Merge pull request #4 from pythonbpf/perfbuf

Add userspace utils for Structs and maps, starting with PERF_EVENT_ARRAY

.github/workflows/pip.yml

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
       run: pip install --verbose .[test]
 
     - name: Test import
-      run: python -c "import pylibbpf; print('Import successful')"
+      run: python -I -c "import pylibbpf; print('Import successful')"
 
     - name: Test
-      run: python -m pytest -v
+      run: python -I -m pytest -v

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.0)
 project(pylibbpf)
 
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
+
 # pybind11
 include_directories(${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
 add_subdirectory(pybind11)
 pybind11_add_module(
   pylibbpf
+  # Core
   src/core/bpf_program.h
   src/core/bpf_exception.h
   src/core/bpf_map.h
-  src/bindings/main.cpp
+  src/core/bpf_object.h
   src/core/bpf_program.cpp
-  src/core/bpf_map.cpp)
+  src/core/bpf_map.cpp
+  src/core/bpf_object.cpp
+  # Maps
+  src/maps/perf_event_array.h
+  src/maps/perf_event_array.cpp
+  # Utils
+  src/utils/struct_parser.h
+  src/utils/struct_parser.cpp
+  # Bindings
+  src/bindings/main.cpp)
 
 # --- libbpf build rules ---
 set(LIBBPF_SRC_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libbpf/src)

examples/execve.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import time
 from ctypes import c_int32, c_int64, c_uint64, c_void_p
 
-from pylibbpf import BpfMap
 from pythonbpf import BPF, bpf, bpfglobal, map, section
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 
+from pylibbpf import BpfMap
+
 
 @bpf
 @map

pylibbpf/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import logging
+
+from .ir_to_ctypes import convert_structs_to_ctypes, is_pythonbpf_structs
+from .pylibbpf import (
+    BpfException,
+    BpfMap,
+    BpfProgram,
+    PerfEventArray,
+    StructParser,
+)
+from .pylibbpf import (
+    BpfObject as _BpfObject,  # C++ object (internal)
+)
+from .wrappers import BpfObjectWrapper
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BpfObject(BpfObjectWrapper):
+    """BpfObject with automatic struct conversion"""
+
+    def __init__(self, object_path: str, structs=None):
+        """Create a BPF object"""
+        if structs is None:
+            structs = {}
+        elif is_pythonbpf_structs(structs):
+            logger.info(f"Auto-converting {len(structs)} PythonBPF structs to ctypes")
+            structs = convert_structs_to_ctypes(structs)
+
+        # Create C++ BpfObject with converted structs
+        cpp_obj = _BpfObject(object_path, structs)
+
+        # Initialize wrapper
+        super().__init__(cpp_obj)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BpfObject",
+    "BpfProgram",
+    "BpfMap",
+    "PerfEventArray",
+    "StructParser",
+    "BpfException",
+]
+
+__version__ = "0.0.6"

pylibbpf/ir_to_ctypes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import ctypes
+import logging
+from typing import Dict, Type
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def ir_type_to_ctypes(ir_type):
+    """Convert LLVM IR type to ctypes type."""
+    if isinstance(ir_type, ir.IntType):
+        width = ir_type.width
+        type_map = {
+            8: ctypes.c_uint8,
+            16: ctypes.c_uint16,
+            32: ctypes.c_uint32,
+            64: ctypes.c_uint64,
+        }
+        if width not in type_map:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported integer width: {width}")
+        return type_map[width]
+
+    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType):
+        count = ir_type.count
+        element_type_ir = ir_type.element
+
+        if isinstance(element_type_ir, ir.IntType) and element_type_ir.width == 8:
+            # Use c_char for string fields (will have .decode())
+            return ctypes.c_char * count
+        else:
+            element_type = ir_type_to_ctypes(element_type_ir)
+            return element_type * count
+    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.PointerType):
+        return ctypes.c_void_p
+
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported IR type: {ir_type}")
+
+
+def _make_repr(struct_name: str, fields: list):
+    """Create a __repr__ function for a struct"""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        field_strs = []
+        for field_name, _ in fields:
+            value = getattr(self, field_name)
+            field_strs.append(f"{field_name}={value}")
+        return f"<{struct_name} {' '.join(field_strs)}>"
+
+    return __repr__
+
+
+def convert_structs_to_ctypes(structs_sym_tab) -> Dict[str, Type[ctypes.Structure]]:
+    """Convert PythonBPF's structs_sym_tab to ctypes.Structure classes."""
+    if not structs_sym_tab:
+        return {}
+
+    ctypes_structs = {}
+
+    for struct_name, struct_type_obj in structs_sym_tab.items():
+        try:
+            fields = []
+            for field_name, field_ir_type in struct_type_obj.fields.items():
+                field_ctypes = ir_type_to_ctypes(field_ir_type)
+                fields.append((field_name, field_ctypes))
+
+            repr_func = _make_repr(struct_name, fields)
+
+            struct_class = type(
+                struct_name,
+                (ctypes.Structure,),
+                {
+                    "_fields_": fields,
+                    "__module__": "pylibbpf.ir_to_ctypes",
+                    "__doc__": f"Auto-generated ctypes structure for {struct_name}",
+                    "__repr__": repr_func,
+                },
+            )
+
+            ctypes_structs[struct_name] = struct_class
+            # Pretty print field info
+            field_info = ", ".join(f"{name}: {typ.__name__}" for name, typ in fields)
+            logger.debug(f"  {struct_name}({field_info})")
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to convert struct '{struct_name}': {e}")
+            raise
+    logger.info(f"Converted struct '{struct_name}' to ctypes")
+    return ctypes_structs
+
+
+def is_pythonbpf_structs(structs) -> bool:
+    """Check if structs dict is from PythonBPF."""
+    if not isinstance(structs, dict) or not structs:
+        return False
+
+    first_value = next(iter(structs.values()))
+    return (
+        hasattr(first_value, "ir_type")
+        and hasattr(first_value, "fields")
+        and hasattr(first_value, "size")
+    )
+
+
+__all__ = ["convert_structs_to_ctypes", "is_pythonbpf_structs"]

pylibbpf/wrappers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+
+class PerfEventArrayHelper:
+    """Fluent wrapper for PERF_EVENT_ARRAY maps."""
+
+    def __init__(self, bpf_map):
+        self._map = bpf_map
+        self._perf_buffer = None
+
+    def open_perf_buffer(
+        self,
+        callback: Callable,
+        struct_name: str = "",
+        page_cnt: int = 8,
+        lost_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    ):
+        """Open perf buffer with auto-deserialization."""
+        from .pylibbpf import PerfEventArray
+
+        if struct_name:
+            self._perf_buffer = PerfEventArray(
+                self._map,
+                page_cnt,
+                callback,
+                struct_name,
+                lost_callback or (lambda cpu, cnt: None),
+            )
+        else:
+            self._perf_buffer = PerfEventArray(
+                self._map, page_cnt, callback, lost_callback or (lambda cpu, cnt: None)
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    def poll(self, timeout_ms: int = -1) -> int:
+        if not self._perf_buffer:
+            raise RuntimeError("Call open_perf_buffer() first")
+        return self._perf_buffer.poll(timeout_ms)
+
+    def consume(self) -> int:
+        if not self._perf_buffer:
+            raise RuntimeError("Call open_perf_buffer() first")
+        return self._perf_buffer.consume()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._map, name)
+
+
+class BpfObjectWrapper:
+    """Smart wrapper that returns map-specific helpers."""
+
+    BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY = 4
+    BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF = 27
+
+    def __init__(self, bpf_object):
+        self._obj = bpf_object
+        self._map_helpers = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str):
+        """Return appropriate helper based on map type."""
+        if name in self._map_helpers:
+            return self._map_helpers[name]
+
+        map_obj = self._obj[name]
+        map_type = map_obj.get_type()
+
+        if map_type == self.BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY:
+            helper = PerfEventArrayHelper(map_obj)
+        else:
+            helper = map_obj
+
+        self._map_helpers[name] = helper
+        return helper
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ requires = [
     "wheel",
     "ninja",
     "cmake>=4.0",
+    "pybind11>=2.10",
 ]
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "pylibbpf"
-version = "0.0.5"
+version = "0.0.6"
 description = "Python Bindings for Libbpf"
 authors = [
     { name = "r41k0u", email = "pragyanshchaturvedi18@gmail.com" },
@@ -32,14 +33,17 @@ classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
     "Topic :: System :: Operating System Kernels :: Linux",
 ]
+dependencies = [
+    "llvmlite>=0.40.0",
+]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 test = ["pytest>=6.0"]
 
 [project.urls]
-Homepage = "https://github.com/varun-r-mallya/pylibbpf"
-Repository = "https://github.com/varun-r-mallya/pylibbpf"
-Issues = "https://github.com/varun-r-mallya/pylibbpf/issues"
+Homepage = "https://github.com/pythonbpf/pylibbpf"
+Repository = "https://github.com/pythonbpf/pylibbpf"
+Issues = "https://github.com/pythonbpf/pylibbpf/issues"
 
 [tool.mypy]
 files = "setup.py"

setup.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from setuptools import Extension, setup
+from setuptools import Extension, find_packages, setup
 from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext
 
 # Convert distutils Windows platform specifiers to CMake -A arguments
@@ -129,8 +129,11 @@ setup(
     description="Python Bindings for Libbpf",
     long_description=long_description,
     long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
-    url="https://github.com/varun-r-mallya/pylibbpf",
-    ext_modules=[CMakeExtension("pylibbpf")],
+    url="https://github.com/pythonbpf/pylibbpf",
+    packages=find_packages(where="."),
+    package_dir={"": "."},
+    py_modules=[],  # Empty since we use packages
+    ext_modules=[CMakeExtension("pylibbpf.pylibbpf")],
     cmdclass={"build_ext": CMakeBuild},
     zip_safe=False,
     classifiers=[
@@ -147,6 +150,16 @@ setup(
         "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
         "Topic :: System :: Operating System Kernels :: Linux",
     ],
+    install_requires=[
+        "llvmlite>=0.40.0",  # Required for struct conversion
+    ],
     extras_require={"test": ["pytest>=6.0"]},
     python_requires=">=3.8",
+    package_data={
+        "pylibbpf": [
+            "*.py",
+            "py.typed",  # For type hints
+        ],
+    },
+    include_package_data=True,
 )

src/bindings/main.cpp

@@ -2,18 +2,17 @@
 #define STRINGIFY(x) #x
 #define MACRO_STRINGIFY(x) STRINGIFY(x)
 
-extern "C" {
-#include <libbpf.h>
-}
-
-#include "core/bpf_program.h"
 #include "core/bpf_exception.h"
 #include "core/bpf_map.h"
+#include "core/bpf_object.h"
+#include "core/bpf_program.h"
+#include "maps/perf_event_array.h"
+#include "utils/struct_parser.h"
 
 namespace py = pybind11;
 
 PYBIND11_MODULE(pylibbpf, m) {
-    m.doc() = R"pbdoc(
+  m.doc() = R"pbdoc(
         Pylibbpf - libbpf bindings for Python
         -----------------------
 
@@ -27,41 +26,73 @@ PYBIND11_MODULE(pylibbpf, m) {
            BpfException
     )pbdoc";
 
-    // Register the custom exception
-    py::register_exception<BpfException>(m, "BpfException");
+  // Register the custom exception
+  py::register_exception<BpfException>(m, "BpfException");
 
-    py::class_<BpfProgram>(m, "BpfProgram")
-            .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
-            .def(py::init<const std::string &, const std::string &>())
-            .def("load", &BpfProgram::load)
-            .def("attach", &BpfProgram::attach)
-            .def("destroy", &BpfProgram::destroy)
-            .def("load_and_attach", &BpfProgram::load_and_attach)
-            .def("is_loaded", &BpfProgram::is_loaded)
-            .def("is_attached", &BpfProgram::is_attached);
+  // BpfObject
+  py::class_<BpfObject, std::shared_ptr<BpfObject>>(m, "BpfObject")
+      .def(py::init<std::string, py::dict>(), py::arg("object_path"),
+           py::arg("structs") = py::dict())
+      .def("load", &BpfObject::load)
+      .def("is_loaded", &BpfObject::is_loaded)
+      .def("get_program_names", &BpfObject::get_program_names)
+      .def("get_program", &BpfObject::get_program, py::arg("name"))
+      .def("attach_all", &BpfObject::attach_all)
+      .def("get_map_names", &BpfObject::get_map_names)
+      .def("get_map", &BpfObject::get_map, py::arg("name"))
+      .def("get_struct_defs", &BpfObject::get_struct_defs)
+      .def("__getitem__", &BpfObject::get_map, py::arg("name"));
 
-    py::class_<BpfMap>(m, "BpfMap")
-            .def(py::init<BpfProgram *, py::object &>())
-            .def("lookup", &BpfMap::lookup)
-            .def("update", &BpfMap::update)
-            .def("delete", &BpfMap::delete_elem)
-            .def("get_next_key", &BpfMap::get_next_key, py::arg("key") = py::none())
-            .def("items", &BpfMap::items)
-            .def("keys", &BpfMap::keys)
-            .def("values", &BpfMap::values)
-            .def("get_name", &BpfMap::get_name)
-            .def("get_type", &BpfMap::get_type)
-            .def("get_key_size", &BpfMap::get_key_size)
-            .def("get_value_size", &BpfMap::get_value_size)
-            .def("get_max_entries", &BpfMap::get_max_entries)
-            .def("__getitem__", &BpfMap::lookup)
-            .def("__setitem__", &BpfMap::update)
-            .def("__delitem__", &BpfMap::delete_elem);
+  // BpfProgram
+  py::class_<BpfProgram, std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram>>(m, "BpfProgram")
+      .def("attach", &BpfProgram::attach)
+      .def("detach", &BpfProgram::detach)
+      .def("is_attached", &BpfProgram::is_attached)
+      .def("get_name", &BpfProgram::get_name);
 
+  // BpfMap
+  py::class_<BpfMap, std::shared_ptr<BpfMap>>(m, "BpfMap")
+      .def("lookup", &BpfMap::lookup, py::arg("key"))
+      .def("update", &BpfMap::update, py::arg("key"), py::arg("value"))
+      .def("delete_elem", &BpfMap::delete_elem, py::arg("key"))
+      .def("get_next_key", &BpfMap::get_next_key, py::arg("key") = py::none())
+      .def("items", &BpfMap::items)
+      .def("keys", &BpfMap::keys)
+      .def("values", &BpfMap::values)
+      .def("get_name", &BpfMap::get_name)
+      .def("get_fd", &BpfMap::get_fd)
+      .def("get_type", &BpfMap::get_type)
+      .def("get_key_size", &BpfMap::get_key_size)
+      .def("get_value_size", &BpfMap::get_value_size)
+      .def("get_max_entries", &BpfMap::get_max_entries)
+      .def("__getitem__", &BpfMap::lookup, py::arg("key"))
+      .def("__setitem__", &BpfMap::update, py::arg("key"), py::arg("value"))
+      .def("__delitem__", &BpfMap::delete_elem, py::arg("key"));
+
+  // StructParser
+  py::class_<StructParser>(m, "StructParser")
+      .def(py::init<py::dict>(), py::arg("structs"))
+      .def("parse", &StructParser::parse, py::arg("struct_name"),
+           py::arg("data"))
+      .def("has_struct", &StructParser::has_struct, py::arg("struct_name"));
+
+  // PerfEventArray
+  py::class_<PerfEventArray, std::shared_ptr<PerfEventArray>>(m,
+                                                              "PerfEventArray")
+      .def(py::init<std::shared_ptr<BpfMap>, int, py::function, py::object>(),
+           py::arg("map"), py::arg("page_cnt"), py::arg("callback"),
+           py::arg("lost_callback") = py::none())
+      .def(py::init<std::shared_ptr<BpfMap>, int, py::function, std::string,
+                    py::object>(),
+           py::arg("map"), py::arg("page_cnt"), py::arg("callback"),
+           py::arg("struct_name"), py::arg("lost_callback") = py::none())
+      .def("poll", &PerfEventArray::poll, py::arg("timeout_ms"))
+      .def("consume", &PerfEventArray::consume)
+      .def("get_map", &PerfEventArray::get_map);
 
 #ifdef VERSION_INFO
-    m.attr("__version__") = MACRO_STRINGIFY(VERSION_INFO);
+  m.attr("__version__") = MACRO_STRINGIFY(VERSION_INFO);
 #else
-    m.attr("__version__") = "dev";
+  m.attr("__version__") = "dev";
 #endif
 }

src/core/bpf_exception.h

@@ -6,13 +6,10 @@
 
 class BpfException final : public std::runtime_error {
 public:
-    explicit BpfException(const std::string &message)
-        : std::runtime_error(message) {
-    }
+  explicit BpfException(const std::string &message)
+      : std::runtime_error(message) {}
 
-    explicit BpfException(const char *message)
-        : std::runtime_error(message) {
-    }
+  explicit BpfException(const char *message) : std::runtime_error(message) {}
 };
 
 #endif // PYLIBBPF_BPF_EXCEPTION_H

src/core/bpf_map.cpp

@@ -1,211 +1,230 @@
-#include "bpf_map.h"
+#include "core/bpf_map.h"
+#include "core/bpf_exception.h"
+#include "core/bpf_object.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstring>
 
-#include "bpf_exception.h"
+BpfMap::BpfMap(std::shared_ptr<BpfObject> parent, struct bpf_map *raw_map,
+               const std::string &map_name)
+    : parent_obj_(parent), map_(raw_map), map_fd_(-1), map_name_(map_name),
+      key_size_(0), value_size_(0) {
+  if (!parent)
+    throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject is null");
+  if (!(parent->is_loaded()))
+    throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject is not loaded");
+  if (!raw_map)
+    throw BpfException("bpf_map pointer is null");
 
-BpfMap::BpfMap(BpfProgram *program_, const py::object &map_from_python) {
-    if (py::isinstance<py::function>(map_from_python)) {
-        const auto name = map_from_python.attr("__name__").cast<std::string>();
-        bpf_program = program_;
-        map_ = bpf_object__find_map_by_name(bpf_program->get_obj(), name.c_str());
-        if (!map_) {
-            throw BpfException("Failed to find map by name");
-        }
-        map_fd = bpf_map__fd(map_);
-        if (map_fd == -1) {
-            throw BpfException("Failed to open map File Descriptor");
-        }
-    } else {
-        throw BpfException("Invalid map object passed to function.");
-    }
-}
+  map_fd_ = bpf_map__fd(map_);
+  if (map_fd_ < 0)
+    throw BpfException("Failed to get file descriptor for map '" + map_name_ +
+                       "'");
 
-std::vector<uint8_t> BpfMap::python_to_bytes(const py::object &obj, size_t size) {
-    std::vector<uint8_t> result(size, 0);
-
-    if (py::isinstance<py::int_>(obj)) {
-        const auto value = obj.cast<uint64_t>();
-        std::memcpy(result.data(), &value, std::min(size, sizeof(uint64_t)));
-    } else if (py::isinstance<py::bytes>(obj)) {
-        const auto bytes_str = obj.cast<std::string>();
-        std::memcpy(result.data(), bytes_str.data(), std::min(size, bytes_str.size()));
-    } else if (py::isinstance<py::str>(obj)) {
-        const auto str_val = obj.cast<std::string>();
-        std::memcpy(result.data(), str_val.data(), std::min(size, str_val.size()));
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-py::object BpfMap::bytes_to_python(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
-    // Try to interpret as integer if it's a common integer size
-    if (data.size() == 4) {
-        uint32_t value;
-        std::memcpy(&value, data.data(), 4);
-        return py::cast(value);
-    } else if (data.size() == 8) {
-        uint64_t value;
-        std::memcpy(&value, data.data(), 8);
-        return py::cast(value);
-    } else {
-        // Return as bytes
-        return py::bytes(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data.data()), data.size());
-    }
-}
-
-void BpfMap::update(const py::object &key, const py::object &value) const {
-    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-    const size_t value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
-
-    const auto key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
-    const auto value_bytes = python_to_bytes(value, value_size);
-
-    const int ret = bpf_map__update_elem(
-        map_,
-        key_bytes.data(),
-        key_size,
-        value_bytes.data(),
-        value_size,
-        BPF_ANY);
-    if (ret != 0) {
-        throw BpfException("Failed to update map element");
-    }
-}
-
-void BpfMap::delete_elem(const py::object &key) const {
-    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> key_bytes;
-    key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
-
-    if (const int ret = bpf_map__delete_elem(map_, key_bytes.data(), key_size, BPF_ANY); ret != 0) {
-        throw BpfException("Failed to delete map element");
-    }
-}
-
-py::list BpfMap::get_next_key(const py::object &key) const {
-    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
-
-    int ret;
-    if (key.is_none()) {
-        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, next_key.data(), key_size);
-    } else {
-        const auto key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
-        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key_bytes.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
-    }
-
-    py::list result;
-    if (ret == 0) {
-        result.append(bytes_to_python(next_key));
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-py::list BpfMap::keys() const {
-    py::list result;
-    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> key(key_size);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
-
-    int ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, key.data(), key_size);
-
-    while (ret == 0) {
-        result.append(bytes_to_python(key));
-        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
-        key = next_key;
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-py::list BpfMap::values() const {
-    py::list result;
-    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-    const size_t value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> key(key_size);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> value(value_size);
-
-    int ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, key.data(), key_size);
-
-    while (ret == 0) {
-        if (bpf_map__lookup_elem(map_, key.data(), key_size, value.data(), value_size, BPF_ANY) == 0) {
-            result.append(bytes_to_python(value));
-        }
-        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
-        key = next_key;
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-std::string BpfMap::get_name() const {
-    const char *name = bpf_map__name(map_);
-    return name ? std::string(name) : "";
-}
-
-int BpfMap::get_type() const {
-    return bpf_map__type(map_);
-}
-
-int BpfMap::get_key_size() const {
-    return bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-}
-
-int BpfMap::get_value_size() const {
-    return bpf_map__value_size(map_);
-}
-
-int BpfMap::get_max_entries() const {
-    return bpf_map__max_entries(map_);
-}
-
-py::dict BpfMap::items() const {
-    py::dict result;
-    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-    const size_t value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> key(key_size);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> value(value_size);
-
-    // Get first key
-    int ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, key.data(), key_size);
-
-    while (ret == 0) {
-        // Lookup value for current key
-        if (bpf_map__lookup_elem(map_, key.data(), key_size, value.data(), value_size, BPF_ANY) == 0) {
-            result[bytes_to_python(key)] = bytes_to_python(value);
-        }
-
-        // Get next key
-        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
-        key = next_key;
-    }
-
-    return result;
+  key_size_ = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+  value_size_ = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
 }
 
 py::object BpfMap::lookup(const py::object &key) const {
-    const __u32 key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
-    const __u32 value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
+  if (map_fd_ < 0)
+    throw BpfException("Map '" + map_name_ + "' is not initialized properly");
 
-    const auto key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> value_bytes(value_size);
+  BufferManager<> key_buf, value_buf;
+  auto key_span = key_buf.get_span(key_size_);
+  auto value_span = value_buf.get_span(value_size_);
 
-    // The flags field here matters only when spin locks are used which is close to fucking never, so fuck no,
-    // im not adding it
-    const int ret = bpf_map__lookup_elem(
-        map_,
-        key_bytes.data(),
-        key_size,
-        value_bytes.data(),
-        value_size,
-        BPF_ANY);
-    if (ret != 0) {
-        return py::none();
+  // Convert Python → bytes
+  python_to_bytes_inplace(key, key_span);
+
+  // The flags field here matters only when spin locks are used.
+  // Skipping it for now.
+  const int ret = bpf_map__lookup_elem(map_, key_span.data(), key_size_,
+                                       value_span.data(), value_size_, BPF_ANY);
+  if (ret < 0) {
+    if (ret == -ENOENT)
+      throw py::key_error("Key not found in map '" + map_name_ + "'");
+    throw BpfException("Failed to lookup key in map '" + map_name_ +
+                       "': " + std::strerror(-ret));
+  }
+
+  return bytes_to_python(value_span);
+}
+
+void BpfMap::update(const py::object &key, const py::object &value) const {
+  if (map_fd_ < 0)
+    throw BpfException("Map '" + map_name_ + "' is not initialized properly");
+
+  BufferManager<> key_buf, value_buf;
+  auto key_span = key_buf.get_span(key_size_);
+  auto value_span = value_buf.get_span(value_size_);
+
+  python_to_bytes_inplace(key, key_span);
+  python_to_bytes_inplace(value, value_span);
+
+  const int ret = bpf_map__update_elem(map_, key_span.data(), key_size_,
+                                       value_span.data(), value_size_, BPF_ANY);
+  if (ret < 0) {
+    throw BpfException("Failed to update key in map '" + map_name_ +
+                       "': " + std::strerror(-ret));
+  }
+}
+
+void BpfMap::delete_elem(const py::object &key) const {
+  if (map_fd_ < 0)
+    throw BpfException("Map '" + map_name_ + "' is not initialized properly");
+
+  BufferManager<> key_buf;
+  auto key_span = key_buf.get_span(key_size_);
+
+  // Convert Python → bytes
+  python_to_bytes_inplace(key, key_span);
+
+  const int ret =
+      bpf_map__delete_elem(map_, key_span.data(), key_size_, BPF_ANY);
+
+  if (ret != 0) {
+    if (ret == -ENOENT)
+      throw py::key_error("Key not found in map '" + map_name_ + "'");
+    throw BpfException("Failed to delete key from map '" + map_name_ +
+                       "': " + std::strerror(-ret));
+  }
+}
+
+py::object BpfMap::get_next_key(const py::object &key) const {
+  BufferManager<> next_key_buf;
+  auto next_key = next_key_buf.get_span(key_size_);
+
+  int ret;
+  if (key.is_none()) {
+    ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, next_key.data(), key_size_);
+  } else {
+    BufferManager<> key_buf;
+    auto key_bytes = key_buf.get_span(key_size_);
+    python_to_bytes_inplace(key, key_bytes);
+    ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key_bytes.data(), next_key.data(),
+                                key_size_);
+  }
+
+  if (ret < 0) {
+    if (ret == -ENOENT) {
+      // No more keys
+      return py::none();
+    }
+    throw BpfException("Failed to get next key in map '" + map_name_ +
+                       "': " + std::strerror(-ret));
+  }
+
+  return bytes_to_python(next_key);
+}
+
+py::dict BpfMap::items() const {
+  py::dict result;
+
+  py::object current_key = get_next_key(py::none());
+  if (current_key.is_none()) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  while (!current_key.is_none()) {
+    try {
+      py::object value = lookup(current_key);
+      result[current_key] = value;
+      current_key = get_next_key(current_key);
+    } catch (const py::key_error &) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+py::list BpfMap::keys() const {
+  py::list result;
+
+  py::object current_key = get_next_key(py::none());
+  if (current_key.is_none()) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  while (!current_key.is_none()) {
+    result.append(current_key);
+    current_key = get_next_key(current_key);
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+py::list BpfMap::values() const {
+  py::list result;
+
+  py::object current_key = get_next_key(py::none());
+  if (current_key.is_none()) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  while (!current_key.is_none()) {
+    try {
+      py::object value = lookup(current_key);
+      result.append(value);
+      current_key = get_next_key(current_key);
+    } catch (const py::key_error &) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+int BpfMap::get_type() const { return bpf_map__type(map_); }
+
+int BpfMap::get_max_entries() const { return bpf_map__max_entries(map_); }
+
+// Helper functions
+void BpfMap::python_to_bytes_inplace(const py::object &obj,
+                                     std::span<uint8_t> buffer) {
+  std::fill(buffer.begin(), buffer.end(), 0);
+
+  if (py::isinstance<py::int_>(obj)) {
+    if (buffer.size() <= sizeof(uint64_t)) {
+      uint64_t value = obj.cast<uint64_t>();
+      std::memcpy(buffer.data(), &value, buffer.size());
+    } else {
+      throw BpfException("Integer key/value size exceeds maximum (8 bytes)");
+    }
+  } else if (py::isinstance<py::bytes>(obj)) {
+    std::string bytes_str = obj.cast<std::string>();
+
+    if (bytes_str.size() > buffer.size()) {
+      throw BpfException("Bytes size " + std::to_string(bytes_str.size()) +
+                         " exceeds expected size " +
+                         std::to_string(buffer.size()));
     }
 
-    return bytes_to_python(value_bytes);
+    std::memcpy(buffer.data(), bytes_str.data(), bytes_str.size());
+  } else if (py::isinstance<py::str>(obj)) {
+    std::string str_val = obj.cast<std::string>();
+
+    if (str_val.size() >= buffer.size()) {
+      throw BpfException("String size exceeds expected size");
+    }
+
+    std::memcpy(buffer.data(), str_val.data(), str_val.size());
+    buffer[str_val.size()] = '\0';
+  } else {
+    throw BpfException("Unsupported type for BPF map key/value");
+  }
+}
+
+py::object BpfMap::bytes_to_python(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
+  if (data.size() == 4) {
+    uint32_t value;
+    std::memcpy(&value, data.data(), 4);
+    return py::cast(value);
+  } else if (data.size() == 8) {
+    uint64_t value;
+    std::memcpy(&value, data.data(), 8);
+    return py::cast(value);
+  } else {
+    return py::bytes(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data.data()), data.size());
+  }
 }

src/core/bpf_map.h

@@ -1,55 +1,72 @@
-#ifndef PYLIBBPF_MAPS_H
-#define PYLIBBPF_MAPS_H
+#ifndef PYLIBBPF_BPF_MAP_H
+#define PYLIBBPF_BPF_MAP_H
 
+#include <array>
 #include <libbpf.h>
 #include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
-#include <vector>
+#include <span>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
-#include "bpf_program.h"
+class BpfObject;
 
 namespace py = pybind11;
 
-class BpfMap {
+class BpfMap : public std::enable_shared_from_this<BpfMap> {
 private:
-    struct bpf_map *map_;
-    int map_fd = -1;
-    //TODO: turn below into a shared pointer and ref count it so that there is no resource leakage
-    BpfProgram *bpf_program;
+  std::weak_ptr<BpfObject> parent_obj_;
+  struct bpf_map *map_;
+  int map_fd_;
+  std::string map_name_;
+  __u32 key_size_, value_size_;
+
+  template <size_t StackSize = 64> struct BufferManager {
+    std::array<uint8_t, StackSize> stack_buf;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> heap_buf;
+
+    std::span<uint8_t> get_span(size_t size) {
+      if (size <= StackSize) {
+        return std::span<uint8_t>(stack_buf.data(), size);
+      } else {
+        heap_buf.resize(size);
+        return std::span<uint8_t>(heap_buf);
+      }
+    }
+  };
 
 public:
-    BpfMap(BpfProgram *program_, const py::object &map_from_python);
+  BpfMap(std::shared_ptr<BpfObject> parent, struct bpf_map *raw_map,
+         const std::string &map_name);
 
-    ~BpfMap() = default;
+  ~BpfMap() = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] py::object lookup(const py::object &key) const;
+  BpfMap(const BpfMap &) = delete;
+  BpfMap &operator=(const BpfMap &) = delete;
+  BpfMap(BpfMap &&) noexcept = default;
+  BpfMap &operator=(BpfMap &&) noexcept = default;
 
-    void update(const py::object &key, const py::object &value) const;
+  [[nodiscard]] py::object lookup(const py::object &key) const;
+  void update(const py::object &key, const py::object &value) const;
+  void delete_elem(const py::object &key) const;
+  py::object get_next_key(const py::object &key = py::none()) const;
+  py::dict items() const;
+  py::list keys() const;
+  py::list values() const;
 
-    void delete_elem(const py::object &key) const;
-
-    py::list get_next_key(const py::object &key = py::none()) const;
-
-    py::dict items() const;
-
-    py::list keys() const;
-
-    py::list values() const;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] std::string get_name() const;
-
-    int get_type() const;
-
-    int get_key_size() const;
-
-    int get_value_size() const;
-
-    int get_max_entries() const;
+  [[nodiscard]] std::string get_name() const { return map_name_; }
+  [[nodiscard]] int get_fd() const { return map_fd_; }
+  [[nodiscard]] int get_type() const;
+  [[nodiscard]] int get_key_size() const { return key_size_; };
+  [[nodiscard]] int get_value_size() const { return value_size_; };
+  [[nodiscard]] int get_max_entries() const;
+  [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<BpfObject> get_parent() const {
+    return parent_obj_.lock();
+  }
 
 private:
-    static std::vector<uint8_t> python_to_bytes(const py::object &obj, size_t size);
-
-    static py::object bytes_to_python(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
+  static void python_to_bytes_inplace(const py::object &obj,
+                                      std::span<uint8_t> buffer);
+  static py::object bytes_to_python(std::span<const uint8_t> data);
 };
 
-#endif //PYLIBBPF_MAPS_H
+#endif // PYLIBBPF_BPF_MAP_H

src/core/bpf_object.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+#include "core/bpf_object.h"
+#include "core/bpf_exception.h"
+#include "core/bpf_map.h"
+#include "core/bpf_program.h"
+#include "utils/struct_parser.h"
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <utility>
+
+BpfObject::BpfObject(std::string object_path, py::dict structs)
+    : obj_(nullptr), object_path_(std::move(object_path)), loaded_(false),
+      struct_defs_(structs), struct_parser_(nullptr) {}
+
+BpfObject::~BpfObject() {
+  // Clear caches first (order matters!)
+  prog_cache_.clear(); // Detaches programs
+  maps_cache_.clear(); // Closes maps
+
+  // Then close object
+  if (obj_) {
+    bpf_object__close(obj_);
+    obj_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+BpfObject::BpfObject(BpfObject &&other) noexcept
+    : obj_(std::exchange(other.obj_, nullptr)),
+      object_path_(std::move(other.object_path_)),
+      loaded_(std::exchange(other.loaded_, false)),
+      maps_cache_(std::move(other.maps_cache_)),
+      prog_cache_(std::move(other.prog_cache_)),
+      struct_defs_(std::move(other.struct_defs_)),
+      struct_parser_(std::move(other.struct_parser_)) {
+
+  other.obj_ = nullptr;
+  other.loaded_ = false;
+}
+
+BpfObject &BpfObject::operator=(BpfObject &&other) noexcept {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    prog_cache_.clear();
+    maps_cache_.clear();
+    if (obj_) {
+      bpf_object__close(obj_);
+    }
+
+    obj_ = std::exchange(other.obj_, nullptr);
+    object_path_ = std::move(other.object_path_);
+    loaded_ = std::exchange(other.loaded_, false);
+    maps_cache_ = std::move(other.maps_cache_);
+    prog_cache_ = std::move(other.prog_cache_);
+    struct_defs_ = std::move(other.struct_defs_);
+    struct_parser_ = std::move(other.struct_parser_);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+void BpfObject::load() {
+  if (loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object already loaded");
+  }
+
+  std::string error_msg = "Failed to open BPF object";
+  obj_ = bpf_object__open_file(object_path_.c_str(), nullptr);
+
+  if (!obj_) {
+    error_msg += " file '" + object_path_ + "': " + std::strerror(errno);
+    throw BpfException(error_msg);
+  }
+
+  if (bpf_object__load(obj_)) {
+    error_msg +=
+        " object from file '" + object_path_ + "': " + std::strerror(errno);
+    bpf_object__close(obj_);
+    obj_ = nullptr;
+    throw BpfException(error_msg);
+  }
+
+  loaded_ = true;
+}
+
+// ==================== Program Methods ====================
+
+py::list BpfObject::get_program_names() {
+  if (!loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+  }
+
+  py::list names;
+  struct bpf_program *prog = nullptr;
+
+  bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, obj_) {
+    _get_or_create_program(prog); // Ensure cached
+    names.append(bpf_program__name(prog));
+  }
+
+  return names;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram>
+BpfObject::_get_or_create_program(struct bpf_program *prog) {
+  if (!prog) {
+    throw BpfException("bpf_program pointer is null");
+  }
+
+  const char *name = bpf_program__name(prog);
+  std::string prog_name(name ? name : "");
+
+  // Check cache
+  auto it = prog_cache_.find(prog_name);
+  if (it != prog_cache_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  // Create and cache
+  auto bpf_prog =
+      std::make_shared<BpfProgram>(shared_from_this(), prog, prog_name);
+  prog_cache_[prog_name] = bpf_prog;
+
+  return bpf_prog;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram> BpfObject::get_program(const std::string &name) {
+  if (!loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+  }
+
+  // Check cache
+  auto it = prog_cache_.find(name);
+  if (it != prog_cache_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  // Create and cache
+  struct bpf_program *raw_prog = find_program_by_name(name);
+  auto prog = std::make_shared<BpfProgram>(shared_from_this(), raw_prog, name);
+  prog_cache_[name] = prog;
+
+  return prog;
+}
+
+struct bpf_program *
+BpfObject::find_program_by_name(const std::string &name) const {
+  if (!loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+  }
+
+  struct bpf_program *prog =
+      bpf_object__find_program_by_name(obj_, name.c_str());
+  if (!prog) {
+    throw BpfException("Program '" + name + "' not found");
+  }
+
+  return prog;
+}
+
+py::dict BpfObject::get_cached_programs() const {
+  py::dict programs;
+  for (const auto &entry : prog_cache_) {
+    programs[entry.first.c_str()] = entry.second;
+  }
+  return programs;
+}
+
+py::dict BpfObject::attach_all() {
+  if (!loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+  }
+
+  py::dict attached_programs;
+  struct bpf_program *prog = nullptr;
+
+  bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, obj_) {
+    auto bpf_prog = _get_or_create_program(prog);
+
+    if (!bpf_prog->is_attached()) {
+      bpf_prog->attach();
+    }
+
+    const char *name = bpf_program__name(prog);
+    attached_programs[name] = bpf_prog;
+  }
+
+  return attached_programs;
+}
+
+// ==================== Map Methods ====================
+
+py::list BpfObject::get_map_names() {
+  if (!loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+  }
+
+  py::list names;
+  struct bpf_map *map = nullptr;
+
+  bpf_object__for_each_map(map, obj_) {
+    _get_or_create_map(map); // Ensure cached
+    names.append(bpf_map__name(map));
+  }
+
+  return names;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> BpfObject::get_map(const std::string &name) {
+  if (!loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+  }
+
+  // Check cache
+  auto it = maps_cache_.find(name);
+  if (it != maps_cache_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  // Create and cache
+  struct bpf_map *raw_map = find_map_by_name(name);
+  auto map = std::make_shared<BpfMap>(shared_from_this(), raw_map, name);
+  maps_cache_[name] = map;
+
+  return map;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> BpfObject::_get_or_create_map(struct bpf_map *map) {
+  if (!map) {
+    throw BpfException("bpf_map pointer is null");
+  }
+
+  const char *name = bpf_map__name(map);
+  std::string map_name(name ? name : "");
+
+  // Check cache
+  auto it = maps_cache_.find(map_name);
+  if (it != maps_cache_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  // Create and cache
+  auto bpf_map = std::make_shared<BpfMap>(shared_from_this(), map, map_name);
+  maps_cache_[map_name] = bpf_map;
+
+  return bpf_map;
+}
+
+struct bpf_map *BpfObject::find_map_by_name(const std::string &name) const {
+  if (!loaded_) {
+    throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+  }
+
+  struct bpf_map *map = bpf_object__find_map_by_name(obj_, name.c_str());
+  if (!map) {
+    throw BpfException("Map '" + name + "' not found");
+  }
+
+  return map;
+}
+
+py::dict BpfObject::get_cached_maps() const {
+  py::dict maps;
+  for (const auto &entry : maps_cache_) {
+    maps[entry.first.c_str()] = entry.second;
+  }
+  return maps;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<StructParser> BpfObject::get_struct_parser() const {
+  if (!struct_parser_ && !struct_defs_.empty()) {
+    // Create parser on first access
+    struct_parser_ = std::make_shared<StructParser>(struct_defs_);
+  }
+  return struct_parser_;
+}

src/core/bpf_object.h

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#ifndef PYLIBBPF_BPF_OBJECT_H
+#define PYLIBBPF_BPF_OBJECT_H
+
+#include <libbpf.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+class BpfProgram;
+class BpfMap;
+class StructParser;
+
+/**
+ * BpfObject - Represents a loaded BPF object file.
+ *
+ * This is the main entry point for loading BPF programs.
+ * Owns the bpf_object* and manages all programs and maps within it.
+ */
+class BpfObject : public std::enable_shared_from_this<BpfObject> {
+private:
+  struct bpf_object *obj_;
+  std::string object_path_;
+  bool loaded_;
+
+  mutable std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<BpfMap>> maps_cache_;
+  mutable std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram>>
+      prog_cache_;
+  py::dict struct_defs_;
+  mutable std::shared_ptr<StructParser> struct_parser_;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram> _get_or_create_program(struct bpf_program *prog);
+  std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> _get_or_create_map(struct bpf_map *map);
+
+public:
+  explicit BpfObject(std::string object_path, py::dict structs = py::dict());
+  ~BpfObject();
+
+  // Disable copy, allow move
+  BpfObject(const BpfObject &) = delete;
+  BpfObject &operator=(const BpfObject &) = delete;
+  BpfObject(BpfObject &&) noexcept;
+  BpfObject &operator=(BpfObject &&) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * Load the BPF object into the kernel.
+   * Must be called before accessing programs or maps.
+   */
+  void load();
+
+  /**
+   * Check if object is loaded.
+   */
+  [[nodiscard]] bool is_loaded() const { return loaded_; }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the underlying bpf_object pointer.
+   * Only for internal use by BpfProgram and BpfMap.
+   */
+  [[nodiscard]] struct bpf_object *get_obj() const { return obj_; }
+
+  /**
+   * Attach all programs in the object.
+   */
+  py::dict attach_all();
+
+  // Program access
+  [[nodiscard]] py::list get_program_names();
+  [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram>
+  get_program(const std::string &name);
+  [[nodiscard]] struct bpf_program *
+  find_program_by_name(const std::string &name) const;
+  [[nodiscard]] py::dict get_cached_programs() const;
+
+  // Map access
+  [[nodiscard]] py::list get_map_names();
+  [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> get_map(const std::string &name);
+  [[nodiscard]] struct bpf_map *find_map_by_name(const std::string &name) const;
+  [[nodiscard]] py::dict get_cached_maps() const;
+
+  // Struct parsing
+  [[nodiscard]] py::dict get_struct_defs() const { return struct_defs_; }
+  [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<StructParser> get_struct_parser() const;
+};
+
+#endif // PYLIBBPF_BPF_OBJECT_H

src/core/bpf_program.cpp

@@ -1,84 +1,74 @@
-#include "bpf_program.h"
-#include "bpf_exception.h"
-#include <filesystem>
+#include "core/bpf_program.h"
+#include "core/bpf_exception.h"
+#include "core/bpf_object.h"
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <utility>
 
-BpfProgram::BpfProgram(std::string object_path, std::string program_name)
-    : obj_(nullptr), prog_(nullptr), link_(nullptr),
-      object_path_(std::move(object_path)), program_name_(std::move(program_name)) {
+BpfProgram::BpfProgram(std::shared_ptr<BpfObject> parent,
+                       struct bpf_program *raw_prog,
+                       const std::string &program_name)
+    : parent_obj_(parent), prog_(raw_prog), link_(nullptr),
+      program_name_(program_name) {
+  if (!parent)
+    throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject is null");
+  if (!(parent->is_loaded()))
+    throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject is not loaded");
+  if (!raw_prog)
+    throw BpfException("bpf_program pointer is null");
 }
 
-BpfProgram::~BpfProgram() {
-    destroy();
-    if (obj_) {
-        bpf_object__close(obj_);
-    }
+BpfProgram::~BpfProgram() { detach(); }
+
+BpfProgram::BpfProgram(BpfProgram &&other) noexcept
+    : parent_obj_(std::move(other.parent_obj_)), prog_(other.prog_),
+      link_(other.link_), program_name_(std::move(other.program_name_)) {
+
+  other.prog_ = nullptr;
+  other.link_ = nullptr;
 }
 
-struct bpf_object * BpfProgram::get_obj() const {
-    return obj_;
+BpfProgram &BpfProgram::operator=(BpfProgram &&other) noexcept {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    detach();
+
+    parent_obj_ = std::move(other.parent_obj_);
+    prog_ = other.prog_;
+    link_ = other.link_;
+    program_name_ = std::move(other.program_name_);
+
+    other.prog_ = nullptr;
+    other.link_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  return *this;
 }
 
-bool BpfProgram::load() {
-    // Open the eBPF object file
-    obj_ = bpf_object__open_file(object_path_.c_str(), nullptr);
-    if (libbpf_get_error(obj_)) {
-        throw BpfException("Failed to open BPF object file: " + object_path_);
-    }
+void BpfProgram::attach() {
+  // Check if parent is still alive
+  auto parent = parent_obj_.lock();
+  if (!parent) {
+    throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject has been destroyed");
+  }
 
-    // Find the program by name (if specified)
-    if (!program_name_.empty()) {
-        prog_ = bpf_object__find_program_by_name(obj_, program_name_.c_str());
-        if (!prog_) {
-            throw BpfException("Program '" + program_name_ + "' not found in object");
-        }
-    } else {
-        while ((prog_ = bpf_object__next_program(obj_, prog_)) != nullptr) {
-            programs.emplace_back(prog_, nullptr);
-        }
+  if (link_) {
+    throw BpfException("Program '" + program_name_ + "' already attached");
+  }
 
-        // throw if no programs found
-        if (programs.empty()) {
-            throw BpfException("No programs found in object file");
-        }
-    }
+  if (!prog_) {
+    throw BpfException("Program '" + program_name_ + "' not initialized");
+  }
 
-    // Load the eBPF object into the kernel
-    if (bpf_object__load(obj_)) {
-        throw BpfException("Failed to load BPF object into kernel");
-    }
-
-    return true;
+  link_ = bpf_program__attach(prog_);
+  if (!link_) {
+    std::string err_msg = "bpf_program__attach failed for program '" +
+                          program_name_ + "': " + std::strerror(errno);
+    throw BpfException(err_msg);
+  }
 }
 
-bool BpfProgram::attach() {
-    for (auto [prog, link]: programs) {
-        if (!prog) {
-            throw BpfException("Program not loaded");
-        }
-
-        link = bpf_program__attach(prog);
-        if (libbpf_get_error(link)) {
-            link = nullptr;
-            throw BpfException("Failed to attach BPF program");
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool BpfProgram::destroy() {
-    bool success = true;
-    for (auto [prog, link]: programs) {
-        if (!prog) {
-            throw BpfException("Program not loaded");
-        }
-        success = success & bpf_link__destroy(link);
-    }
-    return success;
-}
-
-void BpfProgram::load_and_attach() {
-    load();
-    attach();
+void BpfProgram::detach() {
+  if (link_) {
+    bpf_link__destroy(link_);
+    link_ = nullptr;
+  }
 }

src/core/bpf_program.h

@@ -2,37 +2,35 @@
 #define PYLIBBPF_BPF_PROGRAM_H
 
 #include <libbpf.h>
-#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace py = pybind11;
+class BpfObject;
 
 class BpfProgram {
 private:
-    struct bpf_object *obj_;
-    struct bpf_program *prog_;
-    struct bpf_link *link_;
-    std::string object_path_;
-    std::string program_name_;
-    std::vector<std::pair<bpf_program *, bpf_link *> > programs;
+  std::weak_ptr<BpfObject> parent_obj_;
+  struct bpf_program *prog_;
+  struct bpf_link *link_;
+  std::string program_name_;
 
 public:
-    explicit BpfProgram(std::string object_path, std::string program_name = "");
+  explicit BpfProgram(std::shared_ptr<BpfObject> parent,
+                      struct bpf_program *raw_prog,
+                      const std::string &program_name);
 
-    ~BpfProgram();
+  ~BpfProgram();
 
-    struct bpf_object *get_obj() const;
+  BpfProgram(const BpfProgram &) = delete;
+  BpfProgram &operator=(const BpfProgram &) = delete;
+  BpfProgram(BpfProgram &&) noexcept;
+  BpfProgram &operator=(BpfProgram &&) noexcept;
 
-    bool load();
+  void attach();
+  void detach();
 
-    bool attach();
-
-    bool destroy();
-
-    void load_and_attach();
-
-    [[nodiscard]] bool is_loaded() const { return obj_ != nullptr; }
-    [[nodiscard]] bool is_attached() const { return link_ != nullptr; }
+  [[nodiscard]] bool is_attached() const { return link_ != nullptr; }
+  [[nodiscard]] std::string get_name() const { return program_name_; }
 };
 
-#endif //PYLIBBPF_BPF_PROGRAM_H
+#endif // PYLIBBPF_BPF_PROGRAM_H

src/maps/perf_event_array.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#include "maps/perf_event_array.h"
+#include "core/bpf_exception.h"
+#include "core/bpf_map.h"
+#include "core/bpf_object.h"
+#include "utils/struct_parser.h"
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstring>
+
+PerfEventArray::PerfEventArray(std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> map, int page_cnt,
+                               py::function callback, py::object lost_callback)
+    : map_(map), pb_(nullptr), callback_(std::move(callback)),
+      lost_callback_(std::move(lost_callback)) {
+
+  if (map->get_type() != BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY) {
+    throw BpfException("Map '" + map->get_name() +
+                       "' is not a PERF_EVENT_ARRAY");
+  }
+
+  if (page_cnt <= 0 || (page_cnt & (page_cnt - 1)) != 0) {
+    throw BpfException("page_cnt must be a positive power of 2");
+  }
+
+  struct perf_buffer_opts pb_opts = {};
+  pb_opts.sz = sizeof(pb_opts); // Required for forward compatibility
+
+  pb_ = perf_buffer__new(
+      map->get_fd(), page_cnt,
+      sample_callback_wrapper,                                   // sample_cb
+      lost_callback.is_none() ? nullptr : lost_callback_wrapper, // lost_cb
+      this,                                                      // ctx
+      &pb_opts                                                   // opts
+  );
+
+  if (!pb_) {
+    throw BpfException("Failed to create perf buffer: " +
+                       std::string(std::strerror(errno)));
+  }
+}
+
+PerfEventArray::PerfEventArray(std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> map, int page_cnt,
+                               py::function callback,
+                               const std::string &struct_name,
+                               py::object lost_callback)
+    : PerfEventArray(map, page_cnt, callback, lost_callback) {
+
+  auto parent = map->get_parent();
+  if (!parent) {
+    throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject has been destroyed");
+  }
+
+  parser_ = parent->get_struct_parser();
+  struct_name_ = struct_name;
+
+  if (!parser_) {
+    throw BpfException("No struct definitions available");
+  }
+}
+
+PerfEventArray::~PerfEventArray() {
+  if (pb_) {
+    perf_buffer__free(pb_);
+  }
+}
+
+void PerfEventArray::sample_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu, void *data,
+                                             unsigned int size) {
+  auto *self = static_cast<PerfEventArray *>(ctx);
+
+  // Acquire GIL for Python calls
+  py::gil_scoped_acquire acquire;
+
+  try {
+    // Convert data to Python bytes
+    py::bytes py_data(static_cast<const char *>(data), size);
+
+    if (self->parser_ && !self->struct_name_.empty()) {
+      py::object event = self->parser_->parse(self->struct_name_, py_data);
+      self->callback_(cpu, event);
+    } else {
+      self->callback_(cpu, py_data);
+    }
+
+  } catch (const py::error_already_set &e) {
+    PyErr_Print();
+  } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+    py::print("C++ error in perf callback:", e.what());
+  }
+}
+
+void PerfEventArray::lost_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu,
+                                           unsigned long long cnt) {
+  auto *self = static_cast<PerfEventArray *>(ctx);
+
+  py::gil_scoped_acquire acquire;
+
+  try {
+    if (!self->lost_callback_.is_none()) {
+      py::function lost_fn = py::cast<py::function>(self->lost_callback_);
+      lost_fn(cpu, cnt);
+    } else {
+      py::print("Lost", cnt, "events on CPU", cpu);
+    }
+  } catch (const py::error_already_set &e) {
+    PyErr_Print();
+  }
+}
+
+int PerfEventArray::poll(int timeout_ms) {
+  // Release GIL during blocking poll
+  py::gil_scoped_release release;
+  return perf_buffer__poll(pb_, timeout_ms);
+}
+
+int PerfEventArray::consume() {
+  py::gil_scoped_release release;
+  return perf_buffer__consume(pb_);
+}

src/maps/perf_event_array.h

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef PYLIBBPF_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY_H
+#define PYLIBBPF_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY_H
+
+#include <libbpf.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <string>
+
+class StructParser;
+class BpfMap;
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+class PerfEventArray {
+private:
+  std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> map_;
+  struct perf_buffer *pb_;
+  py::function callback_;
+  py::object lost_callback_;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<StructParser> parser_;
+  std::string struct_name_;
+
+  // Static callback wrappers for C API
+  static void sample_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu, void *data,
+                                      unsigned int size);
+  static void lost_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu, unsigned long long cnt);
+
+public:
+  PerfEventArray(std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> map, int page_cnt,
+                 py::function callback, py::object lost_callback = py::none());
+  PerfEventArray(std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> map, int page_cnt,
+                 py::function callback, const std::string &struct_name,
+                 py::object lost_callback = py::none());
+  ~PerfEventArray();
+
+  PerfEventArray(const PerfEventArray &) = delete;
+  PerfEventArray &operator=(const PerfEventArray &) = delete;
+
+  int poll(int timeout_ms);
+  int consume();
+
+  [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> get_map() const { return map_; }
+};
+
+#endif // PYLIBBPF_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY_H

src/utils/struct_parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "struct_parser.h"
+#include "core/bpf_exception.h"
+
+StructParser::StructParser(py::dict structs) {
+  for (auto item : structs) {
+    std::string name = py::str(item.first);
+    struct_types_[name] = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::object>(item.second);
+  }
+}
+
+py::object StructParser::parse(const std::string &struct_name, py::bytes data) {
+  auto it = struct_types_.find(struct_name);
+  if (it == struct_types_.end()) {
+    throw BpfException("Unknown struct: " + struct_name);
+  }
+
+  py::object struct_type = it->second;
+
+  // Use ctypes.from_buffer_copy() to create struct from bytes
+  return struct_type.attr("from_buffer_copy")(data);
+}
+
+bool StructParser::has_struct(const std::string &struct_name) const {
+  return struct_types_.find(struct_name) != struct_types_.end();
+}

src/utils/struct_parser.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef PYLIBBPF_STRUCT_PARSER_H
+#define PYLIBBPF_STRUCT_PARSER_H
+
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+class StructParser {
+private:
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, py::object> struct_types_;
+
+public:
+  explicit StructParser(py::dict structs);
+  py::object parse(const std::string &struct_name, py::bytes data);
+  bool has_struct(const std::string &struct_name) const;
+};
+
+#endif

tests/test_basic.py

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ import pylibbpf as m
 
 
 def test_main():
-    assert m.__version__ == "0.0.5"
-    prog = m.BpfProgram("tests/execve2.o")
+    assert m.__version__ == "0.0.6"
+    prog = m.BpfObject("tests/execve2.o", structs={})
     print(prog)