed.")
-        return False
 
     logger.info(f"Object written to {o_file}")
-    return True
+    return success
 
 
-def BPF(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> BpfObject:
+def BPF(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> BpfProgram:
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     src = inspect.getsource(caller_frame.frame)
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
@@ -191,9 +201,7 @@ def BPF(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> BpfObject:
         f.write(src)
         f.flush()
         source = f.name
-        _, structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab = compile_to_ir(
+        compile_to_ir(source, str(inter.name), loglevel=loglevel)
-            source, str(inter.name), loglevel=loglevel
-        )
         _run_llc(str(inter.name), str(obj_file.name))
 
-        return BpfObject(str(obj_file.name), structs=structs_sym_tab)
+        return BpfProgram(str(obj_file.name))

pythonbpf/functions/functions_pass.py

@@ -12,11 +12,7 @@ from pythonbpf.assign_pass import (
     handle_variable_assignment,
     handle_struct_field_assignment,
 )
-from pythonbpf.allocation_pass import (
+from pythonbpf.allocation_pass import handle_assign_allocation, allocate_temp_pool
-    handle_assign_allocation,
-    allocate_temp_pool,
-    create_targets_and_rvals,
-)
 
 from .return_utils import handle_none_return, handle_xdp_return, is_xdp_name
 from .function_metadata import get_probe_string, is_global_function, infer_return_type
@@ -144,43 +140,48 @@ def handle_assign(
 ):
     """Handle assignment statements in the function body."""
 
-    # NOTE: Support multi-target assignments (e.g.: a, b = 1, 2)
+    # TODO: Support this later
-    targets, rvals = create_targets_and_rvals(stmt)
+    # GH #37
+    if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
+        logger.error("Multi-target assignment is not supported for now")
+        return
 
-    for target, rval in zip(targets, rvals):
+    target = stmt.targets[0]
-        if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
+    rval = stmt.value
-            # NOTE: Simple variable assignment case: x = 5
-            var_name = target.id
-            result = handle_variable_assignment(
-                func,
-                module,
-                builder,
-                var_name,
-                rval,
-                local_sym_tab,
-                map_sym_tab,
-                structs_sym_tab,
-            )
-            if not result:
-                logger.error(f"Failed to handle assignment to {var_name}")
-            continue
 
-        if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
+    if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-            # NOTE: Struct field assignment case: pkt.field = value
+        # NOTE: Simple variable assignment case: x = 5
-            handle_struct_field_assignment(
+        var_name = target.id
-                func,
+        result = handle_variable_assignment(
-                module,
+            func,
-                builder,
+            module,
-                target,
+            builder,
-                rval,
+            var_name,
-                local_sym_tab,
+            rval,
-                map_sym_tab,
+            local_sym_tab,
-                structs_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
-            )
+            structs_sym_tab,
-            continue
+        )
+        if not result:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to handle assignment to {var_name}")
+        return
 
-        # Unsupported target type
+    if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
-        logger.error(f"Unsupported assignment target: {ast.dump(target)}")
+        # NOTE: Struct field assignment case: pkt.field = value
+        handle_struct_field_assignment(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            target,
+            rval,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+        return
+
+    # Unsupported target type
+    logger.error(f"Unsupported assignment target: {ast.dump(target)}")
 
 
 def handle_cond(

pythonbpf/helper/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .helper_registry import HelperHandlerRegistry
 from .helper_utils import reset_scratch_pool
-from .bpf_helper_handler import handle_helper_call, emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call
+from .bpf_helper_handler import handle_helper_call
-from .helpers import ktime, pid, deref, comm, probe_read_str, XDP_DROP, XDP_PASS
+from .helpers import ktime, pid, deref, XDP_DROP, XDP_PASS
 
 
 # Register the helper handler with expr module
@@ -59,12 +59,9 @@ __all__ = [
     "HelperHandlerRegistry",
     "reset_scratch_pool",
     "handle_helper_call",
-    "emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call",
     "ktime",
     "pid",
     "deref",
-    "comm",
-    "probe_read_str",
     "XDP_DROP",
     "XDP_PASS",
 ]

pythonbpf/helper/bpf_helper_handler.py

@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@ from .helper_utils import (
     get_or_create_ptr_from_arg,
     get_flags_val,
     get_data_ptr_and_size,
-    get_buffer_ptr_and_size,
-    get_char_array_ptr_and_size,
-    get_ptr_from_arg,
 )
 from .printk_formatter import simple_string_print, handle_fstring_print
 
@@ -26,9 +23,7 @@ class BPFHelperID(Enum):
     BPF_KTIME_GET_NS = 5
     BPF_PRINTK = 6
     BPF_GET_CURRENT_PID_TGID = 14
-    BPF_GET_CURRENT_COMM = 16
     BPF_PERF_EVENT_OUTPUT = 25
-    BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL_STR = 115
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("ktime")
@@ -239,63 +234,6 @@ def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
     return result, None
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("comm")
-def bpf_get_current_comm_emitter(
-    call,
-    map_ptr,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    func,
-    local_sym_tab=None,
-    struct_sym_tab=None,
-    map_sym_tab=None,
-):
-    """
-    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_comm helper function call.
-
-    Accepts: comm(dataobj.field) or comm(my_buffer)
-    """
-    if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"comm expects exactly one argument (buffer), got {len(call.args)}"
-        )
-
-    buf_arg = call.args[0]
-
-    # Extract buffer pointer and size
-    buf_ptr, buf_size = get_buffer_ptr_and_size(
-        buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
-    )
-
-    # Validate it's a char array
-    if not isinstance(
-        buf_ptr.type.pointee, ir.ArrayType
-    ) or buf_ptr.type.pointee.element != ir.IntType(8):
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"comm expects a char array buffer, got {buf_ptr.type.pointee}"
-        )
-
-    # Cast to void* and call helper
-    buf_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(buf_ptr, ir.PointerType())
-
-    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
-        ir.IntType(64),
-        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32)],
-        var_arg=False,
-    )
-    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
-        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_COMM.value),
-        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
-    )
-
-    result = builder.call(
-        fn_ptr, [buf_void_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), buf_size)], tail=False
-    )
-
-    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_get_current_comm with {buf_size} byte buffer")
-    return result, None
-
-
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("pid")
 def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
     call,
@@ -371,68 +309,6 @@ def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     return result, None
 
 
-def emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr):
-    """Emit LLVM IR call to bpf_probe_read_kernel_str"""
-
-    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
-        ir.IntType(64),
-        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32), ir.PointerType()],
-        var_arg=False,
-    )
-    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
-        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL_STR.value),
-        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
-    )
-
-    result = builder.call(
-        fn_ptr,
-        [
-            builder.bitcast(dst_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
-            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), dst_size),
-            builder.bitcast(src_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
-        ],
-        tail=False,
-    )
-
-    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel_str (size={dst_size})")
-    return result
-
-
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("probe_read_str")
-def bpf_probe_read_kernel_str_emitter(
-    call,
-    map_ptr,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    func,
-    local_sym_tab=None,
-    struct_sym_tab=None,
-    map_sym_tab=None,
-):
-    """Emit LLVM IR for bpf_probe_read_kernel_str helper."""
-
-    if len(call.args) != 2:
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"probe_read_str expects 2 args (dst, src), got {len(call.args)}"
-        )
-
-    # Get destination buffer (char array -> i8*)
-    dst_ptr, dst_size = get_char_array_ptr_and_size(
-        call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
-    )
-
-    # Get source pointer (evaluate expression)
-    src_ptr, src_type = get_ptr_from_arg(
-        call.args[1], func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
-    )
-
-    # Emit the helper call
-    result = emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr)
-
-    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel_str (size={dst_size})")
-    return result, ir.IntType(64)
-
-
 def handle_helper_call(
     call,
     module,

pythonbpf/helper/helper_utils.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import logging
 from llvmlite import ir
 from pythonbpf.expr import (
     get_operand_value,
-    eval_expr,
 )
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -137,140 +136,3 @@ def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Only simple object names are supported as data in perf event output."
         )
-
-
-def get_buffer_ptr_and_size(buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Extract buffer pointer and size from either a struct field or variable."""
-
-    # Case 1: Struct field (obj.field)
-    if isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Attribute):
-        if not isinstance(buf_arg.value, ast.Name):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Only simple struct field access supported (e.g., obj.field)"
-            )
-
-        struct_name = buf_arg.value.id
-        field_name = buf_arg.attr
-
-        # Lookup struct
-        if not local_sym_tab or struct_name not in local_sym_tab:
-            raise ValueError(f"Struct '{struct_name}' not found")
-
-        struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_name].metadata
-        if not struct_sym_tab or struct_type not in struct_sym_tab:
-            raise ValueError(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
-
-        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_type]
-
-        # Get field pointer and type
-        struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[struct_name].var
-        field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
-        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-
-        if not isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType):
-            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' must be an array type")
-
-        return field_ptr, field_type.count
-
-    # Case 2: Variable name
-    elif isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Name):
-        var_name = buf_arg.id
-
-        if not local_sym_tab or var_name not in local_sym_tab:
-            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found")
-
-        var_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].ir_type
-
-        if not isinstance(var_type, ir.ArrayType):
-            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' must be an array type")
-
-        return var_ptr, var_type.count
-
-    else:
-        raise ValueError(
-            "comm expects either a struct field (obj.field) or variable name"
-        )
-
-
-def get_char_array_ptr_and_size(buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Get pointer to char array and its size."""
-
-    # Struct field: obj.field
-    if isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(buf_arg.value, ast.Name):
-        var_name = buf_arg.value.id
-        field_name = buf_arg.attr
-
-        if not (local_sym_tab and var_name in local_sym_tab):
-            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found")
-
-        struct_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
-        if not (struct_sym_tab and struct_type in struct_sym_tab):
-            raise ValueError(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
-
-        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_type]
-        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found")
-
-        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-        if not _is_char_array(field_type):
-            raise ValueError("Expected char array field")
-
-        struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-        field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
-
-        # GEP to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
-        buf_ptr = builder.gep(
-            field_ptr,
-            [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
-            inbounds=True,
-        )
-        return buf_ptr, field_type.count
-
-    elif isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Name):
-        # NOTE: We shouldn't be doing this as we can't get size info
-        var_name = buf_arg.id
-        if not (local_sym_tab and var_name in local_sym_tab):
-            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found")
-
-        var_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].ir_type
-
-        if not isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType) and not isinstance(
-            var_type.pointee, ir.IntType(8)
-        ):
-            raise ValueError("Expected str ptr variable")
-
-        return var_ptr, 256  # Size unknown for str ptr, using 256 as default
-
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("Expected struct field or variable name")
-
-
-def _is_char_array(ir_type):
-    """Check if IR type is [N x i8]."""
-    return (
-        isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType)
-        and isinstance(ir_type.element, ir.IntType)
-        and ir_type.element.width == 8
-    )
-
-
-def get_ptr_from_arg(
-    arg, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
-):
-    """Evaluate argument and return pointer value"""
-
-    result = eval_expr(
-        func, module, builder, arg, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
-    )
-
-    if not result:
-        raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate argument")
-
-    val, val_type = result
-
-    if not isinstance(val_type, ir.PointerType):
-        raise ValueError(f"Expected pointer type, got {val_type}")
-
-    return val, val_type

pythonbpf/helper/helpers.py

@@ -2,31 +2,19 @@ import ctypes
 
 
 def ktime():
-    """get current ktime"""
     return ctypes.c_int64(0)
 
 
 def pid():
-    """get current process id"""
     return ctypes.c_int32(0)
 
 
 def deref(ptr):
-    """dereference a pointer"""
+    "dereference a pointer"
     result = ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_void_p)).contents.value
     return result if result is not None else 0
 
 
-def comm(buf):
-    """get current process command name"""
-    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
-
-
-def probe_read_str(dst, src):
-    """Safely read a null-terminated string from kernel memory"""
-    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
-
-
 XDP_ABORTED = ctypes.c_int64(0)
 XDP_DROP = ctypes.c_int64(1)
 XDP_PASS = ctypes.c_int64(2)

pythonbpf/helper/printk_formatter.py

@@ -173,15 +173,6 @@ def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
             raise NotImplementedError(
                 f"Unsupported pointer target type in f-string: {target}"
             )
-    elif isinstance(ftype, ir.ArrayType):
-        if isinstance(ftype.element, ir.IntType) and ftype.element.width == 8:
-            # Char array
-            fmt_parts.append("%s")
-            exprs.append(node)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Unsupported array element type in f-string: {ftype.element}"
-            )
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
 
@@ -206,100 +197,44 @@ def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
 
 def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
     """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
-
+    val, _ = eval_expr(
-    # Special case: struct field char array needs pointer to first element
+        func,
-    char_array_ptr = _get_struct_char_array_ptr(
+        module,
-        expr, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+        builder,
-    )
+        expr,
-    if char_array_ptr:
+        local_sym_tab,
-        return char_array_ptr
+        None,
-
+        struct_sym_tab,
-    # Regular expression evaluation
-    val, _ = eval_expr(func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, None, struct_sym_tab)
-
-    if not val:
-        logger.warning("Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
-        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-
-    # Convert value to bpf_printk compatible type
-    if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
-        return _handle_pointer_arg(val, func, builder)
-    elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
-        return _handle_int_arg(val, builder)
-    else:
-        logger.warning(f"Unsupported type {val.type} in bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
-        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-
-
-def _get_struct_char_array_ptr(expr, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Get pointer to first element of char array in struct field, or None."""
-    if not (isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(expr.value, ast.Name)):
-        return None
-
-    var_name = expr.value.id
-    field_name = expr.attr
-
-    # Check if it's a valid struct field
-    if not (
-        local_sym_tab
-        and var_name in local_sym_tab
-        and struct_sym_tab
-        and local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata in struct_sym_tab
-    ):
-        return None
-
-    struct_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
-    struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_type]
-
-    if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-        return None
-
-    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-
-    # Check if it's a char array
-    is_char_array = (
-        isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
-        and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
-        and field_type.element.width == 8
     )
 
-    if not is_char_array:
+    if val:
-        return None
+        if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+            target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
+            if isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
+                if target.width >= 32:
+                    val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
+                    val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
+                elif target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
+                    # NOTE: i8* is string, no need to deref
+                    pass
 
-    # Get field pointer and GEP to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
+            else:
-    struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
+                logger.warning(
-    field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
+                    "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. Others default to 0."
-
+                )
-    return builder.gep(
+                val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-        field_ptr,
+        elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
-        [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
+            if val.type.width < 64:
-        inbounds=True,
+                val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
-    )
+        else:
-
+            logger.warning(
-
+                "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. Others default to 0."
-def _handle_pointer_arg(val, func, builder):
+            )
-    """Convert pointer type for bpf_printk."""
+            val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-    target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
-
-    if not isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
-        logger.warning("Only int pointers supported in bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
-        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-
-    # i8* is string - use as-is
-    if target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
         return val
-
+    else:
-    # Integer pointers: dereference and sign-extend to i64
+        logger.warning(
-    if target.width >= 32:
+            "Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk argument. "
-        val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
+            "It will be converted to 0."
-        return builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
+        )
-
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-    logger.warning("Unsupported pointer width in bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
-    return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-
-
-def _handle_int_arg(val, builder):
-    """Convert integer type for bpf_printk (sign-extend to i64)."""
-    if val.type.width < 64:
-        return builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
-    return val

pythonbpf/utils.py

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-import subprocess
-
-
-def trace_pipe():
-    """Util to read from the trace pipe."""
-    try:
-        subprocess.run(["cat", "/sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe"])
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        print("Tracing stopped.")
-
-
-def trace_fields():
-    """Parse one line from trace_pipe into fields."""
-    with open("/sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe", "rb", buffering=0) as f:
-        while True:
-            line = f.readline().rstrip()
-
-            if not line:
-                continue
-
-            # Skip lost event lines
-            if line.startswith(b"CPU:"):
-                continue
-
-            # Parse BCC-style: first 16 bytes = task
-            task = line[:16].lstrip().decode("utf-8")
-            line = line[17:]  # Skip past task field and space
-
-            # Find the colon that ends "pid cpu flags timestamp"
-            ts_end = line.find(b":")
-            if ts_end == -1:
-                raise ValueError("Cannot parse trace line")
-
-            # Split "pid [cpu] flags timestamp"
-            try:
-                parts = line[:ts_end].split()
-                if len(parts) < 4:
-                    raise ValueError("Not enough fields")
-
-                pid = int(parts[0])
-                cpu = parts[1][1:-1]  # Remove brackets from [cpu]
-                cpu = int(cpu)
-                flags = parts[2]
-                ts = float(parts[3])
-            except (ValueError, IndexError):
-                raise ValueError("Cannot parse trace line")
-
-            # Get message: skip ": symbol:" part
-            line = line[ts_end + 1 :]  # Skip first ":"
-            sym_end = line.find(b":")
-            if sym_end != -1:
-                msg = line[sym_end + 2 :].decode("utf-8")  # Skip ": " after symbol
-            else:
-                msg = line.lstrip().decode("utf-8")
-
-            return (task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg)

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/class_handler.py

@@ -60,6 +60,10 @@ def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
             pass
         else:
             new_dep_node = DependencyNode(name=current_symbol_name)
+
+            # elem_type_class is the actual vmlinux struct/class
+            new_dep_node.set_ctype_struct(elem_type_class)
+
             handler.add_node(new_dep_node)
             class_obj = getattr(imported_module, current_symbol_name)
             # Inspect the class fields
@@ -112,7 +116,11 @@ def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
                             type_length = elem_type._length_
 
                         if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
-                            pass
+                            new_dep_node.add_dependent(
+                                elem_type._type_.__name__
+                                if hasattr(elem_type._type_, "__name__")
+                                else str(elem_type._type_)
+                            )
                         elif containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
                             if isinstance(elem_type, type):
                                 if issubclass(elem_type, ctypes.Array):
@@ -137,10 +145,35 @@ def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
                         )
                         new_dep_node.set_field_type(elem_name, elem_type)
                         if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
-                            process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+                            containing_type_name = (
-                                containing_type, llvm_handler, handler, processing_stack
+                                containing_type.__name__
+                                if hasattr(containing_type, "__name__")
+                                else str(containing_type)
                             )
-                            new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+
+                            # Check for self-reference or already processed
+                            if containing_type_name == current_symbol_name:
+                                # Self-referential pointer
+                                logger.debug(
+                                    f"Self-referential pointer in {current_symbol_name}.{elem_name}"
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            elif handler.has_node(containing_type_name):
+                                # Already processed
+                                logger.debug(
+                                    f"Reusing already processed {containing_type_name}"
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            else:
+                                # Process recursively - THIS WAS MISSING
+                                new_dep_node.add_dependent(containing_type_name)
+                                process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+                                    containing_type,
+                                    llvm_handler,
+                                    handler,
+                                    processing_stack,
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
                         elif containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
                             logger.debug(f"Processing ctype internal{containing_type}")
                             new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
@@ -149,6 +182,11 @@ def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
                                 "Module not supported in recursive resolution"
                             )
                     else:
+                        new_dep_node.add_dependent(
+                            elem_type.__name__
+                            if hasattr(elem_type, "__name__")
+                            else str(elem_type)
+                        )
                         process_vmlinux_post_ast(
                             elem_type, llvm_handler, handler, processing_stack
                         )

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/dependency_handler.py

@@ -147,3 +147,27 @@ class DependencyHandler:
             int: The number of nodes
         """
         return len(self._nodes)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> DependencyNode:
+        """
+        Get a node by name using dictionary-style access.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the node to retrieve
+
+        Returns:
+            DependencyNode: The node with the given name
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If no node with the given name exists
+
+        Example:
+            node = handler["some-dep_node_name"]
+        """
+        if name not in self._nodes:
+            raise KeyError(f"No node with name '{name}' found")
+        return self._nodes[name]
+
+    @property
+    def nodes(self):
+        return self._nodes

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/dependency_node.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+import ctypes
 
 
 # TODO: FIX THE FUCKING TYPE NAME CONVENTION.
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ class Field:
     containing_type: Optional[Any]
     type_size: Optional[int]
     bitfield_size: Optional[int]
+    offset: int
     value: Any = None
     ready: bool = False
 
@@ -60,6 +62,10 @@ class Field:
         if mark_ready:
             self.ready = True
 
+    def set_offset(self, offset: int) -> None:
+        """Set the offset of this field"""
+        self.offset = offset
+
 
 @dataclass
 class DependencyNode:
@@ -106,8 +112,11 @@ class DependencyNode:
     """
 
     name: str
+    depends_on: Optional[list[str]] = None
     fields: Dict[str, Field] = field(default_factory=dict)
     _ready_cache: Optional[bool] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    current_offset: int = 0
+    ctype_struct: Optional[Any] = field(default=None, repr=False)
 
     def add_field(
         self,
@@ -119,8 +128,11 @@ class DependencyNode:
         ctype_complex_type: Optional[int] = None,
         bitfield_size: Optional[int] = None,
         ready: bool = False,
+        offset: int = 0,
     ) -> None:
         """Add a field to the node with an optional initial value and readiness state."""
+        if self.depends_on is None:
+            self.depends_on = []
         self.fields[name] = Field(
             name=name,
             type=field_type,
@@ -130,10 +142,21 @@ class DependencyNode:
             type_size=type_size,
             ctype_complex_type=ctype_complex_type,
             bitfield_size=bitfield_size,
+            offset=offset,
         )
         # Invalidate readiness cache
         self._ready_cache = None
 
+    def set_ctype_struct(self, ctype_struct: Any) -> None:
+        """Set the ctypes structure for automatic offset calculation."""
+        self.ctype_struct = ctype_struct
+
+    def __sizeof__(self):
+        # If we have a ctype_struct, use its size
+        if self.ctype_struct is not None:
+            return ctypes.sizeof(self.ctype_struct)
+        return self.current_offset
+
     def get_field(self, name: str) -> Field:
         """Get a field by name."""
         return self.fields[name]
@@ -200,15 +223,112 @@ class DependencyNode:
         # Invalidate readiness cache
         self._ready_cache = None
 
-    def set_field_ready(self, name: str, is_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+    def set_field_ready(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        is_ready: bool = False,
+        size_of_containing_type: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
         """Mark a field as ready or not ready."""
         if name not in self.fields:
             raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
 
         self.fields[name].set_ready(is_ready)
+
+        # Use ctypes built-in offset if available
+        if self.ctype_struct is not None:
+            try:
+                self.fields[name].set_offset(getattr(self.ctype_struct, name).offset)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Fallback to manual calculation if field not found in ctype_struct
+                self.fields[name].set_offset(self.current_offset)
+                self.current_offset += self._calculate_size(
+                    name, size_of_containing_type
+                )
+        else:
+            # Manual offset calculation when no ctype_struct is available
+            self.fields[name].set_offset(self.current_offset)
+            self.current_offset += self._calculate_size(name, size_of_containing_type)
+
         # Invalidate readiness cache
         self._ready_cache = None
 
+    def _calculate_size(
+        self, name: str, size_of_containing_type: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> int:
+        processing_field = self.fields[name]
+        # size_of_field will be in bytes
+        if processing_field.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+            size_of_field = ctypes.sizeof(processing_field.type)
+            return size_of_field
+        elif processing_field.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+            if processing_field.ctype_complex_type is not None:
+                if issubclass(processing_field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array):
+                    if processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                        if (
+                            processing_field.containing_type is not None
+                            and processing_field.type_size is not None
+                        ):
+                            size_of_field = (
+                                ctypes.sizeof(processing_field.containing_type)
+                                * processing_field.type_size
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"{processing_field} has no containing_type or type_size"
+                            )
+                        return size_of_field
+                    elif processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                        if (
+                            size_of_containing_type is not None
+                            and processing_field.type_size is not None
+                        ):
+                            size_of_field = (
+                                size_of_containing_type * processing_field.type_size
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"{processing_field} has no containing_type or type_size"
+                            )
+                        return size_of_field
+                elif issubclass(processing_field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer):
+                    return ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p)
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        "This subclass of ctype not supported yet"
+                    )
+            elif processing_field.type_size is not None:
+                # Handle vmlinux types with type_size but no ctype_complex_type
+                # This means it's a direct vmlinux struct field (not array/pointer wrapped)
+                # The type_size should already contain the full size of the struct
+                # But if there's a containing_type from vmlinux, we need that size
+                if processing_field.containing_type is not None:
+                    if processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                        # For vmlinux containing types, we need the pre-calculated size
+                        if size_of_containing_type is not None:
+                            return size_of_containing_type * processing_field.type_size
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"Field {name}: vmlinux containing_type requires size_of_containing_type"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        raise ModuleNotFoundError(
+                            f"Containing type module {processing_field.containing_type.__module__} not supported"
+                        )
+                else:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Wrong type found with no containing type")
+            else:
+                # No ctype_complex_type and no type_size, must rely on size_of_containing_type
+                if size_of_containing_type is None:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"Size of containing type {size_of_containing_type} is None"
+                    )
+                return size_of_containing_type
+
+        else:
+            raise ModuleNotFoundError("Module is not supported for the operation")
+        raise RuntimeError("control should not reach here")
+
     @property
     def is_ready(self) -> bool:
         """Check if the node is ready (all fields are ready)."""
@@ -235,3 +355,9 @@ class DependencyNode:
     def get_not_ready_fields(self) -> Dict[str, Field]:
         """Get all fields that are marked as not ready."""
         return {name: elem for name, elem in self.fields.items() if not elem.ready}
+
+    def add_dependent(self, dep_type):
+        if dep_type in self.depends_on:
+            return
+        else:
+            self.depends_on.append(dep_type)

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/import_detector.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import ast
 import logging
-from typing import List, Tuple, Dict
+from typing import List, Tuple, Any
 import importlib
 import inspect
 
 from .dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
-from .ir_generation import IRGenerator
+from .ir_gen import IRGenerator
 from .class_handler import process_vmlinux_class
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def vmlinux_proc(tree: ast.AST, module):
     # initialise dependency handler
     handler = DependencyHandler()
     # initialise assignment dictionary of name to type
-    assignments: Dict[str, type] = {}
+    assignments: dict[str, tuple[type, Any]] = {}
 
     if not import_statements:
         logger.info("No vmlinux imports found")
@@ -129,7 +129,19 @@ def vmlinux_proc(tree: ast.AST, module):
                 )
 
     IRGenerator(module, handler)
+    return assignments
 
 
-def process_vmlinux_assign(node, module, assignments: Dict[str, type]):
+def process_vmlinux_assign(node, module, assignments: dict[str, tuple[type, Any]]):
-    raise NotImplementedError("Assignment handling has not been implemented yet")
+    # Check if this is a simple assignment with a constant value
+    if len(node.targets) == 1 and isinstance(node.targets[0], ast.Name):
+        target_name = node.targets[0].id
+        if isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant):
+            assignments[target_name] = (type(node.value.value), node.value.value)
+            logger.info(
+                f"Added assignment: {target_name} = {node.value.value!r} of type {type(node.value.value)}"
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported assignment type for {target_name}")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Not a simple assignment")

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .ir_generation import IRGenerator
+
+__all__ = ["IRGenerator"]

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/debug_info_gen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
+
+
+def debug_info_generation(struct, llvm_module):
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(llvm_module)
+    # this is sample debug info generation
+    # i64type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type([], 64 * 4, is_distinct=True)
+
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        struct.name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
+
+    return global_var

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/ir_generation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import ctypes
+import logging
+from ..dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
+from .debug_info_gen import debug_info_generation
+from ..dependency_node import DependencyNode
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class IRGenerator:
+    # get the assignments dict and add this stuff to it.
+    def __init__(self, llvm_module, handler: DependencyHandler, assignment=None):
+        self.llvm_module = llvm_module
+        self.handler: DependencyHandler = handler
+        self.generated: list[str] = []
+        if not handler.is_ready:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Semantic analysis of vmlinux imports failed. Cannot generate IR"
+            )
+        for struct in handler:
+            self.struct_processor(struct)
+
+    def struct_processor(self, struct, processing_stack=None):
+        # Initialize processing stack on first call
+        if processing_stack is None:
+            processing_stack = set()
+
+        # If already generated, skip
+        if struct.name in self.generated:
+            return
+
+        # Detect circular dependency
+        if struct.name in processing_stack:
+            logger.info(
+                f"Circular dependency detected for {struct.name}, skipping recursive processing"
+            )
+            # For circular dependencies, we can either:
+            # 1. Use forward declarations (opaque pointers)
+            # 2. Mark as incomplete and process later
+            # 3. Generate a placeholder type
+            # Here we'll just skip and let it be processed in its own call
+            return
+
+        logger.info(f"IR generating for {struct.name}")
+
+        # Add to processing stack before processing dependencies
+        processing_stack.add(struct.name)
+
+        try:
+            # Process all dependencies first
+            if struct.depends_on is None:
+                pass
+            else:
+                for dependency in struct.depends_on:
+                    if dependency not in self.generated:
+                        # Check if dependency exists in handler
+                        if dependency in self.handler.nodes:
+                            dep_node_from_dependency = self.handler[dependency]
+                            # Pass the processing_stack down to track circular refs
+                            self.struct_processor(
+                                dep_node_from_dependency, processing_stack
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"Warning: Dependency {dependency} not found in handler"
+                            )
+
+            # Actual processor logic here after dependencies are resolved
+            self.gen_ir(struct)
+            self.generated.append(struct.name)
+
+        finally:
+            # Remove from processing stack after we're done
+            processing_stack.discard(struct.name)
+
+    def gen_ir(self, struct):
+        # TODO: we add the btf_ama attribute by monkey patching in the end of compilation, but once llvmlite
+        #  accepts our issue, we will resort to normal accessed attribute based attribute addition
+        # currently we generate all possible field accesses for CO-RE and put into the assignment table
+        debug_info = debug_info_generation(struct, self.llvm_module)
+        field_index = 0
+        for field_name, field in struct.fields.items():
+            # does not take arrays and similar types into consideration yet.
+            if field.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array
+            ):
+                array_size = field.type_size
+                containing_type = field.containing_type
+                if containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                    containing_type_size = ctypes.sizeof(containing_type)
+                    for i in range(0, array_size):
+                        field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, i, containing_type_size
+                        )
+                        globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                            self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                        )
+                        globvar.linkage = "external"
+                        globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                    field_index += 1
+            elif field.type_size is not None:
+                array_size = field.type_size
+                containing_type = field.containing_type
+                if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                    containing_type_size = self.handler[
+                        containing_type.__name__
+                    ].current_offset
+                    for i in range(0, array_size):
+                        field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, i, containing_type_size
+                        )
+                        globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                            self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                        )
+                        globvar.linkage = "external"
+                        globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                    field_index += 1
+            else:
+                field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                    struct, field, field_index
+                )
+                field_index += 1
+                globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                    self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                )
+                globvar.linkage = "external"
+                globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+
+    def _struct_name_generator(
+        self,
+        struct: DependencyNode,
+        field,
+        field_index: int,
+        is_indexed: bool = False,
+        index: int = 0,
+        containing_type_size: int = 0,
+    ) -> str:
+        if is_indexed:
+            name = (
+                "llvm."
+                + struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
+                + f":0:{field.offset + index * containing_type_size}"
+                + "$"
+                + f"0:{field_index}:{index}"
+            )
+            return name
+        elif struct.name.startswith("struct_"):
+            name = (
+                "llvm."
+                + struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
+                + f":0:{field.offset}"
+                + "$"
+                + f"0:{field_index}"
+            )
+            return name
+        else:
+            print(self.handler[struct.name])
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Name generation cannot occur due to type name not starting with struct"
+            )

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_generation.py

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import logging
-from .dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class IRGenerator:
-    def __init__(self, module, handler: DependencyHandler):
-        self.module = module
-        self.handler: DependencyHandler = handler
-        if not handler.is_ready:
-            raise ImportError(
-                "Semantic analysis of vmlinux imports failed. Cannot generate IR"
-            )

tests/c-form/ex7.bpf.c

@@ -1,23 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include "vmlinux.h"
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
 
-struct trace_entry {
-  short unsigned int type;
-  unsigned char flags;
-  unsigned char preempt_count;
-  int pid;
-};
-
-struct trace_event_raw_sys_enter {
-  struct trace_entry ent;
-  long int id;
-  long unsigned int args[6];
-  char __data[0];
-};
-
 struct event {
   __u32 pid;
   __u32 uid;

tests/failing_tests/xdp_pass.py

@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
-from vmlinux import struct_xdp_md
+from vmlinux import TASK_COMM_LEN  # noqa: F401
-from vmlinux import struct_xdp_buff  # noqa: F401
-from vmlinux import struct_ring_buffer_per_cpu  # noqa: F401
 
+from vmlinux import struct_qspinlock  # noqa: F401
+
+# from vmlinux import struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter  # noqa: F401
+# from vmlinux import struct_posix_cputimers  # noqa: F401
+from vmlinux import struct_xdp_md
+
+# from vmlinux import struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter  # noqa: F401
+# from vmlinux import struct_ring_buffer_per_cpu  # noqa: F401
+# from vmlinux import struct_request  # noqa: F401
 from ctypes import c_int64
 
 # Instructions to how to run this program

tests/passing_tests/assign/ptr_to_char_array.py

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, struct, section, bpfglobal
-from pythonbpf.helper import comm
-
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@struct
-class data_t:
-    comm: str(16)  # type: ignore [valid-type]
-    copp: str(16)  # type: ignore [valid-type]
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
-def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    dataobj = data_t()
-    comm(dataobj.comm)
-    strobj = dataobj.comm
-    dataobj.copp = strobj
-    print(f"clone called by comm {dataobj.copp}")
-    return 0
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"

tests/passing_tests/assign/struct_field_to_var_str.py

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, struct, section, bpfglobal
-from pythonbpf.helper import comm
-
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
-
-
-@bpf
-@struct
-class data_t:
-    comm: str(16)  # type: ignore [valid-type]
-
-
-@bpf
-@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
-def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    dataobj = data_t()
-    comm(dataobj.comm)
-    strobj = dataobj.comm
-    print(f"clone called by comm {strobj}")
-    return 0
-
-
-@bpf
-@bpfglobal
-def LICENSE() -> str:
-    return "GPL"