Redesign BpfMap

Updated README with improved descriptions and badges.

.github/workflows/format.yml

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ jobs:
     name: Format
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
     - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1

.github/workflows/pip.yml

@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         submodules: true
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Build SDist
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         submodules: true
 
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ jobs:
         arch: [x86_64]
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         submodules: true
 
     - name: Build wheels
-      uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v2.17
+      uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@v3.2
       env:
         CIBW_PLATFORM: linux
         CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: ${{ matrix.arch }}
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Download all artifacts
-      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
       with:
         pattern: cibw-*
         path: dist

.gitignore

@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ _generate/
 build/
 *venv/
 .idea/
+sudo-python.sh

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@ project(pylibbpf)
 # pybind11
 include_directories(${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
 add_subdirectory(pybind11)
-pybind11_add_module(pylibbpf src/core/bpf_program.h src/core/bpf_exception.h
-                    src/bindings/main.cpp src/core/bpf_program.cpp)
+pybind11_add_module(
+  pylibbpf
+  src/core/bpf_program.h
+  src/core/bpf_exception.h
+  src/core/bpf_map.h
+  src/bindings/main.cpp
+  src/core/bpf_program.cpp
+  src/core/bpf_map.cpp)
 
 # --- libbpf build rules ---
 set(LIBBPF_SRC_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libbpf/src)

README.md

@@ -1,24 +1,47 @@
-# Py-libbpf
-This library provides Python bindings for libbpf on Linux to make loading of eBPF object files easier. This is meant to
-be used along with `pythonbpf`, the eBPF Python DSL compiler. This library makes it possible to attach these programs to
-events in the kernel right from inside Python.
+<picture>
+  <source
+    media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
+    srcset="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/dbd56f5b-4512-4c82-a404-30bce0ee5207"
+    width="450"
+    alt="pylibbpf light mode">
+  <img
+    src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/9e873d60-a834-4411-bc0c-361b14502f8b"
+    width="450"
+    alt="pylibbpf dark mode">
+</picture>
+<p align="center">
+  <!-- PyPI -->
+  <a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3080/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3.8-blue.svg"></a>
+  <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pylibbpf"><img src="https://badge.fury.io/py/pylibbpf.svg"></a>
+  <!-- <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pythonbpf/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/status/pythonbpf" alt="PyPI Status"></a> -->
+  <a href="https://pepy.tech/project/pylibbpf"><img src="https://pepy.tech/badge/pylibbpf" alt="Downloads"></a>
+  <!-- Build & CI -->
+  <a href="https://github.com/pythonbpf/pylibbpf/actions"><img src="https://github.com/pythonbpf/pylibbpf/actions/workflows/wheels.yml/badge.svg" alt="Build Status"></a>
+  <!-- Meta -->
+  <a href="https://github.com/pythonbpf/pylibbpf/blob/master/LICENSE"><img src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/pythonbpf/pylibbpf" alt="License"></a>
+</p>
 
-# Warning
-IN DEVELOPMENT. DO NOT USE.
+This library provides Python bindings for **libbpf** on Linux, making it easier to load eBPF object files. It is designed to be used together with [PythonBPF](https://github.com/pythonbpf/python-bpf), the eBPF compiler for Python. With these bindings, you can attach eBPF programs to kernel events directly from Python.
+All programs written with this are to be run with a `sudo` Python interpreter.
 
-## Prerequisites
+> **Note**: This project is under active development and not ready for production use.
+
+## Dependencies
 
 * A compiler with C++11 support
 * Pip 10+ or CMake >= 4.1
 * Ninja or Pip 10+
 
-
 ## Installation
+`pip install pylibbpf`
 
-Just clone this repository and pip install. Note the `--recursive` option which is
+## Development
+
+Clone this repository and pip install. Note the `--recursive` option which is
 needed for the pybind11 submodule:
 
 ```bash
+sudo apt install libelf-dev
 git clone --recursive https://github.com/varun-r-mallya/pylibbpf.git
 pip install .
 ```

examples/execve.py

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import time
+from ctypes import c_int32, c_int64, c_uint64, c_void_p
+
+from pylibbpf import BpfMap
+from pythonbpf import BPF, bpf, bpfglobal, map, section
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("entered")
+    print("multi constant support")
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_exit_execve")
+def hello_again(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("exited")
+    key = 0
+    tsp = last().lookup(key)
+    print(tsp)
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+b = BPF()
+b.load_and_attach()
+mp = BpfMap(b, last)
+mp[42] = 100  # Update entry
+value = mp[42]  # Lookup entry
+del mp[42]  # Delete entry
+mp[69] = 420
+mp[31] = 42
+mp[21] = 34
+print(mp.items())
+# Iterate through map
+for key in mp.keys():
+    print(mp[key])
+while True:
+    print("running")
+    time.sleep(1)

pyproject.toml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "pylibbpf"
-version = "0.0.4"
+version = "0.0.5"
 description = "Python Bindings for Libbpf"
 authors = [
     { name = "r41k0u", email = "pragyanshchaturvedi18@gmail.com" },
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ line-length = 88
 
 [tool.ruff.lint]
 extend-select = [
-    "B",    # flake8-bugbear
-    "I",    # isort
-    "PGH",  # pygrep-hooks
-    "RUF",  # Ruff-specific
-    "UP",   # pyupgrade
+    "B", # flake8-bugbear
+    "I", # isort
+    "PGH", # pygrep-hooks
+    "RUF", # Ruff-specific
+    "UP", # pyupgrade
 ]

src/bindings/main.cpp

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 #define MACRO_STRINGIFY(x) STRINGIFY(x)
 
 extern "C" {
-#include "libbpf.h"
+#include <libbpf.h>
 }
+
 #include "core/bpf_program.h"
 #include "core/bpf_exception.h"
+#include "core/bpf_map.h"
 
 namespace py = pybind11;
 
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ PYBIND11_MODULE(pylibbpf, m) {
            :toctree: _generate
 
            BpfProgram
+           BpfMap
            BpfException
     )pbdoc";
 
@@ -28,13 +31,33 @@ PYBIND11_MODULE(pylibbpf, m) {
     py::register_exception<BpfException>(m, "BpfException");
 
     py::class_<BpfProgram>(m, "BpfProgram")
-     .def(py::init<const std::string&>())
-     .def(py::init<const std::string&, const std::string&>())
-     .def("load", &BpfProgram::load)
-     .def("attach", &BpfProgram::attach)
-     // .def("detach", &BpfProgram::detach)
-     .def("is_loaded", &BpfProgram::is_loaded)
-     .def("is_attached", &BpfProgram::is_attached);
+            .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+            .def(py::init<const std::string &, const std::string &>())
+            .def("load", &BpfProgram::load)
+            .def("attach", &BpfProgram::attach)
+            .def("destroy", &BpfProgram::destroy)
+            .def("load_and_attach", &BpfProgram::load_and_attach)
+            .def("is_loaded", &BpfProgram::is_loaded)
+            .def("is_attached", &BpfProgram::is_attached);
+
+    py::class_<BpfMap>(m, "BpfMap")
+            .def(py::init<BpfProgram *, py::object &>())
+            .def("lookup", &BpfMap::lookup)
+            .def("update", &BpfMap::update)
+            .def("delete", &BpfMap::delete_elem)
+            .def("get_next_key", &BpfMap::get_next_key, py::arg("key") = py::none())
+            .def("items", &BpfMap::items)
+            .def("keys", &BpfMap::keys)
+            .def("values", &BpfMap::values)
+            .def("get_name", &BpfMap::get_name)
+            .def("get_type", &BpfMap::get_type)
+            .def("get_key_size", &BpfMap::get_key_size)
+            .def("get_value_size", &BpfMap::get_value_size)
+            .def("get_max_entries", &BpfMap::get_max_entries)
+            .def("__getitem__", &BpfMap::lookup)
+            .def("__setitem__", &BpfMap::update)
+            .def("__delitem__", &BpfMap::delete_elem);
+
 
 #ifdef VERSION_INFO
     m.attr("__version__") = MACRO_STRINGIFY(VERSION_INFO);

src/core/bpf_exception.h

@@ -6,11 +6,13 @@
 
 class BpfException final : public std::runtime_error {
 public:
-    explicit BpfException(const std::string& message)
-        : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+    explicit BpfException(const std::string &message)
+        : std::runtime_error(message) {
+    }
 
-    explicit BpfException(const char* message)
-        : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+    explicit BpfException(const char *message)
+        : std::runtime_error(message) {
+    }
 };
 
 #endif // PYLIBBPF_BPF_EXCEPTION_H

src/core/bpf_map.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+#include "bpf_map.h"
+
+#include "bpf_exception.h"
+
+BpfMap::BpfMap(BpfProgram *program_, const py::object &map_from_python) {
+    if (py::isinstance<py::function>(map_from_python)) {
+        const auto name = map_from_python.attr("__name__").cast<std::string>();
+        bpf_program = program_;
+        map_ = bpf_object__find_map_by_name(bpf_program->get_obj(), name.c_str());
+        if (!map_) {
+            throw BpfException("Failed to find map by name");
+        }
+        map_fd = bpf_map__fd(map_);
+        if (map_fd == -1) {
+            throw BpfException("Failed to open map File Descriptor");
+        }
+    } else {
+        throw BpfException("Invalid map object passed to function.");
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<uint8_t> BpfMap::python_to_bytes(const py::object &obj, size_t size) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> result(size, 0);
+
+    if (py::isinstance<py::int_>(obj)) {
+        const auto value = obj.cast<uint64_t>();
+        std::memcpy(result.data(), &value, std::min(size, sizeof(uint64_t)));
+    } else if (py::isinstance<py::bytes>(obj)) {
+        const auto bytes_str = obj.cast<std::string>();
+        std::memcpy(result.data(), bytes_str.data(), std::min(size, bytes_str.size()));
+    } else if (py::isinstance<py::str>(obj)) {
+        const auto str_val = obj.cast<std::string>();
+        std::memcpy(result.data(), str_val.data(), std::min(size, str_val.size()));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+py::object BpfMap::bytes_to_python(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
+    // Try to interpret as integer if it's a common integer size
+    if (data.size() == 4) {
+        uint32_t value;
+        std::memcpy(&value, data.data(), 4);
+        return py::cast(value);
+    } else if (data.size() == 8) {
+        uint64_t value;
+        std::memcpy(&value, data.data(), 8);
+        return py::cast(value);
+    } else {
+        // Return as bytes
+        return py::bytes(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data.data()), data.size());
+    }
+}
+
+void BpfMap::update(const py::object &key, const py::object &value) const {
+    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+    const size_t value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
+
+    const auto key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
+    const auto value_bytes = python_to_bytes(value, value_size);
+
+    const int ret = bpf_map__update_elem(
+        map_,
+        key_bytes.data(),
+        key_size,
+        value_bytes.data(),
+        value_size,
+        BPF_ANY);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        throw BpfException("Failed to update map element");
+    }
+}
+
+void BpfMap::delete_elem(const py::object &key) const {
+    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> key_bytes;
+    key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
+
+    if (const int ret = bpf_map__delete_elem(map_, key_bytes.data(), key_size, BPF_ANY); ret != 0) {
+        throw BpfException("Failed to delete map element");
+    }
+}
+
+py::list BpfMap::get_next_key(const py::object &key) const {
+    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
+
+    int ret;
+    if (key.is_none()) {
+        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, next_key.data(), key_size);
+    } else {
+        const auto key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
+        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key_bytes.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
+    }
+
+    py::list result;
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        result.append(bytes_to_python(next_key));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+py::list BpfMap::keys() const {
+    py::list result;
+    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> key(key_size);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
+
+    int ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, key.data(), key_size);
+
+    while (ret == 0) {
+        result.append(bytes_to_python(key));
+        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
+        key = next_key;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+py::list BpfMap::values() const {
+    py::list result;
+    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+    const size_t value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> key(key_size);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> value(value_size);
+
+    int ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, key.data(), key_size);
+
+    while (ret == 0) {
+        if (bpf_map__lookup_elem(map_, key.data(), key_size, value.data(), value_size, BPF_ANY) == 0) {
+            result.append(bytes_to_python(value));
+        }
+        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
+        key = next_key;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::string BpfMap::get_name() const {
+    const char *name = bpf_map__name(map_);
+    return name ? std::string(name) : "";
+}
+
+int BpfMap::get_type() const {
+    return bpf_map__type(map_);
+}
+
+int BpfMap::get_key_size() const {
+    return bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+}
+
+int BpfMap::get_value_size() const {
+    return bpf_map__value_size(map_);
+}
+
+int BpfMap::get_max_entries() const {
+    return bpf_map__max_entries(map_);
+}
+
+py::dict BpfMap::items() const {
+    py::dict result;
+    const size_t key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+    const size_t value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> key(key_size);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> next_key(key_size);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> value(value_size);
+
+    // Get first key
+    int ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, nullptr, key.data(), key_size);
+
+    while (ret == 0) {
+        // Lookup value for current key
+        if (bpf_map__lookup_elem(map_, key.data(), key_size, value.data(), value_size, BPF_ANY) == 0) {
+            result[bytes_to_python(key)] = bytes_to_python(value);
+        }
+
+        // Get next key
+        ret = bpf_map__get_next_key(map_, key.data(), next_key.data(), key_size);
+        key = next_key;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+py::object BpfMap::lookup(const py::object &key) const {
+    const __u32 key_size = bpf_map__key_size(map_);
+    const __u32 value_size = bpf_map__value_size(map_);
+
+    const auto key_bytes = python_to_bytes(key, key_size);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> value_bytes(value_size);
+
+    // The flags field here matters only when spin locks are used which is close to fucking never, so fuck no,
+    // im not adding it
+    const int ret = bpf_map__lookup_elem(
+        map_,
+        key_bytes.data(),
+        key_size,
+        value_bytes.data(),
+        value_size,
+        BPF_ANY);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        return py::none();
+    }
+
+    return bytes_to_python(value_bytes);
+}

src/core/bpf_map.h

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef PYLIBBPF_BPF_MAP_H
+#define PYLIBBPF_BPF_MAP_H
+
+#include <libbpf.h>
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+class BpfObject;
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+class BpfMap {
+private:
+    std::weak_ptr<BpfObject> parent_obj_;
+    struct bpf_map *map_;
+    int map_fd_;
+    std::string map_name_;
+
+public:
+    BpfMap(std::shared_ptr<BpfObject>, struct bpf_map *raw_map, const std::string &map_name);
+
+    ~BpfMap() = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] py::object lookup(const py::object &key) const;
+    void update(const py::object &key, const py::object &value) const;
+    void delete_elem(const py::object &key) const;
+    py::list get_next_key(const py::object &key = py::none()) const;
+    py::dict items() const;
+    py::list keys() const;
+    py::list values() const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string get_name() const { return map_name_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] int get_fd() const { return map_fd_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] int get_type() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] int get_key_size() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] int get_value_size() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] int get_max_entries() const;
+
+private:
+    static std::vector<uint8_t> python_to_bytes(const py::object &obj, size_t size);
+    static py::object bytes_to_python(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
+};
+
+#endif //PYLIBBPF_MAPS_H

src/core/bpf_object.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#include "bpf_object.h"
+#include "bpf_program.h"
+#include "bpf_map.h"
+#include "bpf_exception.h"
+#include <cerrno>
+
+BpfObject::BpfObject(std::string object_path)
+    : obj_(nullptr), object_path_(std::move(object_path)), loaded_(false) {
+}
+
+BpfObject::~BpfObject() {
+    // Clear caches first (order matters!)
+    prog_cache_.clear();  // Detaches programs
+    maps_cache_.clear();      // Closes maps
+    
+    // Then close object
+    if (obj_) {
+        bpf_object__close(obj_);
+        obj_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+BpfObject::BpfObject(BpfObject&& other) noexcept
+    : obj_(other.obj_),
+      object_path_(std::move(other.object_path_)),
+      loaded_(other.loaded_),
+      prog_cache_(std::move(other.prog_cache_)),
+      maps_cache_(std::move(other.maps_cache_)) {
+    
+    other.obj_ = nullptr;
+    other.loaded_ = false;
+}
+
+BpfObject& BpfObject::operator=(BpfObject&& other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+        prog_cache_.clear();
+        maps_cache_.clear();
+        if (obj_) {
+            bpf_object__close(obj_);
+        }
+        
+        obj_ = other.obj_;
+        object_path_ = std::move(other.object_path_);
+        loaded_ = other.loaded_;
+        prog_cache_ = std::move(other.prog_cache_);
+        maps_cache_ = std::move(other.maps_cache_);
+        
+        other.obj_ = nullptr;
+        other.loaded_ = false;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+void BpfObject::load() {
+    if (loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object already loaded");
+    }
+    
+    std::string error_msg = "Failed to open BPF object";
+    obj_ = bpf_object__open_file(object_path_.c_str(), nullptr);
+
+    if (!obj_) {
+	error_msg += " file '" + object_path_ + "': " + std::strerror(errno);
+	throw BpfException(error_msg);
+    }
+    
+    if (bpf_object__load(obj_)) {
+	error_msg += " object from file '" + object_path_ + "': " + std::strerror(errno);
+        bpf_object__close(obj_);
+        obj_ = nullptr;
+        throw BpfException(error_msg);
+    }
+    
+    loaded_ = true;
+}
+
+// ==================== Program Methods ====================
+
+py::list BpfObject::get_program_names() const {
+    if (!loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+    }
+    
+    py::list names;
+    struct bpf_program *prog = nullptr;
+    
+    bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, obj_) {
+	_get_or_create_program(prog);  // Ensure cached
+        names.append(bpf_program__name(prog));
+    }
+    
+    return names;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram> BpfObject::_get_or_create_program(struct bpf_program *prog) {
+    if (!prog) {
+        throw BpfException("bpf_program pointer is null");
+    }
+    
+    const char *name = bpf_program__name(prog);
+    std::string prog_name(name ? name : "");
+    
+    // Check cache
+    auto it = prog_cache_.find(prog_name);
+    if (it != prog_cache_.end()) {
+        return it->second;
+    }
+    
+    // Create and cache
+    auto bpf_prog = std::make_shared<BpfProgram>(this, prog, prog_name);
+    prog_cache_[prog_name] = bpf_prog;
+    
+    return bpf_prog;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram> BpfObject::get_program(const std::string& name) {
+    if (!loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+    }
+    
+    // Check cache
+    auto it = prog_cache_.find(name);
+    if (it != prog_cache_.end()) {
+        return it->second;
+    }
+    
+    // Create and cache
+    struct bpf_program *raw_prog = find_program_by_name(name);
+    auto prog = std::make_shared<BpfProgram>(this, raw_prog, name);
+    prog_cache_[name] = prog;
+    
+    return prog;
+}
+
+struct bpf_program* BpfObject::find_program_by_name(const std::string& name) const {
+    if (!loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+    }
+    
+    struct bpf_program *prog = bpf_object__find_program_by_name(obj_, name.c_str());
+    if (!prog) {
+        throw BpfException("Program '" + name + "' not found");
+    }
+    
+    return prog;
+}
+
+py::dict BpfObject::get_cached_programs() const {
+    py::dict programs;
+    for (const auto& [name, prog] : prog_cache_) {
+        programs[name] = prog;
+    }
+    return programs;
+}
+
+py::dict BpfObject::attach_all() {
+    if (!loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+    }
+    
+    py::dict attached_programs;
+    struct bpf_program *prog = nullptr;
+    
+    bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, obj_) {
+	auto bpf_prog = _get_or_create_program(prog);
+        
+        if (!bpf_prog->is_attached()) {
+            bpf_prog->attach();
+        }
+        
+        const char *name = bpf_program__name(prog);
+        attached_programs[name] = bpf_prog;
+    }
+    
+    return attached_programs;
+}
+
+// ==================== Map Methods ====================
+
+py::list BpfObject::get_map_names() const {
+    if (!loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+    }
+    
+    py::list names;
+    struct bpf_map *map = nullptr;
+    
+    bpf_object__for_each_map(map, obj_) {
+	_get_or_create_map(map);  // Ensure cached
+        names.append(bpf_map__name(map));
+    }
+    
+    return names;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> BpfObject::get_map(const std::string& name) {
+    if (!loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+    }
+    
+    // Check cache
+    auto it = maps_cache_.find(name);
+    if (it != maps_cache_.end()) {
+        return it->second;
+    }
+    
+    // Create and cache
+    struct bpf_map *raw_map = find_map_by_name(name);
+    auto map = std::make_shared<BpfMap>(shared_from_this(), raw_map, name);
+    maps_cache_[name] = map;
+    
+    return map;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> BpfObject::_get_or_create_map(struct bpf_map *map) {
+    if (!map) {
+        throw BpfException("bpf_map pointer is null");
+    }
+    
+    const char *name = bpf_map__name(map);
+    std::string map_name(name ? name : "");
+    
+    // Check cache
+    auto it = maps_cache_.find(map_name);
+    if (it != maps_cache_.end()) {
+        return it->second;
+    }
+    
+    // Create and cache
+    auto bpf_map = std::make_shared<BpfMap>(shared_from_this(), map, map_name);
+    maps_cache_[map_name] = bpf_map;
+    
+    return bpf_map;
+}
+
+struct bpf_map* BpfObject::find_map_by_name(const std::string& name) const {
+    if (!loaded_) {
+        throw BpfException("BPF object not loaded");
+    }
+    
+    struct bpf_map *map = bpf_object__find_map_by_name(obj_, name.c_str());
+    if (!map) {
+        throw BpfException("Map '" + name + "' not found");
+    }
+    
+    return map;
+}
+
+py::dict BpfObject::get_cached_maps() const {
+    py::dict maps;
+    for (const auto& [name, map] : maps_cache_) {
+        maps[name] = map;
+    }
+    return maps;
+}

src/core/bpf_object.h

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#ifndef PYLIBBPF_BPF_OBJECT_H
+#define PYLIBBPF_BPF_OBJECT_H
+
+#include <libbpf.h>
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+class BpfProgram;
+class BpfMap;
+
+/**
+ * BpfObject - Represents a loaded BPF object file.
+ * 
+ * This is the main entry point for loading BPF programs.
+ * Owns the bpf_object* and manages all programs and maps within it.
+ */
+class BpfObject : public std::enable_shared_from_this<BpfObject> {
+private:
+    struct bpf_object *obj_;
+    std::string object_path_;
+    bool loaded_;
+
+    mutable std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<BpfMap>> maps_cache_;
+    mutable std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram>> prog_cache_;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram> _get_or_create_program(struct bpf_program *prog);
+    std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> _get_or_create_map(struct bpf_map *map);
+
+public:
+    explicit BpfObject(std::string object_path);
+    ~BpfObject();
+    
+    // Disable copy, allow move
+    BpfObject(const BpfObject&) = delete;
+    BpfObject& operator=(const BpfObject&) = delete;
+    BpfObject(BpfObject&&) noexcept;
+    BpfObject& operator=(BpfObject&&) noexcept;
+    
+    /**
+     * Load the BPF object into the kernel.
+     * Must be called before accessing programs or maps.
+     */
+    void load();
+    
+    /**
+     * Check if object is loaded.
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] bool is_loaded() const { return loaded_; }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the underlying bpf_object pointer.
+     * Only for internal use by BpfProgram and BpfMap.
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] struct bpf_object* get_obj() const { return obj_; }
+
+    /**
+     * Attach all programs in the object.
+     */
+    py::dict attach_all();
+    
+    // Program access
+    [[nodiscard]] py::list get_program_names() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<BpfProgram> get_program(const std::string& name);
+    [[nodiscard]] struct bpf_program* find_program_by_name(const std::string& name) const;
+    [[nodiscard]] py::dict get_cached_programs() const;
+    
+    // Map access
+    [[nodiscard]] py::list get_map_names() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<BpfMap> get_map(const std::string& name);
+    [[nodiscard]] struct bpf_map* find_map_by_name(const std::string& name) const;
+    [[nodiscard]] py::dict get_cached_maps() const;
+};
+
+#endif // PYLIBBPF_BPF_OBJECT_H

src/core/bpf_perf_buffer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include "bpf_perf_buffer.h"
+#include "bpf_exception.h"
+
+void BpfPerfBuffer::sample_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu, void *data, unsigned int size) {
+    auto *self = static_cast<BpfPerfBuffer *>(ctx);
+    
+    // Acquire GIL for Python calls
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire acquire;
+    
+    try {
+        // Convert data to Python bytes
+        py::bytes py_data(static_cast<const char *>(data), size);
+        
+        // Call Python callback: callback(cpu, data, size)
+        self->callback_(cpu, py_data, size);
+    } catch (const py::error_already_set &e) {
+        PyErr_Print();
+    }
+}
+
+void BpfPerfBuffer::lost_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu, unsigned long long cnt) {
+    auto *self = static_cast<BpfPerfBuffer *>(ctx);
+    
+    if (self->lost_callback_.is_none()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire acquire;
+    
+    try {
+        self->lost_callback_(cpu, cnt);
+    } catch (const py::error_already_set &e) {
+        PyErr_Print();
+    }
+}
+
+BpfPerfBuffer::BpfPerfBuffer(int map_fd, int page_cnt, py::function callback, py::object lost_callback)
+    : pb_(nullptr), callback_(std::move(callback)) {
+    
+    if (!lost_callback.is_none()) {
+        lost_callback_ = lost_callback.cast<py::function>();
+    }
+    
+    // Setup perf buffer options
+    perf_buffer_opts pb_opts = {};
+    pb_opts.sample_cb = sample_callback_wrapper;
+    pb_opts.lost_cb = lost_callback.is_none() ? nullptr : lost_callback_wrapper;
+    pb_opts.ctx = this;
+    
+    // Create perf buffer
+    pb_ = perf_buffer__new(map_fd, page_cnt, &pb_opts);
+    if (!pb_) {
+        throw BpfException("Failed to create perf buffer");
+    }
+}
+
+BpfPerfBuffer::~BpfPerfBuffer() {
+    if (pb_) {
+        perf_buffer__free(pb_);
+    }
+}
+
+int BpfPerfBuffer::poll(int timeout_ms) {
+    // Release GIL during blocking poll
+    py::gil_scoped_release release;
+    return perf_buffer__poll(pb_, timeout_ms);
+}
+
+int BpfPerfBuffer::consume() {
+    py::gil_scoped_release release;
+    return perf_buffer__consume(pb_);
+}

src/core/bpf_perf_buffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#ifndef PYLIBBPF_BPF_PERF_BUFFER_H
+#define PYLIBBPF_BPF_PERF_BUFFER_H
+
+#include <libbpf.h>
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <pybind11/functional.h>
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+class BpfPerfBuffer {
+private:
+    struct perf_buffer *pb_;
+    py::function callback_;
+    py::function lost_callback_;
+
+    // Static callback wrappers for C API
+    static void sample_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu, void *data, unsigned int size);
+    static void lost_callback_wrapper(void *ctx, int cpu, unsigned long long cnt);
+
+public:
+    BpfPerfBuffer(int map_fd, int page_cnt, py::function callback, py::object lost_callback);
+    ~BpfPerfBuffer();
+
+    int poll(int timeout_ms);
+    int consume();
+};
+
+#endif // PYLIBBPF_BPF_PERF_BUFFER_H

src/core/bpf_program.cpp

@@ -1,58 +1,73 @@
 #include "bpf_program.h"
 #include "bpf_exception.h"
-#include <filesystem>
+#include <utility>
+#include <cerrno>
 
-BpfProgram::BpfProgram(const std::string& object_path, const std::string& program_name)
-    : obj_(nullptr), prog_(nullptr), link_(nullptr),
-      object_path_(object_path), program_name_(program_name) {
+BpfProgram::BpfProgram(std::shared_ptr<BpfObject> parent, struct bpf_program *raw_prog, const std::string& program_name)
+    : parent_obj_(parent),
+      prog_(raw_prog),
+      link_(nullptr),
+      program_name_(program_name) {
+    if (!parent)
+	throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject is null");
+    if (!raw_prog)
+	throw BpfException("bpf_program pointer is null");
 }
 
 BpfProgram::~BpfProgram() {
-    //TODO: detach here as well
-    if (obj_) {
-        bpf_object__close(obj_);
-    }
+    detach();
 }
 
-bool BpfProgram::load() {
-    // Open the eBPF object file
-    obj_ = bpf_object__open_file(object_path_.c_str(), nullptr);
-    if (libbpf_get_error(obj_)) {
-        throw BpfException("Failed to open BPF object file: " + object_path_);
-    }
-
-    // Find the program by name (if specified)
-    if (!program_name_.empty()) {
-        prog_ = bpf_object__find_program_by_name(obj_, program_name_.c_str());
-        if (!prog_) {
-            throw BpfException("Program '" + program_name_ + "' not found in object");
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Use the first program if no name specified
-        prog_ = bpf_object__next_program(obj_, nullptr);
-        if (!prog_) {
-            throw BpfException("No programs found in object file");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Load the eBPF object into the kernel
-    if (bpf_object__load(obj_)) {
-        throw BpfException("Failed to load BPF object into kernel");
-    }
-
-    return true;
+BpfProgram::BpfProgram(BpfProgram&& other) noexcept
+    : parent_obj_(std::move(other.parent_obj_)),
+      prog_(other.prog_),
+      link_(other.link_),
+      program_name_(std::move(other.program_name_)) {
+    
+    other.prog_ = nullptr;
+    other.link_ = nullptr;
 }
 
-bool BpfProgram::attach() {
+BpfProgram& BpfProgram::operator=(BpfProgram&& other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+        detach();
+        
+        parent_obj_ = std::move(other.parent_obj_);
+        prog_ = other.prog_;
+        link_ = other.link_;
+        program_name_ = std::move(other.program_name_);
+        
+        other.prog_ = nullptr;
+        other.link_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+void BpfProgram::attach() {
+    // Check if parent is still alive
+    auto parent = parent_obj_.lock();
+    if (!parent) {
+        throw BpfException("Parent BpfObject has been destroyed");
+    }
+    
+    if (link_) {
+        throw BpfException("Program '" + program_name_ + "' already attached");
+    }
+    
     if (!prog_) {
-        throw BpfException("Program not loaded");
+        throw BpfException("Program '" + program_name_ + "' not initialized");
     }
-
+    
     link_ = bpf_program__attach(prog_);
-    if (libbpf_get_error(link_)) {
-        link_ = nullptr;
-        throw BpfException("Failed to attach BPF program");
+    if (!link_) {
+	std::string err_msg = "bpf_program__attach failed for program '" + program_name_ + "': " + std::strerror(errno);
+        throw BpfException(err_msg);
+    }
+}
+
+void BpfProgram::detach() {
+    if (link_) {
+        bpf_link__destroy(link_);
+        link_ = nullptr;
     }
-
-    return true;
 }

src/core/bpf_program.h

@@ -1,29 +1,34 @@
 #ifndef PYLIBBPF_BPF_PROGRAM_H
 #define PYLIBBPF_BPF_PROGRAM_H
 
-#include "libbpf.h"
-#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+#include <libbpf.h>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace py = pybind11;
+class BpfObject;
 
 class BpfProgram {
 private:
-    struct bpf_object* obj_;
-    struct bpf_program* prog_;
-    struct bpf_link* link_;
-    std::string object_path_;
+    std::weak_ptr<BpfObject> parent_obj_;
+    struct bpf_program *prog_;
+    struct bpf_link *link_;
     std::string program_name_;
 
 public:
-    explicit BpfProgram(const std::string& object_path, const std::string& program_name = "");
+    explicit BpfProgram(std::shared_ptr<BpfObject> parent, struct bpf_program *raw_prog, const std::string& program_name);
+
     ~BpfProgram();
 
-    bool load();
-    bool attach();
+    BpfProgram(const BpfProgram&) = delete;
+    BpfProgram& operator=(const BpfProgram&) = delete;
+    BpfProgram(BpfProgram&&) noexcept;
+    BpfProgram& operator=(BpfProgram&&) noexcept;
 
-    bool is_loaded() const { return obj_ != nullptr; }
-    bool is_attached() const { return link_ != nullptr; }
+    bool attach();
+    bool detach();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool is_attached() const { return link_ != nullptr; }
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string get_name() const { return program_name_; }
 };
 
 #endif //PYLIBBPF_BPF_PROGRAM_H

tests/test_basic.py

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ import pylibbpf as m
 
 
 def test_main():
-    assert m.__version__ == "0.0.4"
+    assert m.__version__ == "0.0.5"
     prog = m.BpfProgram("tests/execve2.o")
     print(prog)