Add compile to tests/failing_tests/conditionals/helper_cond.py

Refactor handle_return

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  # Maintain dependencies for GitHub Actions
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/workflows/format.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# This is a format job. Pre-commit has a first-party GitHub action, so we use
+# that: https://github.com/pre-commit/action
+
+name: Format
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+
+jobs:
+  pre-commit:
+    name: Format
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1

.github/workflows/python-publish.yml

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Retrieve release distributions
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: release-dists
           path: dist/

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# To use:
+#
+#     pre-commit run -a
+#
+# Or:
+#
+#     pre-commit install  # (runs every time you commit in git)
+#
+# To update this file:
+#
+#     pre-commit autoupdate
+#
+# See https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit
+
+exclude: 'vmlinux.*\.py$'
+
+ci:
+  autoupdate_commit_msg: "chore: update pre-commit hooks"
+  autofix_commit_msg: "style: pre-commit fixes"
+
+repos:
+# Standard hooks
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v6.0.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: check-added-large-files
+  - id: check-case-conflict
+  - id: check-merge-conflict
+  - id: check-symlinks
+  - id: check-yaml
+    exclude: ^conda\.recipe/meta\.yaml$
+  - id: debug-statements
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+  - id: mixed-line-ending
+  - id: requirements-txt-fixer
+  - id: trailing-whitespace
+
+- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+  rev: "v0.13.2"
+  hooks:
+    - id: ruff
+      args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
+    - id: ruff-format
+      exclude: ^(docs)|^(tests)|^(examples)
+
+# Checking static types
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
+  rev: "v1.18.2"
+  hooks:
+    - id: mypy
+      exclude: ^(tests)|^(examples)
+      additional_dependencies: [types-setuptools]
+
+# Changes tabs to spaces
+- repo: https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v1.5.5
+  hooks:
+  - id: remove-tabs
+    exclude: '^(docs)|.*/Makefile$|Makefile$'

LICENSE

@@ -200,4 +200,3 @@
    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
    limitations under the License.
-   

Makefile

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
-compile:
+install:
-	chmod +x ./tools/compile.py
-	./tools/compile.py ./examples/execve3.py
-
-install: 
 	pip install -e .
 
 clean:
 	rm -rf build dist *.egg-info
 	rm -rf examples/*.ll examples/*.o
 
-all: install compile
+all: clean install
 
 .PHONY: all clean

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,30 @@
-# Python-BPF
+<picture>
+  <source
+    media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
+    srcset="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/f3738131-d7cb-4b5c-8699-c7010295a159"
+    width="450"
+    alt="Light‐mode image">
+  <img
+    src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/b175bf39-23cb-475d-a6e1-7b5c99a1ed72"
+    width="450"
+    alt="Dark‐mode image">
+</picture>
+<!-- Badges -->
+<p align="center">
+  <!-- PyPI -->
+  <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pythonbpf/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pythonbpf?color=blue" alt="PyPI version"></a>
+  <!-- <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pythonbpf/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pythonbpf" alt="Python versions"></a> -->
+  <!-- <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pythonbpf/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/pythonbpf" alt="PyPI downloads"></a> -->
+  <!-- <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pythonbpf/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/status/pythonbpf" alt="PyPI Status"></a> -->
+  <a href="https://pepy.tech/project/pythonbpf"><img src="https://pepy.tech/badge/pythonbpf" alt="Downloads"></a>
+  <!-- Build & CI -->
+  <a href="https://github.com/pythonbpf/python-bpf/actions"><img src="https://github.com/pythonbpf/python-bpf/actions/workflows/python-publish.yml/badge.svg" alt="Build Status"></a>
+  <!-- Meta -->
+  <a href="https://github.com/pythonbpf/python-bpf/blob/main/LICENSE"><img src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/pythonbpf/python-bpf" alt="License"></a>
+</p>
 
-Python-BPF is an LLVM IR generator for eBPF programs written in Python. It uses [llvmlite](https://github.com/numba/llvmlite) to generate LLVM IR and then compiles to LLVM object files. These object files can be loaded into the kernel for execution. Unlike BCC, Python-BPF performs compilation without relying on its infrastructure.
+
+Python-BPF is an LLVM IR generator for eBPF programs written in Python. It uses [llvmlite](https://github.com/numba/llvmlite) to generate LLVM IR and then compiles to LLVM object files. These object files can be loaded into the kernel for execution. Python-BPF performs compilation without relying on BCC.
 
 > **Note**: This project is under active development and not ready for production use.
 
@@ -36,12 +60,13 @@ pip install pythonbpf pylibbpf
 ```python
 import time
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF
-from pythonbpf.helpers import pid
+from pythonbpf.helper import pid
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 from pylibbpf import *
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
+
 # This program attaches an eBPF tracepoint to sys_enter_clone,
 # counts per-PID clone syscalls, stores them in a hash map,
 # and then plots the distribution as a histogram using matplotlib.
@@ -52,6 +77,7 @@ import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 def hist() -> HashMap:
     return HashMap(key=c_int32, value=c_uint64, max_entries=4096)
 
+
 @bpf
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
 def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
@@ -145,23 +171,17 @@ This architecture eliminates the need for embedding C code in Python, allowing f
    ```bash
    make install
    ```
-
+   Then, run any example in `examples`
-3. Build and test examples:
+3. Verify an object file with the kernel verifier:
 
    ```bash
-   make
+   ./tools/check.sh check execve2.o
-   ```
-
-4. Verify an object file with the kernel verifier:
-
-   ```bash
-   ./check.sh check execve2.o
    ```
 
 5. Run an object file using `bpftool`:
 
    ```bash
-   ./check.sh run execve2.o
+   ./tools/check.sh run execve2.o
    ```
 
 6. Explore LLVM IR output from clang in `examples/c-form` by running `make`.

TODO.md

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 ## Short term
 
 - Implement enough functionality to port the BCC tutorial examples in PythonBPF
-
+- Add all maps
+- XDP support in pylibbpf
+- ringbuf support
+- recursive expression resolution
 
 ## Long term
 

examples/binops_demo.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
-from pythonbpf.helpers import ktime
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
 # 3. Run the program with sudo: sudo tools/check.sh run examples/binops_demo.py
 # 4. Start up any program and watch the output
 
+
 @bpf
 @map
 def last() -> HashMap:
@@ -23,9 +24,9 @@ def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     tsp = last().lookup(key)
     if tsp:
         kt = ktime()
-        delta = (kt - tsp)
+        delta = kt - tsp
         if delta < 1000000000:
-            time_ms = (delta // 1000000)
+            time_ms = delta // 1000000
             print(f"Execve syscall entered within last second, last {time_ms} ms ago")
         last().delete(key)
     else:
@@ -33,16 +34,18 @@ def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
         last().update(key, kt)
     return c_int64(0)
 
+
 @bpf
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_exit_execve")
 def do_exit(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     va = 8
     nm = 5 ^ va
     al = 6 & 3
-    ru = (nm + al)
+    ru = nm + al
     print(f"this is a variable {ru}")
     return c_int64(0)
 
+
 @bpf
 @bpfglobal
 def LICENSE() -> str:

examples/blk_request.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
-from pythonbpf.helpers import ktime, deref
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32, c_uint64
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32, c_uint64
 
 
 @bpf
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32, c_uint64
 def last() -> HashMap:
     return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
 
+
 @bpf
 @section("blk_start_request")
 def trace_start(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
     ts = ktime()
-    print("req started")
+    print(f"req started {ts}")
     return c_int32(0)
 
 

examples/clone-matplotlib.ipynb

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
     "import time\n",
     "\n",
     "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF\n",
-    "from pythonbpf.helpers import pid\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import pid\n",
     "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap\n",
-    "from pylibbpf import *\n",
+    "from pylibbpf import BpfMap\n",
     "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt"
    ]

examples/clone_plot.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import time
 
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF
-from pythonbpf.helpers import pid
+from pythonbpf.helper import pid
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
-from pylibbpf import *
+from pylibbpf import BpfMap
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 # Everything is done with Python only code and with the new pylibbpf library.
 # Run `sudo /path/to/python/binary/ clone_plot.py`
 
+
 @bpf
 @map
 def hist() -> HashMap:
     return HashMap(key=c_int32, value=c_uint64, max_entries=4096)
 
+
 @bpf
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
 def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:

examples/hello_world.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile, BPF
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 # Instructions to how to run this program
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     print("Hello, World!")
     return c_int64(0)
 
+
 @bpf
 @bpfglobal
 def LICENSE() -> str:
     return "GPL"
 
+
 b = BPF()
 b.load_and_attach()
 if b.is_loaded() and b.is_attached():

examples/struct_and_perf.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, compile
-from pythonbpf.helpers import ktime, pid
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid
 from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray
 
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32, c_uint64
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32, c_uint64
 
 
 @bpf
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
     dataobj.pid = pid()
     dataobj.ts = ktime()
     # dataobj.comm = strobj
-    print(f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid {dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}")
+    print(f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid" f"{dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}")
     events.output(dataobj)
     return c_int32(0)
 

examples/sys_sync.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
-from pythonbpf.helper.helpers import ktime
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ def last() -> HashMap:
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
 def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     key = 0
-    tsp = last().lookup(key)
+    tsp = last.lookup(key)
     if tsp:
         kt = ktime()
-        delta = (kt - tsp)
+        delta = kt - tsp
         if delta < 1000000000:
-            time_ms = (delta // 1000000)
+            time_ms = delta // 1000000
             print(f"sync called within last second, last {time_ms} ms ago")
-        last().delete(key)
+        last.delete(key)
     else:
         kt = ktime()
-        last().update(key, kt)
+        last.update(key, kt)
     return c_int64(0)
 
 

examples/vmlinux.py

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class FunctionFactoryStub:
 
 # libraries['FIXME_STUB'] explanation
 # As you did not list (-l libraryname.so) a library that exports this function
-# This is a non-working stub instead. 
+# This is a non-working stub instead.
 # You can either re-run clan2py with -l /path/to/library.so
 # Or manually fix this by comment the ctypes.CDLL loading
 _libraries = {}

examples/xdp_pass.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
-from pythonbpf.helpers import XDP_PASS
+from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 # 4. Attach object file to any network device with something like ./check.sh xdp examples/xdp_pass.o tailscale0
 # 5. send traffic through the device and observe effects
 
+
 @bpf
 @map
 def count() -> HashMap:
@@ -33,9 +34,11 @@ def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
 
     return XDP_PASS
 
+
 @bpf
 @bpfglobal
 def LICENSE() -> str:
     return "GPL"
 
+
 compile()

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "pythonbpf"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.4"
 description = "Reduced Python frontend for eBPF"
 authors = [
   { name = "r41k0u", email="pragyanshchaturvedi18@gmail.com" },

pythonbpf/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,13 @@
 from .decorators import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, struct
 from .codegen import compile_to_ir, compile, BPF
+
+__all__ = [
+    "bpf",
+    "map",
+    "section",
+    "bpfglobal",
+    "struct",
+    "compile_to_ir",
+    "compile",
+    "BPF",
+]

pythonbpf/binary_ops.py

@@ -1,82 +1,72 @@
 import ast
 from llvmlite import ir
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def recursive_dereferencer(var, builder):
-    """ dereference until primitive type comes out"""
+    """dereference until primitive type comes out"""
-    if var.type == ir.PointerType(ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))):
+    # TODO: Not worrying about stack overflow for now
+    logger.info(f"Dereferencing {var}, type is {var.type}")
+    if isinstance(var.type, ir.PointerType):
         a = builder.load(var)
         return recursive_dereferencer(a, builder)
-    elif var.type == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)):
+    elif isinstance(var.type, ir.IntType):
-        a = builder.load(var)
-        return recursive_dereferencer(a, builder)
-    elif var.type == ir.IntType(64):
         return var
     else:
         raise TypeError(f"Unsupported type for dereferencing: {var.type}")
 
 
-def handle_binary_op(rval, module, builder, var_name, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, func):
+def get_operand_value(operand, builder, local_sym_tab):
-    print(module)
+    """Extract the value from an operand, handling variables and constants."""
-    left = rval.left
+    if isinstance(operand, ast.Name):
-    right = rval.right
+        if operand.id in local_sym_tab:
+            return recursive_dereferencer(local_sym_tab[operand.id].var, builder)
+        raise ValueError(f"Undefined variable: {operand.id}")
+    elif isinstance(operand, ast.Constant):
+        if isinstance(operand.value, int):
+            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), operand.value)
+        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported constant type: {type(operand.value)}")
+    elif isinstance(operand, ast.BinOp):
+        return handle_binary_op_impl(operand, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    raise TypeError(f"Unsupported operand type: {type(operand)}")
+
+
+def handle_binary_op_impl(rval, builder, local_sym_tab):
     op = rval.op
+    left = get_operand_value(rval.left, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    right = get_operand_value(rval.right, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    logger.info(f"left is {left}, right is {right}, op is {op}")
 
-    # Handle left operand
+    # Map AST operation nodes to LLVM IR builder methods
-    if isinstance(left, ast.Name):
+    op_map = {
-        if left.id in local_sym_tab:
+        ast.Add: builder.add,
-            left = recursive_dereferencer(local_sym_tab[left.id][0], builder)
+        ast.Sub: builder.sub,
-        else:
+        ast.Mult: builder.mul,
-            raise SyntaxError(f"Undefined variable: {left.id}")
+        ast.Div: builder.sdiv,
-    elif isinstance(left, ast.Constant):
+        ast.Mod: builder.srem,
-        left = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), left.value)
+        ast.LShift: builder.shl,
-    else:
+        ast.RShift: builder.lshr,
-        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported left operand type")
+        ast.BitOr: builder.or_,
+        ast.BitXor: builder.xor,
+        ast.BitAnd: builder.and_,
+        ast.FloorDiv: builder.udiv,
+    }
 
-    if isinstance(right, ast.Name):
+    if type(op) in op_map:
-        if right.id in local_sym_tab:
+        result = op_map[type(op)](left, right)
-            right = recursive_dereferencer(local_sym_tab[right.id][0], builder)
+        return result
-        else:
-            raise SyntaxError(f"Undefined variable: {right.id}")
-    elif isinstance(right, ast.Constant):
-        right = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), right.value)
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported right operand type")
-
-    print(f"left is {left}, right is {right}, op is {op}")
-
-    if isinstance(op, ast.Add):
-        builder.store(builder.add(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Sub):
-        builder.store(builder.sub(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Mult):
-        builder.store(builder.mul(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Div):
-        builder.store(builder.sdiv(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Mod):
-        builder.store(builder.srem(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.LShift):
-        builder.store(builder.shl(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.RShift):
-        builder.store(builder.lshr(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.BitOr):
-        builder.store(builder.or_(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.BitXor):
-        builder.store(builder.xor(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.BitAnd):
-        builder.store(builder.and_(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.FloorDiv):
-        builder.store(builder.udiv(left, right),
-                      local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
     else:
         raise SyntaxError("Unsupported binary operation")
+
+
+def handle_binary_op(rval, builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
+    result = handle_binary_op_impl(rval, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    if var_name and var_name in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.info(
+            f"Storing result {result} into variable {local_sym_tab[var_name].var}"
+        )
+        builder.store(result, local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
+    return result, result.type

pythonbpf/codegen.py

@@ -1,19 +1,23 @@
 import ast
 from llvmlite import ir
 from .license_pass import license_processing
-from .functions_pass import func_proc
+from .functions import func_proc
-from pythonbpf.maps import maps_proc
+from .maps import maps_proc
 from .structs import structs_proc
 from .globals_pass import globals_processing
-from .debuginfo import DW_LANG_C11, DwarfBehaviorEnum
+from .debuginfo import DW_LANG_C11, DwarfBehaviorEnum, DebugInfoGenerator
 import os
 import subprocess
 import inspect
 from pathlib import Path
 from pylibbpf import BpfProgram
 import tempfile
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
 
-VERSION = "v0.1.3"
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+VERSION = "v0.1.4"
 
 
 def find_bpf_chunks(tree):
@@ -30,11 +34,11 @@ def find_bpf_chunks(tree):
 
 def processor(source_code, filename, module):
     tree = ast.parse(source_code, filename)
-    print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4))
+    logger.debug(ast.dump(tree, indent=4))
 
     bpf_chunks = find_bpf_chunks(tree)
     for func_node in bpf_chunks:
-        print(f"Found BPF function/struct: {func_node.name}")
+        logger.info(f"Found BPF function/struct: {func_node.name}")
 
     structs_sym_tab = structs_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
     map_sym_tab = maps_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
@@ -44,7 +48,10 @@ def processor(source_code, filename, module):
     globals_processing(tree, module)
 
 
-def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str):
+def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level=loglevel, format="%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(name)s: %(message)s"
+    )
     with open(filename) as f:
         source = f.read()
 
@@ -52,45 +59,51 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str):
     module.data_layout = "e-m:e-p:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-n32:64-S128"
     module.triple = "bpf"
 
-    if not hasattr(module, '_debug_compile_unit'):
+    if not hasattr(module, "_debug_compile_unit"):
-        module._file_metadata = module.add_debug_info("DIFile", {  # type: ignore
+        debug_generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
-            "filename": filename,
+        debug_generator.generate_file_metadata(filename, os.path.dirname(filename))
-            "directory": os.path.dirname(filename)
+        debug_generator.generate_debug_cu(
-        })
+            DW_LANG_C11,
-
+            f"PythonBPF {VERSION}",
-        module._debug_compile_unit = module.add_debug_info("DICompileUnit", {  # type: ignore
+            True,  # TODO: This is probably not true
-            "language": DW_LANG_C11,
-            "file": module._file_metadata,  # type: ignore
-            "producer": f"PythonBPF {VERSION}",
-            "isOptimized": True,  # TODO: This is probably not true
             # TODO: add a global field here that keeps track of all the globals. Works without it, but I think it might
             # be required for kprobes.
-            "runtimeVersion": 0,
+            True,
-            "emissionKind": 1,
+        )
-            "splitDebugInlining": False,
-            "nameTableKind": 0
-        }, is_distinct=True)
-
-        module.add_named_metadata(
-            "llvm.dbg.cu", module._debug_compile_unit)  # type: ignore
 
     processor(source, filename, module)
 
-    wchar_size = module.add_metadata([DwarfBehaviorEnum.ERROR_IF_MISMATCH,
+    wchar_size = module.add_metadata(
-                                      "wchar_size",
+        [
-                                      ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 4)])
+            DwarfBehaviorEnum.ERROR_IF_MISMATCH,
-    frame_pointer = module.add_metadata([DwarfBehaviorEnum.OVERRIDE_USE_LARGEST,
+            "wchar_size",
-                                         "frame-pointer",
+            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 4),
-                                         ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 2)])
+        ]
+    )
+    frame_pointer = module.add_metadata(
+        [
+            DwarfBehaviorEnum.OVERRIDE_USE_LARGEST,
+            "frame-pointer",
+            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 2),
+        ]
+    )
     # Add Debug Info Version (3 = DWARF v3, which LLVM expects)
-    debug_info_version = module.add_metadata([DwarfBehaviorEnum.WARNING_IF_MISMATCH,
+    debug_info_version = module.add_metadata(
-                                              "Debug Info Version",
+        [
-                                              ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 3)])
+            DwarfBehaviorEnum.WARNING_IF_MISMATCH,
+            "Debug Info Version",
+            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 3),
+        ]
+    )
 
     # Add explicit DWARF version 5
-    dwarf_version = module.add_metadata([DwarfBehaviorEnum.OVERRIDE_USE_LARGEST,
+    dwarf_version = module.add_metadata(
-                                         "Dwarf Version",
+        [
-                                         ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 5)])
+            DwarfBehaviorEnum.OVERRIDE_USE_LARGEST,
+            "Dwarf Version",
+            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 5),
+        ]
+    )
 
     module.add_named_metadata("llvm.module.flags", wchar_size)
     module.add_named_metadata("llvm.module.flags", frame_pointer)
@@ -99,16 +112,16 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str):
 
     module.add_named_metadata("llvm.ident", [f"PythonBPF {VERSION}"])
 
-    print(f"IR written to {output}")
+    logger.info(f"IR written to {output}")
     with open(output, "w") as f:
-        f.write(f"source_filename = \"{filename}\"\n")
+        f.write(f'source_filename = "{filename}"\n')
         f.write(str(module))
         f.write("\n")
 
     return output
 
 
-def compile():
+def compile(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> bool:
     # Look one level up the stack to the caller of this function
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     caller_file = Path(caller_frame.filename).resolve()
@@ -116,29 +129,56 @@ def compile():
     ll_file = Path("/tmp") / caller_file.with_suffix(".ll").name
     o_file = caller_file.with_suffix(".o")
 
-    compile_to_ir(str(caller_file), str(ll_file))
+    success = True
+    success = (
+        compile_to_ir(str(caller_file), str(ll_file), loglevel=loglevel) and success
+    )
 
-    subprocess.run([
+    success = bool(
-        "llc", "-march=bpf", "-filetype=obj", "-O2",
+        subprocess.run(
-        str(ll_file), "-o", str(o_file)
+            [
-    ], check=True)
+                "llc",
+                "-march=bpf",
+                "-filetype=obj",
+                "-O2",
+                str(ll_file),
+                "-o",
+                str(o_file),
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
+        and success
+    )
 
-    print(f"Object written to {o_file}, {ll_file} can be removed")
+    logger.info(f"Object written to {o_file}")
+    return success
 
 
-def BPF() -> BpfProgram:
+def BPF(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> BpfProgram:
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     src = inspect.getsource(caller_frame.frame)
-    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".py") as f, \
+    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-            tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".ll") as inter, \
+        mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".py"
-            tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=False, suffix=".o") as obj_file:
+    ) as f, tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+        mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".ll"
+    ) as inter, tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+        mode="w+", delete=False, suffix=".o"
+    ) as obj_file:
         f.write(src)
         f.flush()
         source = f.name
-        compile_to_ir(source, str(inter.name))
+        compile_to_ir(source, str(inter.name), loglevel=loglevel)
-        subprocess.run([
+        subprocess.run(
-            "llc", "-march=bpf", "-filetype=obj", "-O2",
+            [
-            str(inter.name), "-o", str(obj_file.name)
+                "llc",
-        ], check=True)
+                "-march=bpf",
+                "-filetype=obj",
+                "-O2",
+                str(inter.name),
+                "-o",
+                str(obj_file.name),
+            ],
+            check=True,
+        )
 
         return BpfProgram(str(obj_file.name))

pythonbpf/debuginfo/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
-from .dwarf_constants import *
+from .dwarf_constants import *  # noqa: F403
-from .dtypes import *
+from .dtypes import *  # noqa: F403
 from .debug_info_generator import DebugInfoGenerator
+
+__all__ = ["DebugInfoGenerator"]

pythonbpf/debuginfo/debug_info_generator.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Provides utilities for generating DWARF/BTF debug information
 """
 
 from . import dwarf_constants as dc
-from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, List
 
 
 class DebugInfoGenerator:
@@ -12,17 +12,47 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
         self.module = module
         self._type_cache = {}  # Cache for common debug types
 
+    def generate_file_metadata(self, filename, dirname):
+        self.module._file_metadata = self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DIFile",
+            {  # type: ignore
+                "filename": filename,
+                "directory": dirname,
+            },
+        )
+
+    def generate_debug_cu(
+        self, language, producer: str, is_optimized: bool, is_distinct: bool
+    ):
+        self.module._debug_compile_unit = self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DICompileUnit",
+            {  # type: ignore
+                "language": language,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,  # type: ignore
+                "producer": producer,
+                "isOptimized": is_optimized,
+                "runtimeVersion": 0,
+                "emissionKind": 1,
+                "splitDebugInlining": False,
+                "nameTableKind": 0,
+            },
+            is_distinct=is_distinct,
+        )
+        self.module.add_named_metadata("llvm.dbg.cu", self.module._debug_compile_unit)  # type: ignore
+
     def get_basic_type(self, name: str, size: int, encoding: int) -> Any:
         """Get or create a basic type with caching"""
         key = (name, size, encoding)
         if key not in self._type_cache:
-            self._type_cache[key] = self.module.add_debug_info("DIBasicType", {
+            self._type_cache[key] = self.module.add_debug_info(
-                "name": name,
+                "DIBasicType", {"name": name, "size": size, "encoding": encoding}
-                "size": size,
+            )
-                "encoding": encoding
-            })
         return self._type_cache[key]
 
+    def get_int32_type(self) -> Any:
+        """Get debug info for signed 32-bit integer"""
+        return self.get_basic_type("int", 32, dc.DW_ATE_signed)
+
     def get_uint32_type(self) -> Any:
         """Get debug info for unsigned 32-bit integer"""
         return self.get_basic_type("unsigned int", 32, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned)
@@ -33,21 +63,23 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
 
     def create_pointer_type(self, base_type: Any, size: int = 64) -> Any:
         """Create a pointer type to the given base type"""
-        return self.module.add_debug_info("DIDerivedType", {
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
-            "tag": dc.DW_TAG_pointer_type,
+            "DIDerivedType",
-            "baseType": base_type,
+            {"tag": dc.DW_TAG_pointer_type, "baseType": base_type, "size": size},
-            "size": size
+        )
-        })
 
     def create_array_type(self, base_type: Any, count: int) -> Any:
         """Create an array type of the given base type with specified count"""
         subrange = self.module.add_debug_info("DISubrange", {"count": count})
-        return self.module.add_debug_info("DICompositeType", {
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
-            "tag": dc.DW_TAG_array_type,
+            "DICompositeType",
-            "baseType": base_type,
+            {
-            "size": self._compute_array_size(base_type, count),
+                "tag": dc.DW_TAG_array_type,
-            "elements": [subrange]
+                "baseType": base_type,
-        })
+                "size": self._compute_array_size(base_type, count),
+                "elements": [subrange],
+            },
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _compute_array_size(base_type: Any, count: int) -> int:
@@ -57,36 +89,51 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
 
     def create_struct_member(self, name: str, base_type: Any, offset: int) -> Any:
         """Create a struct member with the given name, type, and offset"""
-        return self.module.add_debug_info("DIDerivedType", {
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
-            "tag": dc.DW_TAG_member,
+            "DIDerivedType",
-            "name": name,
+            {
-            "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "tag": dc.DW_TAG_member,
-            "baseType": base_type,
+                "name": name,
-            "size": getattr(base_type, "size", 64),
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
-            "offset": offset
+                "baseType": base_type,
-        })
+                "size": getattr(base_type, "size", 64),
+                "offset": offset,
+            },
+        )
 
-    def create_struct_type(self, members: List[Any], size: int, is_distinct: bool) -> Any:
+    def create_struct_type(
+        self, members: List[Any], size: int, is_distinct: bool
+    ) -> Any:
         """Create a struct type with the given members and size"""
-        return self.module.add_debug_info("DICompositeType", {
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
-            "tag": dc.DW_TAG_structure_type,
+            "DICompositeType",
-            "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+            {
-            "size": size,
+                "tag": dc.DW_TAG_structure_type,
-            "elements": members,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
-        }, is_distinct=is_distinct)
+                "size": size,
+                "elements": members,
+            },
+            is_distinct=is_distinct,
+        )
 
-    def create_global_var_debug_info(self, name: str, var_type: Any, is_local: bool = False) -> Any:
+    def create_global_var_debug_info(
+        self, name: str, var_type: Any, is_local: bool = False
+    ) -> Any:
         """Create debug info for a global variable"""
-        global_var = self.module.add_debug_info("DIGlobalVariable", {
+        global_var = self.module.add_debug_info(
-            "name": name,
+            "DIGlobalVariable",
-            "scope": self.module._debug_compile_unit,
+            {
-            "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "name": name,
-            "type": var_type,
+                "scope": self.module._debug_compile_unit,
-            "isLocal": is_local,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
-            "isDefinition": True
+                "type": var_type,
-        }, is_distinct=True)
+                "isLocal": is_local,
+                "isDefinition": True,
+            },
+            is_distinct=True,
+        )
 
-        return self.module.add_debug_info("DIGlobalVariableExpression", {
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
-            "var": global_var,
+            "DIGlobalVariableExpression",
-            "expr": self.module.add_debug_info("DIExpression", {})
+            {"var": global_var, "expr": self.module.add_debug_info("DIExpression", {})},
-        })
+        )

pythonbpf/debuginfo/dtypes.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import llvmlite.ir as ir
 
+
 class DwarfBehaviorEnum:
     ERROR_IF_MISMATCH = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 1)
     WARNING_IF_MISMATCH = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 2)

pythonbpf/debuginfo/dwarf_constants.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ DW_UT_skeleton = 0x04
 DW_UT_split_compile = 0x05
 DW_UT_split_type = 0x06
 DW_UT_lo_user = 0x80
-DW_UT_hi_user = 0xff
+DW_UT_hi_user = 0xFF
 
 DW_TAG_array_type = 0x01
 DW_TAG_class_type = 0x02
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ DW_TAG_entry_point = 0x03
 DW_TAG_enumeration_type = 0x04
 DW_TAG_formal_parameter = 0x05
 DW_TAG_imported_declaration = 0x08
-DW_TAG_label = 0x0a
+DW_TAG_label = 0x0A
-DW_TAG_lexical_block = 0x0b
+DW_TAG_lexical_block = 0x0B
-DW_TAG_member = 0x0d
+DW_TAG_member = 0x0D
-DW_TAG_pointer_type = 0x0f
+DW_TAG_pointer_type = 0x0F
 DW_TAG_reference_type = 0x10
 DW_TAG_compile_unit = 0x11
 DW_TAG_string_type = 0x12
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ DW_TAG_typedef = 0x16
 DW_TAG_union_type = 0x17
 DW_TAG_unspecified_parameters = 0x18
 DW_TAG_variant = 0x19
-DW_TAG_common_block = 0x1a
+DW_TAG_common_block = 0x1A
-DW_TAG_common_inclusion = 0x1b
+DW_TAG_common_inclusion = 0x1B
-DW_TAG_inheritance = 0x1c
+DW_TAG_inheritance = 0x1C
-DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine = 0x1d
+DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine = 0x1D
-DW_TAG_module = 0x1e
+DW_TAG_module = 0x1E
-DW_TAG_ptr_to_member_type = 0x1f
+DW_TAG_ptr_to_member_type = 0x1F
 DW_TAG_set_type = 0x20
 DW_TAG_subrange_type = 0x21
 DW_TAG_with_stmt = 0x22
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ DW_TAG_const_type = 0x26
 DW_TAG_constant = 0x27
 DW_TAG_enumerator = 0x28
 DW_TAG_file_type = 0x29
-DW_TAG_friend = 0x2a
+DW_TAG_friend = 0x2A
-DW_TAG_namelist = 0x2b
+DW_TAG_namelist = 0x2B
-DW_TAG_namelist_item = 0x2c
+DW_TAG_namelist_item = 0x2C
-DW_TAG_packed_type = 0x2d
+DW_TAG_packed_type = 0x2D
-DW_TAG_subprogram = 0x2e
+DW_TAG_subprogram = 0x2E
-DW_TAG_template_type_parameter = 0x2f
+DW_TAG_template_type_parameter = 0x2F
 DW_TAG_template_value_parameter = 0x30
 DW_TAG_thrown_type = 0x31
 DW_TAG_try_block = 0x32
@@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ DW_TAG_dwarf_procedure = 0x36
 DW_TAG_restrict_type = 0x37
 DW_TAG_interface_type = 0x38
 DW_TAG_namespace = 0x39
-DW_TAG_imported_module = 0x3a
+DW_TAG_imported_module = 0x3A
-DW_TAG_unspecified_type = 0x3b
+DW_TAG_unspecified_type = 0x3B
-DW_TAG_partial_unit = 0x3c
+DW_TAG_partial_unit = 0x3C
-DW_TAG_imported_unit = 0x3d
+DW_TAG_imported_unit = 0x3D
-DW_TAG_condition = 0x3f
+DW_TAG_condition = 0x3F
 DW_TAG_shared_type = 0x40
 DW_TAG_type_unit = 0x41
 DW_TAG_rvalue_reference_type = 0x42
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ DW_TAG_dynamic_type = 0x46
 DW_TAG_atomic_type = 0x47
 DW_TAG_call_site = 0x48
 DW_TAG_call_site_parameter = 0x49
-DW_TAG_skeleton_unit = 0x4a
+DW_TAG_skeleton_unit = 0x4A
-DW_TAG_immutable_type = 0x4b
+DW_TAG_immutable_type = 0x4B
 DW_TAG_lo_user = 0x4080
 DW_TAG_MIPS_loop = 0x4081
 DW_TAG_format_label = 0x4101
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ DW_TAG_GNU_template_template_param = 0x4106
 DW_TAG_GNU_template_parameter_pack = 0x4107
 DW_TAG_GNU_formal_parameter_pack = 0x4108
 DW_TAG_GNU_call_site = 0x4109
-DW_TAG_GNU_call_site_parameter = 0x410a
+DW_TAG_GNU_call_site_parameter = 0x410A
-DW_TAG_hi_user = 0xffff
+DW_TAG_hi_user = 0xFFFF
 
 DW_CHILDREN_no = 0
 DW_CHILDREN_yes = 1
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ DW_AT_sibling = 0x01
 DW_AT_location = 0x02
 DW_AT_name = 0x03
 DW_AT_ordering = 0x09
-DW_AT_byte_size = 0x0b
+DW_AT_byte_size = 0x0B
-DW_AT_bit_offset = 0x0c
+DW_AT_bit_offset = 0x0C
-DW_AT_bit_size = 0x0d
+DW_AT_bit_size = 0x0D
 DW_AT_stmt_list = 0x10
 DW_AT_low_pc = 0x11
 DW_AT_high_pc = 0x12
@@ -110,20 +110,20 @@ DW_AT_discr_value = 0x16
 DW_AT_visibility = 0x17
 DW_AT_import = 0x18
 DW_AT_string_length = 0x19
-DW_AT_common_reference = 0x1a
+DW_AT_common_reference = 0x1A
-DW_AT_comp_dir = 0x1b
+DW_AT_comp_dir = 0x1B
-DW_AT_const_value = 0x1c
+DW_AT_const_value = 0x1C
-DW_AT_containing_type = 0x1d
+DW_AT_containing_type = 0x1D
-DW_AT_default_value = 0x1e
+DW_AT_default_value = 0x1E
 DW_AT_inline = 0x20
 DW_AT_is_optional = 0x21
 DW_AT_lower_bound = 0x22
 DW_AT_producer = 0x25
 DW_AT_prototyped = 0x27
-DW_AT_return_addr = 0x2a
+DW_AT_return_addr = 0x2A
-DW_AT_start_scope = 0x2c
+DW_AT_start_scope = 0x2C
-DW_AT_bit_stride = 0x2e
+DW_AT_bit_stride = 0x2E
-DW_AT_upper_bound = 0x2f
+DW_AT_upper_bound = 0x2F
 DW_AT_abstract_origin = 0x31
 DW_AT_accessibility = 0x32
 DW_AT_address_class = 0x33
@@ -133,12 +133,12 @@ DW_AT_calling_convention = 0x36
 DW_AT_count = 0x37
 DW_AT_data_member_location = 0x38
 DW_AT_decl_column = 0x39
-DW_AT_decl_file = 0x3a
+DW_AT_decl_file = 0x3A
-DW_AT_decl_line = 0x3b
+DW_AT_decl_line = 0x3B
-DW_AT_declaration = 0x3c
+DW_AT_declaration = 0x3C
-DW_AT_discr_list = 0x3d
+DW_AT_discr_list = 0x3D
-DW_AT_encoding = 0x3e
+DW_AT_encoding = 0x3E
-DW_AT_external = 0x3f
+DW_AT_external = 0x3F
 DW_AT_frame_base = 0x40
 DW_AT_friend = 0x41
 DW_AT_identifier_case = 0x42
@@ -149,12 +149,12 @@ DW_AT_segment = 0x46
 DW_AT_specification = 0x47
 DW_AT_static_link = 0x48
 DW_AT_type = 0x49
-DW_AT_use_location = 0x4a
+DW_AT_use_location = 0x4A
-DW_AT_variable_parameter = 0x4b
+DW_AT_variable_parameter = 0x4B
-DW_AT_virtuality = 0x4c
+DW_AT_virtuality = 0x4C
-DW_AT_vtable_elem_location = 0x4d
+DW_AT_vtable_elem_location = 0x4D
-DW_AT_allocated = 0x4e
+DW_AT_allocated = 0x4E
-DW_AT_associated = 0x4f
+DW_AT_associated = 0x4F
 DW_AT_data_location = 0x50
 DW_AT_byte_stride = 0x51
 DW_AT_entry_pc = 0x52
@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ DW_AT_trampoline = 0x56
 DW_AT_call_column = 0x57
 DW_AT_call_file = 0x58
 DW_AT_call_line = 0x59
-DW_AT_description = 0x5a
+DW_AT_description = 0x5A
-DW_AT_binary_scale = 0x5b
+DW_AT_binary_scale = 0x5B
-DW_AT_decimal_scale = 0x5c
+DW_AT_decimal_scale = 0x5C
-DW_AT_small = 0x5d
+DW_AT_small = 0x5D
-DW_AT_decimal_sign = 0x5e
+DW_AT_decimal_sign = 0x5E
-DW_AT_digit_count = 0x5f
+DW_AT_digit_count = 0x5F
 DW_AT_picture_string = 0x60
 DW_AT_mutable = 0x61
 DW_AT_threads_scaled = 0x62
@@ -181,12 +181,12 @@ DW_AT_elemental = 0x66
 DW_AT_pure = 0x67
 DW_AT_recursive = 0x68
 DW_AT_signature = 0x69
-DW_AT_main_subprogram = 0x6a
+DW_AT_main_subprogram = 0x6A
-DW_AT_data_bit_offset = 0x6b
+DW_AT_data_bit_offset = 0x6B
-DW_AT_const_expr = 0x6c
+DW_AT_const_expr = 0x6C
-DW_AT_enum_class = 0x6d
+DW_AT_enum_class = 0x6D
-DW_AT_linkage_name = 0x6e
+DW_AT_linkage_name = 0x6E
-DW_AT_string_length_bit_size = 0x6f
+DW_AT_string_length_bit_size = 0x6F
 DW_AT_string_length_byte_size = 0x70
 DW_AT_rank = 0x71
 DW_AT_str_offsets_base = 0x72
@@ -196,12 +196,12 @@ DW_AT_dwo_name = 0x76
 DW_AT_reference = 0x77
 DW_AT_rvalue_reference = 0x78
 DW_AT_macros = 0x79
-DW_AT_call_all_calls = 0x7a
+DW_AT_call_all_calls = 0x7A
-DW_AT_call_all_source_calls = 0x7b
+DW_AT_call_all_source_calls = 0x7B
-DW_AT_call_all_tail_calls = 0x7c
+DW_AT_call_all_tail_calls = 0x7C
-DW_AT_call_return_pc = 0x7d
+DW_AT_call_return_pc = 0x7D
-DW_AT_call_value = 0x7e
+DW_AT_call_value = 0x7E
-DW_AT_call_origin = 0x7f
+DW_AT_call_origin = 0x7F
 DW_AT_call_parameter = 0x80
 DW_AT_call_pc = 0x81
 DW_AT_call_tail_call = 0x82
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ DW_AT_call_data_value = 0x86
 DW_AT_noreturn = 0x87
 DW_AT_alignment = 0x88
 DW_AT_export_symbols = 0x89
-DW_AT_deleted = 0x8a
+DW_AT_deleted = 0x8A
-DW_AT_defaulted = 0x8b
+DW_AT_defaulted = 0x8B
-DW_AT_loclists_base = 0x8c
+DW_AT_loclists_base = 0x8C
 DW_AT_lo_user = 0x2000
 DW_AT_MIPS_fde = 0x2001
 DW_AT_MIPS_loop_begin = 0x2002
@@ -225,12 +225,12 @@ DW_AT_MIPS_software_pipeline_depth = 0x2006
 DW_AT_MIPS_linkage_name = 0x2007
 DW_AT_MIPS_stride = 0x2008
 DW_AT_MIPS_abstract_name = 0x2009
-DW_AT_MIPS_clone_origin = 0x200a
+DW_AT_MIPS_clone_origin = 0x200A
-DW_AT_MIPS_has_inlines = 0x200b
+DW_AT_MIPS_has_inlines = 0x200B
-DW_AT_MIPS_stride_byte = 0x200c
+DW_AT_MIPS_stride_byte = 0x200C
-DW_AT_MIPS_stride_elem = 0x200d
+DW_AT_MIPS_stride_elem = 0x200D
-DW_AT_MIPS_ptr_dopetype = 0x200e
+DW_AT_MIPS_ptr_dopetype = 0x200E
-DW_AT_MIPS_allocatable_dopetype = 0x200f
+DW_AT_MIPS_allocatable_dopetype = 0x200F
 DW_AT_MIPS_assumed_shape_dopetype = 0x2010
 DW_AT_MIPS_assumed_size = 0x2011
 DW_AT_sf_names = 0x2101
@@ -242,12 +242,12 @@ DW_AT_body_end = 0x2106
 DW_AT_GNU_vector = 0x2107
 DW_AT_GNU_guarded_by = 0x2108
 DW_AT_GNU_pt_guarded_by = 0x2109
-DW_AT_GNU_guarded = 0x210a
+DW_AT_GNU_guarded = 0x210A
-DW_AT_GNU_pt_guarded = 0x210b
+DW_AT_GNU_pt_guarded = 0x210B
-DW_AT_GNU_locks_excluded = 0x210c
+DW_AT_GNU_locks_excluded = 0x210C
-DW_AT_GNU_exclusive_locks_required = 0x210d
+DW_AT_GNU_exclusive_locks_required = 0x210D
-DW_AT_GNU_shared_locks_required = 0x210e
+DW_AT_GNU_shared_locks_required = 0x210E
-DW_AT_GNU_odr_signature = 0x210f
+DW_AT_GNU_odr_signature = 0x210F
 DW_AT_GNU_template_name = 0x2110
 DW_AT_GNU_call_site_value = 0x2111
 DW_AT_GNU_call_site_data_value = 0x2112
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ DW_AT_GNU_all_source_call_sites = 0x2118
 DW_AT_GNU_locviews = 0x2137
 DW_AT_GNU_entry_view = 0x2138
 DW_AT_GNU_macros = 0x2119
-DW_AT_GNU_deleted = 0x211a
+DW_AT_GNU_deleted = 0x211A
 DW_AT_GNU_dwo_name = 0x2130
 DW_AT_GNU_dwo_id = 0x2131
 DW_AT_GNU_ranges_base = 0x2132
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ DW_AT_GNU_pubtypes = 0x2135
 DW_AT_GNU_numerator = 0x2303
 DW_AT_GNU_denominator = 0x2304
 DW_AT_GNU_bias = 0x2305
-DW_AT_hi_user = 0x3fff
+DW_AT_hi_user = 0x3FFF
 
 DW_FORM_addr = 0x01
 DW_FORM_block2 = 0x03
@@ -280,12 +280,12 @@ DW_FORM_data4 = 0x06
 DW_FORM_data8 = 0x07
 DW_FORM_string = 0x08
 DW_FORM_block = 0x09
-DW_FORM_block1 = 0x0a
+DW_FORM_block1 = 0x0A
-DW_FORM_data1 = 0x0b
+DW_FORM_data1 = 0x0B
-DW_FORM_flag = 0x0c
+DW_FORM_flag = 0x0C
-DW_FORM_sdata = 0x0d
+DW_FORM_sdata = 0x0D
-DW_FORM_strp = 0x0e
+DW_FORM_strp = 0x0E
-DW_FORM_udata = 0x0f
+DW_FORM_udata = 0x0F
 DW_FORM_ref_addr = 0x10
 DW_FORM_ref1 = 0x11
 DW_FORM_ref2 = 0x12
@@ -296,12 +296,12 @@ DW_FORM_indirect = 0x16
 DW_FORM_sec_offset = 0x17
 DW_FORM_exprloc = 0x18
 DW_FORM_flag_present = 0x19
-DW_FORM_strx = 0x1a
+DW_FORM_strx = 0x1A
-DW_FORM_addrx = 0x1b
+DW_FORM_addrx = 0x1B
-DW_FORM_ref_sup4 = 0x1c
+DW_FORM_ref_sup4 = 0x1C
-DW_FORM_strp_sup = 0x1d
+DW_FORM_strp_sup = 0x1D
-DW_FORM_data16 = 0x1e
+DW_FORM_data16 = 0x1E
-DW_FORM_line_strp = 0x1f
+DW_FORM_line_strp = 0x1F
 DW_FORM_ref_sig8 = 0x20
 DW_FORM_implicit_const = 0x21
 DW_FORM_loclistx = 0x22
@@ -312,24 +312,24 @@ DW_FORM_strx2 = 0x26
 DW_FORM_strx3 = 0x27
 DW_FORM_strx4 = 0x28
 DW_FORM_addrx1 = 0x29
-DW_FORM_addrx2 = 0x2a
+DW_FORM_addrx2 = 0x2A
-DW_FORM_addrx3 = 0x2b
+DW_FORM_addrx3 = 0x2B
-DW_FORM_addrx4 = 0x2c
+DW_FORM_addrx4 = 0x2C
-DW_FORM_GNU_addr_index = 0x1f01
+DW_FORM_GNU_addr_index = 0x1F01
-DW_FORM_GNU_str_index = 0x1f02
+DW_FORM_GNU_str_index = 0x1F02
-DW_FORM_GNU_ref_alt = 0x1f20
+DW_FORM_GNU_ref_alt = 0x1F20
-DW_FORM_GNU_strp_alt = 0x1f21
+DW_FORM_GNU_strp_alt = 0x1F21
 
 DW_OP_addr = 0x03
 DW_OP_deref = 0x06
 DW_OP_const1u = 0x08
 DW_OP_const1s = 0x09
-DW_OP_const2u = 0x0a
+DW_OP_const2u = 0x0A
-DW_OP_const2s = 0x0b
+DW_OP_const2s = 0x0B
-DW_OP_const4u = 0x0c
+DW_OP_const4u = 0x0C
-DW_OP_const4s = 0x0d
+DW_OP_const4s = 0x0D
-DW_OP_const8u = 0x0e
+DW_OP_const8u = 0x0E
-DW_OP_const8s = 0x0f
+DW_OP_const8s = 0x0F
 DW_OP_constu = 0x10
 DW_OP_consts = 0x11
 DW_OP_dup = 0x12
@@ -340,12 +340,12 @@ DW_OP_swap = 0x16
 DW_OP_rot = 0x17
 DW_OP_xderef = 0x18
 DW_OP_abs = 0x19
-DW_OP_and = 0x1a
+DW_OP_and = 0x1A
-DW_OP_div = 0x1b
+DW_OP_div = 0x1B
-DW_OP_minus = 0x1c
+DW_OP_minus = 0x1C
-DW_OP_mod = 0x1d
+DW_OP_mod = 0x1D
-DW_OP_mul = 0x1e
+DW_OP_mul = 0x1E
-DW_OP_neg = 0x1f
+DW_OP_neg = 0x1F
 DW_OP_not = 0x20
 DW_OP_or = 0x21
 DW_OP_plus = 0x22
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@ DW_OP_shra = 0x26
 DW_OP_xor = 0x27
 DW_OP_bra = 0x28
 DW_OP_eq = 0x29
-DW_OP_ge = 0x2a
+DW_OP_ge = 0x2A
-DW_OP_gt = 0x2b
+DW_OP_gt = 0x2B
-DW_OP_le = 0x2c
+DW_OP_le = 0x2C
-DW_OP_lt = 0x2d
+DW_OP_lt = 0x2D
-DW_OP_ne = 0x2e
+DW_OP_ne = 0x2E
-DW_OP_skip = 0x2f
+DW_OP_skip = 0x2F
 DW_OP_lit0 = 0x30
 DW_OP_lit1 = 0x31
 DW_OP_lit2 = 0x32
@@ -372,12 +372,12 @@ DW_OP_lit6 = 0x36
 DW_OP_lit7 = 0x37
 DW_OP_lit8 = 0x38
 DW_OP_lit9 = 0x39
-DW_OP_lit10 = 0x3a
+DW_OP_lit10 = 0x3A
-DW_OP_lit11 = 0x3b
+DW_OP_lit11 = 0x3B
-DW_OP_lit12 = 0x3c
+DW_OP_lit12 = 0x3C
-DW_OP_lit13 = 0x3d
+DW_OP_lit13 = 0x3D
-DW_OP_lit14 = 0x3e
+DW_OP_lit14 = 0x3E
-DW_OP_lit15 = 0x3f
+DW_OP_lit15 = 0x3F
 DW_OP_lit16 = 0x40
 DW_OP_lit17 = 0x41
 DW_OP_lit18 = 0x42
@@ -388,12 +388,12 @@ DW_OP_lit22 = 0x46
 DW_OP_lit23 = 0x47
 DW_OP_lit24 = 0x48
 DW_OP_lit25 = 0x49
-DW_OP_lit26 = 0x4a
+DW_OP_lit26 = 0x4A
-DW_OP_lit27 = 0x4b
+DW_OP_lit27 = 0x4B
-DW_OP_lit28 = 0x4c
+DW_OP_lit28 = 0x4C
-DW_OP_lit29 = 0x4d
+DW_OP_lit29 = 0x4D
-DW_OP_lit30 = 0x4e
+DW_OP_lit30 = 0x4E
-DW_OP_lit31 = 0x4f
+DW_OP_lit31 = 0x4F
 DW_OP_reg0 = 0x50
 DW_OP_reg1 = 0x51
 DW_OP_reg2 = 0x52
@@ -404,12 +404,12 @@ DW_OP_reg6 = 0x56
 DW_OP_reg7 = 0x57
 DW_OP_reg8 = 0x58
 DW_OP_reg9 = 0x59
-DW_OP_reg10 = 0x5a
+DW_OP_reg10 = 0x5A
-DW_OP_reg11 = 0x5b
+DW_OP_reg11 = 0x5B
-DW_OP_reg12 = 0x5c
+DW_OP_reg12 = 0x5C
-DW_OP_reg13 = 0x5d
+DW_OP_reg13 = 0x5D
-DW_OP_reg14 = 0x5e
+DW_OP_reg14 = 0x5E
-DW_OP_reg15 = 0x5f
+DW_OP_reg15 = 0x5F
 DW_OP_reg16 = 0x60
 DW_OP_reg17 = 0x61
 DW_OP_reg18 = 0x62
@@ -420,12 +420,12 @@ DW_OP_reg22 = 0x66
 DW_OP_reg23 = 0x67
 DW_OP_reg24 = 0x68
 DW_OP_reg25 = 0x69
-DW_OP_reg26 = 0x6a
+DW_OP_reg26 = 0x6A
-DW_OP_reg27 = 0x6b
+DW_OP_reg27 = 0x6B
-DW_OP_reg28 = 0x6c
+DW_OP_reg28 = 0x6C
-DW_OP_reg29 = 0x6d
+DW_OP_reg29 = 0x6D
-DW_OP_reg30 = 0x6e
+DW_OP_reg30 = 0x6E
-DW_OP_reg31 = 0x6f
+DW_OP_reg31 = 0x6F
 DW_OP_breg0 = 0x70
 DW_OP_breg1 = 0x71
 DW_OP_breg2 = 0x72
@@ -436,12 +436,12 @@ DW_OP_breg6 = 0x76
 DW_OP_breg7 = 0x77
 DW_OP_breg8 = 0x78
 DW_OP_breg9 = 0x79
-DW_OP_breg10 = 0x7a
+DW_OP_breg10 = 0x7A
-DW_OP_breg11 = 0x7b
+DW_OP_breg11 = 0x7B
-DW_OP_breg12 = 0x7c
+DW_OP_breg12 = 0x7C
-DW_OP_breg13 = 0x7d
+DW_OP_breg13 = 0x7D
-DW_OP_breg14 = 0x7e
+DW_OP_breg14 = 0x7E
-DW_OP_breg15 = 0x7f
+DW_OP_breg15 = 0x7F
 DW_OP_breg16 = 0x80
 DW_OP_breg17 = 0x81
 DW_OP_breg18 = 0x82
@@ -452,12 +452,12 @@ DW_OP_breg22 = 0x86
 DW_OP_breg23 = 0x87
 DW_OP_breg24 = 0x88
 DW_OP_breg25 = 0x89
-DW_OP_breg26 = 0x8a
+DW_OP_breg26 = 0x8A
-DW_OP_breg27 = 0x8b
+DW_OP_breg27 = 0x8B
-DW_OP_breg28 = 0x8c
+DW_OP_breg28 = 0x8C
-DW_OP_breg29 = 0x8d
+DW_OP_breg29 = 0x8D
-DW_OP_breg30 = 0x8e
+DW_OP_breg30 = 0x8E
-DW_OP_breg31 = 0x8f
+DW_OP_breg31 = 0x8F
 DW_OP_regx = 0x90
 DW_OP_fbreg = 0x91
 DW_OP_bregx = 0x92
@@ -468,38 +468,38 @@ DW_OP_nop = 0x96
 DW_OP_push_object_address = 0x97
 DW_OP_call2 = 0x98
 DW_OP_call4 = 0x99
-DW_OP_call_ref = 0x9a
+DW_OP_call_ref = 0x9A
-DW_OP_form_tls_address = 0x9b
+DW_OP_form_tls_address = 0x9B
-DW_OP_call_frame_cfa = 0x9c
+DW_OP_call_frame_cfa = 0x9C
-DW_OP_bit_piece = 0x9d
+DW_OP_bit_piece = 0x9D
-DW_OP_implicit_value = 0x9e
+DW_OP_implicit_value = 0x9E
-DW_OP_stack_value = 0x9f
+DW_OP_stack_value = 0x9F
-DW_OP_implicit_pointer = 0xa0
+DW_OP_implicit_pointer = 0xA0
-DW_OP_addrx = 0xa1
+DW_OP_addrx = 0xA1
-DW_OP_constx = 0xa2
+DW_OP_constx = 0xA2
-DW_OP_entry_value = 0xa3
+DW_OP_entry_value = 0xA3
-DW_OP_const_type = 0xa4
+DW_OP_const_type = 0xA4
-DW_OP_regval_type = 0xa5
+DW_OP_regval_type = 0xA5
-DW_OP_deref_type = 0xa6
+DW_OP_deref_type = 0xA6
-DW_OP_xderef_type = 0xa7
+DW_OP_xderef_type = 0xA7
-DW_OP_convert = 0xa8
+DW_OP_convert = 0xA8
-DW_OP_reinterpret = 0xa9
+DW_OP_reinterpret = 0xA9
-DW_OP_GNU_push_tls_address = 0xe0
+DW_OP_GNU_push_tls_address = 0xE0
-DW_OP_GNU_uninit = 0xf0
+DW_OP_GNU_uninit = 0xF0
-DW_OP_GNU_encoded_addr = 0xf1
+DW_OP_GNU_encoded_addr = 0xF1
-DW_OP_GNU_implicit_pointer = 0xf2
+DW_OP_GNU_implicit_pointer = 0xF2
-DW_OP_GNU_entry_value = 0xf3
+DW_OP_GNU_entry_value = 0xF3
-DW_OP_GNU_const_type = 0xf4
+DW_OP_GNU_const_type = 0xF4
-DW_OP_GNU_regval_type = 0xf5
+DW_OP_GNU_regval_type = 0xF5
-DW_OP_GNU_deref_type = 0xf6
+DW_OP_GNU_deref_type = 0xF6
-DW_OP_GNU_convert = 0xf7
+DW_OP_GNU_convert = 0xF7
-DW_OP_GNU_reinterpret = 0xf9
+DW_OP_GNU_reinterpret = 0xF9
-DW_OP_GNU_parameter_ref = 0xfa
+DW_OP_GNU_parameter_ref = 0xFA
-DW_OP_GNU_addr_index = 0xfb
+DW_OP_GNU_addr_index = 0xFB
-DW_OP_GNU_const_index = 0xfc
+DW_OP_GNU_const_index = 0xFC
-DW_OP_GNU_variable_value = 0xfd
+DW_OP_GNU_variable_value = 0xFD
-DW_OP_lo_user = 0xe0
+DW_OP_lo_user = 0xE0
-DW_OP_hi_user = 0xff
+DW_OP_hi_user = 0xFF
 
 DW_ATE_void = 0x0
 DW_ATE_address = 0x1
@@ -511,17 +511,17 @@ DW_ATE_signed_char = 0x6
 DW_ATE_unsigned = 0x7
 DW_ATE_unsigned_char = 0x8
 DW_ATE_imaginary_float = 0x9
-DW_ATE_packed_decimal = 0xa
+DW_ATE_packed_decimal = 0xA
-DW_ATE_numeric_string = 0xb
+DW_ATE_numeric_string = 0xB
-DW_ATE_edited = 0xc
+DW_ATE_edited = 0xC
-DW_ATE_signed_fixed = 0xd
+DW_ATE_signed_fixed = 0xD
-DW_ATE_unsigned_fixed = 0xe
+DW_ATE_unsigned_fixed = 0xE
-DW_ATE_decimal_float = 0xf
+DW_ATE_decimal_float = 0xF
 DW_ATE_UTF = 0x10
 DW_ATE_UCS = 0x11
 DW_ATE_ASCII = 0x12
 DW_ATE_lo_user = 0x80
-DW_ATE_hi_user = 0xff
+DW_ATE_hi_user = 0xFF
 
 DW_DS_unsigned = 1
 DW_DS_leading_overpunch = 2
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ DW_END_default = 0
 DW_END_big = 1
 DW_END_little = 2
 DW_END_lo_user = 0x40
-DW_END_hi_user = 0xff
+DW_END_hi_user = 0xFF
 
 DW_ACCESS_public = 1
 DW_ACCESS_protected = 2
@@ -556,12 +556,12 @@ DW_LANG_Cobol85 = 0x0006
 DW_LANG_Fortran77 = 0x0007
 DW_LANG_Fortran90 = 0x0008
 DW_LANG_Pascal83 = 0x0009
-DW_LANG_Modula2 = 0x000a
+DW_LANG_Modula2 = 0x000A
-DW_LANG_Java = 0x000b
+DW_LANG_Java = 0x000B
-DW_LANG_C99 = 0x000c
+DW_LANG_C99 = 0x000C
-DW_LANG_Ada95 = 0x000d
+DW_LANG_Ada95 = 0x000D
-DW_LANG_Fortran95 = 0x000e
+DW_LANG_Fortran95 = 0x000E
-DW_LANG_PLI = 0x000f
+DW_LANG_PLI = 0x000F
 DW_LANG_ObjC = 0x0010
 DW_LANG_ObjC_plus_plus = 0x0011
 DW_LANG_UPC = 0x0012
@@ -572,12 +572,12 @@ DW_LANG_Go = 0x0016
 DW_LANG_Modula3 = 0x0017
 DW_LANG_Haskell = 0x0018
 DW_LANG_C_plus_plus_03 = 0x0019
-DW_LANG_C_plus_plus_11 = 0x001a
+DW_LANG_C_plus_plus_11 = 0x001A
-DW_LANG_OCaml = 0x001b
+DW_LANG_OCaml = 0x001B
-DW_LANG_Rust = 0x001c
+DW_LANG_Rust = 0x001C
-DW_LANG_C11 = 0x001d
+DW_LANG_C11 = 0x001D
-DW_LANG_Swift = 0x001e
+DW_LANG_Swift = 0x001E
-DW_LANG_Julia = 0x001f
+DW_LANG_Julia = 0x001F
 DW_LANG_Dylan = 0x0020
 DW_LANG_C_plus_plus_14 = 0x0021
 DW_LANG_Fortran03 = 0x0022
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ DW_LANG_RenderScript = 0x0024
 DW_LANG_BLISS = 0x0025
 DW_LANG_lo_user = 0x8000
 DW_LANG_Mips_Assembler = 0x8001
-DW_LANG_hi_user = 0xffff
+DW_LANG_hi_user = 0xFFFF
 
 DW_ID_case_sensitive = 0
 DW_ID_up_case = 1
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ DW_CC_nocall = 0x3
 DW_CC_pass_by_reference = 0x4
 DW_CC_pass_by_value = 0x5
 DW_CC_lo_user = 0x40
-DW_CC_hi_user = 0xff
+DW_CC_hi_user = 0xFF
 
 DW_INL_not_inlined = 0
 DW_INL_inlined = 1
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ DW_LNCT_timestamp = 0x3
 DW_LNCT_size = 0x4
 DW_LNCT_MD5 = 0x5
 DW_LNCT_lo_user = 0x2000
-DW_LNCT_hi_user = 0x3fff
+DW_LNCT_hi_user = 0x3FFF
 
 DW_LNS_copy = 1
 DW_LNS_advance_pc = 2
@@ -659,11 +659,11 @@ DW_MACRO_undef_strp = 0x06
 DW_MACRO_import = 0x07
 DW_MACRO_define_sup = 0x08
 DW_MACRO_undef_sup = 0x09
-DW_MACRO_import_sup = 0x0a
+DW_MACRO_import_sup = 0x0A
-DW_MACRO_define_strx = 0x0b
+DW_MACRO_define_strx = 0x0B
-DW_MACRO_undef_strx = 0x0c
+DW_MACRO_undef_strx = 0x0C
-DW_MACRO_lo_user = 0xe0
+DW_MACRO_lo_user = 0xE0
-DW_MACRO_hi_user = 0xff
+DW_MACRO_hi_user = 0xFF
 
 DW_RLE_end_of_list = 0x0
 DW_RLE_base_addressx = 0x1
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ DW_LLE_GNU_start_length_entry = 0x3
 
 DW_CFA_advance_loc = 0x40
 DW_CFA_offset = 0x80
-DW_CFA_restore = 0xc0
+DW_CFA_restore = 0xC0
 DW_CFA_extended = 0
 DW_CFA_nop = 0x00
 DW_CFA_set_loc = 0x01
@@ -703,12 +703,12 @@ DW_CFA_restore_extended = 0x06
 DW_CFA_undefined = 0x07
 DW_CFA_same_value = 0x08
 DW_CFA_register = 0x09
-DW_CFA_remember_state = 0x0a
+DW_CFA_remember_state = 0x0A
-DW_CFA_restore_state = 0x0b
+DW_CFA_restore_state = 0x0B
-DW_CFA_def_cfa = 0x0c
+DW_CFA_def_cfa = 0x0C
-DW_CFA_def_cfa_register = 0x0d
+DW_CFA_def_cfa_register = 0x0D
-DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset = 0x0e
+DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset = 0x0E
-DW_CFA_def_cfa_expression = 0x0f
+DW_CFA_def_cfa_expression = 0x0F
 DW_CFA_expression = 0x10
 DW_CFA_offset_extended_sf = 0x11
 DW_CFA_def_cfa_sf = 0x12
@@ -716,26 +716,26 @@ DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset_sf = 0x13
 DW_CFA_val_offset = 0x14
 DW_CFA_val_offset_sf = 0x15
 DW_CFA_val_expression = 0x16
-DW_CFA_low_user = 0x1c
+DW_CFA_low_user = 0x1C
-DW_CFA_MIPS_advance_loc8 = 0x1d
+DW_CFA_MIPS_advance_loc8 = 0x1D
-DW_CFA_GNU_window_save = 0x2d
+DW_CFA_GNU_window_save = 0x2D
-DW_CFA_GNU_args_size = 0x2e
+DW_CFA_GNU_args_size = 0x2E
-DW_CFA_GNU_negative_offset_extended = 0x2f
+DW_CFA_GNU_negative_offset_extended = 0x2F
-DW_CFA_high_user = 0x3f
+DW_CFA_high_user = 0x3F
 
-DW_CIE_ID_32 = 0xffffffff
+DW_CIE_ID_32 = 0xFFFFFFFF
-DW_CIE_ID_64 = 0xffffffffffffffff
+DW_CIE_ID_64 = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
 
 DW_EH_PE_absptr = 0x00
-DW_EH_PE_omit = 0xff
+DW_EH_PE_omit = 0xFF
 DW_EH_PE_uleb128 = 0x01
 DW_EH_PE_udata2 = 0x02
 DW_EH_PE_udata4 = 0x03
 DW_EH_PE_udata8 = 0x04
 DW_EH_PE_sleb128 = 0x09
-DW_EH_PE_sdata2 = 0x0a
+DW_EH_PE_sdata2 = 0x0A
-DW_EH_PE_sdata4 = 0x0b
+DW_EH_PE_sdata4 = 0x0B
-DW_EH_PE_sdata8 = 0x0c
+DW_EH_PE_sdata8 = 0x0C
 DW_EH_PE_signed = 0x08
 DW_EH_PE_pcrel = 0x10
 DW_EH_PE_textrel = 0x20

pythonbpf/decorators.py

@@ -26,8 +26,10 @@ def section(name: str):
     def wrapper(fn):
         fn._section = name
         return fn
+
     return wrapper
 
+
 # from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 # syscalls = SimpleNamespace(

pythonbpf/expr/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .expr_pass import eval_expr, handle_expr
+from .type_normalization import convert_to_bool
+
+__all__ = ["eval_expr", "handle_expr", "convert_to_bool"]

pythonbpf/expr/expr_pass.py

@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+import ast
+from llvmlite import ir
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+from typing import Dict
+
+from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir, is_ctypes
+from .type_normalization import convert_to_bool, handle_comparator
+
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _handle_name_expr(expr: ast.Name, local_sym_tab: Dict, builder: ir.IRBuilder):
+    """Handle ast.Name expressions."""
+    if expr.id in local_sym_tab:
+        var = local_sym_tab[expr.id].var
+        val = builder.load(var)
+        return val, local_sym_tab[expr.id].ir_type
+    else:
+        logger.info(f"Undefined variable {expr.id}")
+        return None
+
+
+def _handle_constant_expr(expr: ast.Constant):
+    """Handle ast.Constant expressions."""
+    if isinstance(expr.value, int) or isinstance(expr.value, bool):
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), int(expr.value)), ir.IntType(64)
+    else:
+        logger.error("Unsupported constant type")
+        return None
+
+
+def _handle_attribute_expr(
+    expr: ast.Attribute,
+    local_sym_tab: Dict,
+    structs_sym_tab: Dict,
+    builder: ir.IRBuilder,
+):
+    """Handle ast.Attribute expressions for struct field access."""
+    if isinstance(expr.value, ast.Name):
+        var_name = expr.value.id
+        attr_name = expr.attr
+        if var_name in local_sym_tab:
+            var_ptr, var_type, var_metadata = local_sym_tab[var_name]
+            logger.info(f"Loading attribute {attr_name} from variable {var_name}")
+            logger.info(f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}")
+            metadata = structs_sym_tab[var_metadata]
+            if attr_name in metadata.fields:
+                gep = metadata.gep(builder, var_ptr, attr_name)
+                val = builder.load(gep)
+                field_type = metadata.field_type(attr_name)
+                return val, field_type
+    return None
+
+
+def _handle_deref_call(expr: ast.Call, local_sym_tab: Dict, builder: ir.IRBuilder):
+    """Handle deref function calls."""
+    logger.info(f"Handling deref {ast.dump(expr)}")
+    if len(expr.args) != 1:
+        logger.info("deref takes exactly one argument")
+        return None
+
+    arg = expr.args[0]
+    if (
+        isinstance(arg, ast.Call)
+        and isinstance(arg.func, ast.Name)
+        and arg.func.id == "deref"
+    ):
+        logger.info("Multiple deref not supported")
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
+        if arg.id in local_sym_tab:
+            arg_ptr = local_sym_tab[arg.id].var
+        else:
+            logger.info(f"Undefined variable {arg.id}")
+            return None
+    else:
+        logger.info("Unsupported argument type for deref")
+        return None
+
+    if arg_ptr is None:
+        logger.info("Failed to evaluate deref argument")
+        return None
+
+    # Load the value from pointer
+    val = builder.load(arg_ptr)
+    return val, local_sym_tab[arg.id].ir_type
+
+
+def _handle_ctypes_call(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle ctypes type constructor calls."""
+    if len(expr.args) != 1:
+        logger.info("ctypes constructor takes exactly one argument")
+        return None
+
+    arg = expr.args[0]
+    val = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        arg,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+    if val is None:
+        logger.info("Failed to evaluate argument to ctypes constructor")
+        return None
+    call_type = expr.func.id
+    expected_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
+
+    if val[1] != expected_type:
+        # NOTE: We are only considering casting to and from int types for now
+        if isinstance(val[1], ir.IntType) and isinstance(expected_type, ir.IntType):
+            if val[1].width < expected_type.width:
+                val = (builder.sext(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+            else:
+                val = (builder.trunc(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Type mismatch: expected {expected_type}, got {val[1]}")
+    return val
+
+
+def _handle_compare(
+    func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    """Handle ast.Compare expressions."""
+
+    if len(cond.ops) != 1 or len(cond.comparators) != 1:
+        logger.error("Only single comparisons are supported")
+        return None
+    lhs = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        cond.left,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+    rhs = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        cond.comparators[0],
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    if lhs is None or rhs is None:
+        logger.error("Failed to evaluate comparison operands")
+        return None
+
+    lhs, _ = lhs
+    rhs, _ = rhs
+    return handle_comparator(func, builder, cond.ops[0], lhs, rhs)
+
+
+def _handle_unary_op(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr: ast.UnaryOp,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle ast.UnaryOp expressions."""
+    if not isinstance(expr.op, ast.Not):
+        logger.error("Only 'not' unary operator is supported")
+        return None
+
+    operand = eval_expr(
+        func, module, builder, expr.operand, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    if operand is None:
+        logger.error("Failed to evaluate operand for unary operation")
+        return None
+
+    operand_val, operand_type = operand
+    true_const = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1)
+    result = builder.xor(convert_to_bool(builder, operand_val), true_const)
+    return result, ir.IntType(1)
+
+
+def _handle_and_op(func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Handle `and` boolean operations."""
+
+    logger.debug(f"Handling 'and' operator with {len(expr.values)} operands")
+
+    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name="and.merge")
+    false_block = func.append_basic_block(name="and.false")
+
+    incoming_values = []
+
+    for i, value in enumerate(expr.values):
+        is_last = i == len(expr.values) - 1
+
+        # Evaluate current operand
+        operand_result = eval_expr(
+            func, None, builder, value, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if operand_result is None:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate operand {i} in 'and' expression")
+            return None
+
+        operand_val, operand_type = operand_result
+
+        # Convert to boolean if needed
+        operand_bool = convert_to_bool(builder, operand_val)
+        current_block = builder.block
+
+        if is_last:
+            # Last operand: result is this value
+            builder.branch(merge_block)
+            incoming_values.append((operand_bool, current_block))
+        else:
+            # Not last: check if true, continue or short-circuit
+            next_check = func.append_basic_block(name=f"and.check_{i + 1}")
+            builder.cbranch(operand_bool, next_check, false_block)
+            builder.position_at_end(next_check)
+
+    # False block: short-circuit with false
+    builder.position_at_end(false_block)
+    builder.branch(merge_block)
+    false_value = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 0)
+    incoming_values.append((false_value, false_block))
+
+    # Merge block: phi node
+    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+    phi = builder.phi(ir.IntType(1), name="and.result")
+    for val, block in incoming_values:
+        phi.add_incoming(val, block)
+
+    logger.debug(f"Generated 'and' with {len(incoming_values)} incoming values")
+    return phi, ir.IntType(1)
+
+
+def _handle_or_op(func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Handle `or` boolean operations."""
+
+    logger.debug(f"Handling 'or' operator with {len(expr.values)} operands")
+
+    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name="or.merge")
+    true_block = func.append_basic_block(name="or.true")
+
+    incoming_values = []
+
+    for i, value in enumerate(expr.values):
+        is_last = i == len(expr.values) - 1
+
+        # Evaluate current operand
+        operand_result = eval_expr(
+            func, None, builder, value, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if operand_result is None:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate operand {i} in 'or' expression")
+            return None
+
+        operand_val, operand_type = operand_result
+
+        # Convert to boolean if needed
+        operand_bool = convert_to_bool(builder, operand_val)
+        current_block = builder.block
+
+        if is_last:
+            # Last operand: result is this value
+            builder.branch(merge_block)
+            incoming_values.append((operand_bool, current_block))
+        else:
+            # Not last: check if false, continue or short-circuit
+            next_check = func.append_basic_block(name=f"or.check_{i + 1}")
+            builder.cbranch(operand_bool, true_block, next_check)
+            builder.position_at_end(next_check)
+
+    # True block: short-circuit with true
+    builder.position_at_end(true_block)
+    builder.branch(merge_block)
+    true_value = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1)
+    incoming_values.append((true_value, true_block))
+
+    # Merge block: phi node
+    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+    phi = builder.phi(ir.IntType(1), name="or.result")
+    for val, block in incoming_values:
+        phi.add_incoming(val, block)
+
+    logger.debug(f"Generated 'or' with {len(incoming_values)} incoming values")
+    return phi, ir.IntType(1)
+
+
+def _handle_boolean_op(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr: ast.BoolOp,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle `and` and `or` boolean operations."""
+
+    if isinstance(expr.op, ast.And):
+        return _handle_and_op(
+            func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(expr.op, ast.Or):
+        return _handle_or_op(
+            func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"Unsupported boolean operator: {type(expr.op).__name__}")
+        return None
+
+
+def eval_expr(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    logger.info(f"Evaluating expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
+    if isinstance(expr, ast.Name):
+        return _handle_name_expr(expr, local_sym_tab, builder)
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Constant):
+        return _handle_constant_expr(expr)
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Call):
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and expr.func.id == "deref":
+            return _handle_deref_call(expr, local_sym_tab, builder)
+
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and is_ctypes(expr.func.id):
+            return _handle_ctypes_call(
+                func,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                expr,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
+
+        # delayed import to avoid circular dependency
+        from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call
+
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(
+            expr.func.id
+        ):
+            return handle_helper_call(
+                expr,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                func,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(expr.func, ast.Attribute):
+            logger.info(f"Handling method call: {ast.dump(expr.func)}")
+            if isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(
+                expr.func.value.func, ast.Name
+            ):
+                method_name = expr.func.attr
+                if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
+                    return handle_helper_call(
+                        expr,
+                        module,
+                        builder,
+                        func,
+                        local_sym_tab,
+                        map_sym_tab,
+                        structs_sym_tab,
+                    )
+            elif isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Name):
+                obj_name = expr.func.value.id
+                method_name = expr.func.attr
+                if obj_name in map_sym_tab:
+                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
+                        return handle_helper_call(
+                            expr,
+                            module,
+                            builder,
+                            func,
+                            local_sym_tab,
+                            map_sym_tab,
+                            structs_sym_tab,
+                        )
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
+        return _handle_attribute_expr(expr, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, builder)
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.BinOp):
+        from pythonbpf.binary_ops import handle_binary_op
+
+        return handle_binary_op(expr, builder, None, local_sym_tab)
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Compare):
+        return _handle_compare(
+            func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.UnaryOp):
+        return _handle_unary_op(
+            func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.BoolOp):
+        return _handle_boolean_op(
+            func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    logger.info("Unsupported expression evaluation")
+    return None
+
+
+def handle_expr(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab,
+):
+    """Handle expression statements in the function body."""
+    logger.info(f"Handling expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
+    call = expr.value
+    if isinstance(call, ast.Call):
+        eval_expr(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            call,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+    else:
+        logger.info("Unsupported expression type")

pythonbpf/expr/type_normalization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from llvmlite import ir
+import logging
+import ast
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+COMPARISON_OPS = {
+    ast.Eq: "==",
+    ast.NotEq: "!=",
+    ast.Lt: "<",
+    ast.LtE: "<=",
+    ast.Gt: ">",
+    ast.GtE: ">=",
+    ast.Is: "==",
+    ast.IsNot: "!=",
+}
+
+
+def _get_base_type_and_depth(ir_type):
+    """Get the base type for pointer types."""
+    cur_type = ir_type
+    depth = 0
+    while isinstance(cur_type, ir.PointerType):
+        depth += 1
+        cur_type = cur_type.pointee
+    return cur_type, depth
+
+
+def _deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, target_depth):
+    """Dereference a pointer to a certain depth."""
+
+    cur_val = val
+    cur_type = val.type
+
+    for depth in range(target_depth):
+        if not isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+            logger.error("Cannot dereference further, non-pointer type")
+            return None
+
+        # dereference with null check
+        pointee_type = cur_type.pointee
+        null_check_block = builder.block
+        not_null_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"deref_not_null_{depth}")
+        merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"deref_merge_{depth}")
+
+        null_ptr = ir.Constant(cur_type, None)
+        is_not_null = builder.icmp_signed("!=", cur_val, null_ptr)
+        logger.debug(f"Inserted null check for pointer at depth {depth}")
+
+        builder.cbranch(is_not_null, not_null_block, merge_block)
+
+        builder.position_at_end(not_null_block)
+        dereferenced_val = builder.load(cur_val)
+        logger.debug(f"Dereferenced to depth {depth - 1}, type: {pointee_type}")
+        builder.branch(merge_block)
+
+        builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+        phi = builder.phi(pointee_type, name=f"deref_result_{depth}")
+
+        zero_value = (
+            ir.Constant(pointee_type, 0)
+            if isinstance(pointee_type, ir.IntType)
+            else ir.Constant(pointee_type, None)
+        )
+        phi.add_incoming(zero_value, null_check_block)
+
+        phi.add_incoming(dereferenced_val, not_null_block)
+
+        # Continue with phi result
+        cur_val = phi
+        cur_type = pointee_type
+    return cur_val
+
+
+def _normalize_types(func, builder, lhs, rhs):
+    """Normalize types for comparison."""
+
+    logger.info(f"Normalizing types: {lhs.type} vs {rhs.type}")
+    if isinstance(lhs.type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(rhs.type, ir.IntType):
+        if lhs.type.width < rhs.type.width:
+            lhs = builder.sext(lhs, rhs.type)
+        else:
+            rhs = builder.sext(rhs, lhs.type)
+        return lhs, rhs
+    elif not isinstance(lhs.type, ir.PointerType) and not isinstance(
+        rhs.type, ir.PointerType
+    ):
+        logger.error(f"Type mismatch: {lhs.type} vs {rhs.type}")
+        return None, None
+    else:
+        lhs_base, lhs_depth = _get_base_type_and_depth(lhs.type)
+        rhs_base, rhs_depth = _get_base_type_and_depth(rhs.type)
+        if lhs_base == rhs_base:
+            if lhs_depth < rhs_depth:
+                rhs = _deref_to_depth(func, builder, rhs, rhs_depth - lhs_depth)
+            elif rhs_depth < lhs_depth:
+                lhs = _deref_to_depth(func, builder, lhs, lhs_depth - rhs_depth)
+            return _normalize_types(func, builder, lhs, rhs)
+
+
+def convert_to_bool(builder, val):
+    """Convert a value to boolean."""
+    if val.type == ir.IntType(1):
+        return val
+    if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+        zero = ir.Constant(val.type, None)
+    else:
+        zero = ir.Constant(val.type, 0)
+    return builder.icmp_signed("!=", val, zero)
+
+
+def handle_comparator(func, builder, op, lhs, rhs):
+    """Handle comparison operations."""
+
+    if lhs.type != rhs.type:
+        lhs, rhs = _normalize_types(func, builder, lhs, rhs)
+
+    if lhs is None or rhs is None:
+        return None
+
+    if type(op) not in COMPARISON_OPS:
+        logger.error(f"Unsupported comparison operator: {type(op)}")
+        return None
+
+    predicate = COMPARISON_OPS[type(op)]
+    result = builder.icmp_signed(predicate, lhs, rhs)
+    logger.debug(f"Comparison result: {result}")
+    return result, ir.IntType(1)

pythonbpf/expr_pass.py

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-import ast
-from llvmlite import ir
-
-
-def eval_expr(func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None, local_var_metadata=None):
-    print(f"Evaluating expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
-    print(local_var_metadata)
-    if isinstance(expr, ast.Name):
-        if expr.id in local_sym_tab:
-            var = local_sym_tab[expr.id][0]
-            val = builder.load(var)
-            return val, local_sym_tab[expr.id][1]  # return value and type
-        else:
-            print(f"Undefined variable {expr.id}")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Constant):
-        if isinstance(expr.value, int):
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), expr.value), ir.IntType(64)
-        elif isinstance(expr.value, bool):
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), int(expr.value)), ir.IntType(1)
-        else:
-            print("Unsupported constant type")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Call):
-        # delayed import to avoid circular dependency
-        from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call
-
-        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name):
-            # check deref
-            if expr.func.id == "deref":
-                print(f"Handling deref {ast.dump(expr)}")
-                if len(expr.args) != 1:
-                    print("deref takes exactly one argument")
-                    return None
-                arg = expr.args[0]
-                if isinstance(arg, ast.Call) and isinstance(arg.func, ast.Name) and arg.func.id == "deref":
-                    print("Multiple deref not supported")
-                    return None
-                if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
-                    if arg.id in local_sym_tab:
-                        arg = local_sym_tab[arg.id][0]
-                    else:
-                        print(f"Undefined variable {arg.id}")
-                        return None
-                if arg is None:
-                    print("Failed to evaluate deref argument")
-                    return None
-                # Since we are handling only name case, directly take type from sym tab
-                val = builder.load(arg)
-                return val, local_sym_tab[expr.args[0].id][1]
-
-            # check for helpers
-            if expr.func.id in HelperHandlerRegistry._handlers:
-                return handle_helper_call(
-                    expr, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-        elif isinstance(expr.func, ast.Attribute):
-            print(f"Handling method call: {ast.dump(expr.func)}")
-            if isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(expr.func.value.func, ast.Name):
-                method_name = expr.func.attr
-                if method_name in HelperHandlerRegistry._handlers:
-                    return handle_helper_call(
-                        expr, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-            elif isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Name):
-                obj_name = expr.func.value.id
-                method_name = expr.func.attr
-                if obj_name in map_sym_tab:
-                    if method_name in HelperHandlerRegistry._handlers:
-                        return handle_helper_call(
-                            expr, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
-        if isinstance(expr.value, ast.Name):
-            var_name = expr.value.id
-            attr_name = expr.attr
-            if var_name in local_sym_tab:
-                var_ptr, var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name]
-                print(f"Loading attribute "
-                      f"{attr_name} from variable {var_name}")
-                print(f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}")
-                print(local_var_metadata)
-                if local_var_metadata and var_name in local_var_metadata:
-                    metadata = structs_sym_tab[local_var_metadata[var_name]]
-                    if attr_name in metadata.fields:
-                        gep = metadata.gep(builder, var_ptr, attr_name)
-                        val = builder.load(gep)
-                        field_type = metadata.field_type(attr_name)
-                        return val, field_type
-    print("Unsupported expression evaluation")
-    return None
-
-
-def handle_expr(func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata):
-    """Handle expression statements in the function body."""
-    print(f"Handling expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
-    print(local_var_metadata)
-    call = expr.value
-    if isinstance(call, ast.Call):
-        eval_expr(func, module, builder, call, local_sym_tab,
-                  map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-    else:
-        print("Unsupported expression type")

pythonbpf/functions/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .functions_pass import func_proc
+
+__all__ = ["func_proc"]

pythonbpf/functions/func_registry_handlers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+
+class StatementHandlerRegistry:
+    """Registry for statement handlers."""
+
+    _handlers: Dict = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, stmt_type):
+        """Register a handler for a specific statement type."""
+
+        def decorator(handler):
+            cls._handlers[stmt_type] = handler
+            return handler
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __getitem__(cls, stmt_type):
+        """Get the handler for a specific statement type."""
+        return cls._handlers.get(stmt_type, None)

pythonbpf/functions/functions_pass.py

@@ -1,13 +1,30 @@
 from llvmlite import ir
 import ast
+import logging
+from typing import Any
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call
+from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.binary_ops import handle_binary_op
+from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, handle_expr, convert_to_bool
+
+from .return_utils import _handle_none_return, _handle_xdp_return, _is_xdp_name
 
 
-from .helper import HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-from .type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
-from .binary_ops import handle_binary_op
-from .expr_pass import eval_expr, handle_expr
 
-local_var_metadata = {}
+
+@dataclass
+class LocalSymbol:
+    var: ir.AllocaInstr
+    ir_type: ir.Type
+    metadata: Any = None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield self.var
+        yield self.ir_type
+        yield self.metadata
 
 
 def get_probe_string(func_node):
@@ -27,34 +44,45 @@ def get_probe_string(func_node):
     return "helper"
 
 
-def handle_assign(func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+def handle_assign(
+    func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Handle assignment statements in the function body."""
     if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
-        print("Unsupported multiassignment")
+        logger.info("Unsupported multiassignment")
         return
 
     num_types = ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64")
 
     target = stmt.targets[0]
-    print(f"Handling assignment to {ast.dump(target)}")
+    logger.info(f"Handling assignment to {ast.dump(target)}")
     if not isinstance(target, ast.Name) and not isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
-        print("Unsupported assignment target")
+        logger.info("Unsupported assignment target")
         return
     var_name = target.id if isinstance(target, ast.Name) else target.value.id
     rval = stmt.value
     if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
         # struct field assignment
         field_name = target.attr
-        if var_name in local_sym_tab and var_name in local_var_metadata:
+        if var_name in local_sym_tab:
-            struct_type = local_var_metadata[var_name]
+            struct_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
             struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]
-
             if field_name in struct_info.fields:
                 field_ptr = struct_info.gep(
-                    builder, local_sym_tab[var_name][0], field_name)
+                    builder, local_sym_tab[var_name].var, field_name
-                val = eval_expr(func, module, builder, rval,
+                )
-                                local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+                val = eval_expr(
-                if isinstance(struct_info.field_type(field_name), ir.ArrayType) and val[1] == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
+                    func,
+                    module,
+                    builder,
+                    rval,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    map_sym_tab,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                )
+                if isinstance(struct_info.field_type(field_name), ir.ArrayType) and val[
+                    1
+                ] == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
                     # TODO: Figure it out, not a priority rn
                     # Special case for string assignment to char array
                     # str_len = struct_info["field_types"][field_idx].count
@@ -62,187 +90,171 @@ def handle_assign(func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, struc
                     # print(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
                     pass
                 if val is None:
-                    print("Failed to evaluate struct field assignment")
+                    logger.info("Failed to evaluate struct field assignment")
                     return
-                print(field_ptr)
+                logger.info(field_ptr)
                 builder.store(val[0], field_ptr)
-                print(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
+                logger.info(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
                 return
     elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
         if isinstance(rval.value, bool):
             if rval.value:
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1),
+                builder.store(
-                              local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                    ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1), local_sym_tab[var_name].var
+                )
             else:
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 0),
+                builder.store(
-                              local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                    ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 0), local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-            print(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
+                )
+            logger.info(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
         elif isinstance(rval.value, int):
             # Assume c_int64 for now
             # var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
             # var.align = 8
-            builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), rval.value),
+            builder.store(
-                          local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), rval.value), local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-            # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
+            )
-            print(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
+            logger.info(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
         elif isinstance(rval.value, str):
-            str_val = rval.value.encode('utf-8') + b'\x00'
+            str_val = rval.value.encode("utf-8") + b"\x00"
-            str_const = ir.Constant(ir.ArrayType(
+            str_const = ir.Constant(
-                ir.IntType(8), len(str_val)), bytearray(str_val))
+                ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(str_val)), bytearray(str_val)
+            )
             global_str = ir.GlobalVariable(
-                module, str_const.type, name=f"{var_name}_str")
+                module, str_const.type, name=f"{var_name}_str"
-            global_str.linkage = 'internal'
+            )
+            global_str.linkage = "internal"
             global_str.global_constant = True
             global_str.initializer = str_const
-            str_ptr = builder.bitcast(
+            str_ptr = builder.bitcast(global_str, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)))
-                global_str, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)))
+            builder.store(str_ptr, local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-            builder.store(str_ptr, local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+            logger.info(f"Assigned string constant '{rval.value}' to {var_name}")
-            print(f"Assigned string constant '{rval.value}' to {var_name}")
         else:
-            print("Unsupported constant type")
+            logger.info("Unsupported constant type")
     elif isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
         if isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
             call_type = rval.func.id
-            print(f"Assignment call type: {call_type}")
+            logger.info(f"Assignment call type: {call_type}")
-            if call_type in num_types and len(rval.args) == 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Constant) and isinstance(rval.args[0].value, int):
+            if (
+                call_type in num_types
+                and len(rval.args) == 1
+                and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Constant)
+                and isinstance(rval.args[0].value, int)
+            ):
                 ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
                 # var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                 # var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(
+                builder.store(
-                    ir_type, rval.args[0].value), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                    ir.Constant(ir_type, rval.args[0].value),
-                print(f"Assigned {call_type} constant "
+                    local_sym_tab[var_name].var,
-                      f"{rval.args[0].value} to {var_name}")
+                )
-                # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
+                logger.info(
-            elif call_type in HelperHandlerRegistry._handlers:
+                    f"Assigned {call_type} constant {rval.args[0].value} to {var_name}"
+                )
+            elif HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_type):
                 # var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
                 # var.align = 8
                 val = handle_helper_call(
-                    rval, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
+                    rval,
-                builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                    module,
-                # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
+                    builder,
-                print(f"Assigned constant {rval.func.id} to {var_name}")
+                    func,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    map_sym_tab,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                )
+                builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
+                logger.info(f"Assigned constant {rval.func.id} to {var_name}")
             elif call_type == "deref" and len(rval.args) == 1:
-                print(f"Handling deref assignment {ast.dump(rval)}")
+                logger.info(f"Handling deref assignment {ast.dump(rval)}")
-                val = eval_expr(func, module, builder, rval,
+                val = eval_expr(
-                                local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+                    func,
+                    module,
+                    builder,
+                    rval,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    map_sym_tab,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                )
                 if val is None:
-                    print("Failed to evaluate deref argument")
+                    logger.info("Failed to evaluate deref argument")
                     return
-                print(f"Dereferenced value: {val}, storing in {var_name}")
+                logger.info(f"Dereferenced value: {val}, storing in {var_name}")
-                builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-                # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
+                logger.info(f"Dereferenced and assigned to {var_name}")
-                print(f"Dereferenced and assigned to {var_name}")
             elif call_type in structs_sym_tab and len(rval.args) == 0:
                 struct_info = structs_sym_tab[call_type]
                 ir_type = struct_info.ir_type
                 # var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                 # Null init
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir_type, None),
+                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir_type, None), local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-                              local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                logger.info(f"Assigned struct {call_type} to {var_name}")
-                local_var_metadata[var_name] = call_type
-                print(f"Assigned struct {call_type} to {var_name}")
-                # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
             else:
-                print(f"Unsupported assignment call type: {call_type}")
+                logger.info(f"Unsupported assignment call type: {call_type}")
         elif isinstance(rval.func, ast.Attribute):
-            print(f"Assignment call attribute: {ast.dump(rval.func)}")
+            logger.info(f"Assignment call attribute: {ast.dump(rval.func)}")
             if isinstance(rval.func.value, ast.Name):
-                # TODO: probably a struct access
+                if rval.func.value.id in map_sym_tab:
-                print(f"TODO STRUCT ACCESS {ast.dump(rval)}")
+                    map_name = rval.func.value.id
-            elif isinstance(rval.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(rval.func.value.func, ast.Name):
+                    method_name = rval.func.attr
+                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
+                        val = handle_helper_call(
+                            rval,
+                            module,
+                            builder,
+                            func,
+                            local_sym_tab,
+                            map_sym_tab,
+                            structs_sym_tab,
+                        )
+                        builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
+                else:
+                    # TODO: probably a struct access
+                    logger.info(f"TODO STRUCT ACCESS {ast.dump(rval)}")
+            elif isinstance(rval.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(
+                rval.func.value.func, ast.Name
+            ):
                 map_name = rval.func.value.func.id
                 method_name = rval.func.attr
                 if map_name in map_sym_tab:
-                    map_ptr = map_sym_tab[map_name]
+                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
-                    if method_name in HelperHandlerRegistry._handlers:
                         val = handle_helper_call(
-                            rval, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
+                            rval,
+                            module,
+                            builder,
+                            func,
+                            local_sym_tab,
+                            map_sym_tab,
+                            structs_sym_tab,
+                        )
                         # var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
                         # var.align = 8
-                        builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
+                        builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-                        # local_sym_tab[var_name] = var
             else:
-                print("Unsupported assignment call structure")
+                logger.info("Unsupported assignment call structure")
         else:
-            print("Unsupported assignment call function type")
+            logger.info("Unsupported assignment call function type")
     elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
-        handle_binary_op(rval, module, builder, var_name,
+        handle_binary_op(rval, builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
-                         local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, func)
     else:
-        print("Unsupported assignment value type")
+        logger.info("Unsupported assignment value type")
 
 
-def handle_cond(func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab):
+def handle_cond(
-    if isinstance(cond, ast.Constant):
+    func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
-        if isinstance(cond.value, bool):
+):
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), int(cond.value))
+    val = eval_expr(
-        elif isinstance(cond.value, int):
+        func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), int(bool(cond.value)))
+    )[0]
-        else:
+    return convert_to_bool(builder, val)
-            print("Unsupported constant type in condition")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(cond, ast.Name):
-        if cond.id in local_sym_tab:
-            var = local_sym_tab[cond.id][0]
-            val = builder.load(var)
-            if val.type != ir.IntType(1):
-                # Convert nonzero values to true, zero to false
-                if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
-                    # For pointer types, compare with null pointer
-                    zero = ir.Constant(val.type, None)
-                else:
-                    # For integer types, compare with zero
-                    zero = ir.Constant(val.type, 0)
-                val = builder.icmp_signed("!=", val, zero)
-            return val
-        else:
-            print(f"Undefined variable {cond.id} in condition")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(cond, ast.Compare):
-        lhs = eval_expr(func, module, builder, cond.left,
-                        local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)[0]
-        if len(cond.ops) != 1 or len(cond.comparators) != 1:
-            print("Unsupported complex comparison")
-            return None
-        rhs = eval_expr(func, module, builder,
-                        cond.comparators[0], local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)[0]
-        op = cond.ops[0]
-
-        if lhs.type != rhs.type:
-            if isinstance(lhs.type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(rhs.type, ir.IntType):
-                # Extend the smaller type to the larger type
-                if lhs.type.width < rhs.type.width:
-                    lhs = builder.sext(lhs, rhs.type)
-                elif lhs.type.width > rhs.type.width:
-                    rhs = builder.sext(rhs, lhs.type)
-            else:
-                print("Type mismatch in comparison")
-                return None
-
-        if isinstance(op, ast.Eq):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("==", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.NotEq):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("!=", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.Lt):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("<", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.LtE):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("<=", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.Gt):
-            return builder.icmp_signed(">", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.GtE):
-            return builder.icmp_signed(">=", lhs, rhs)
-        else:
-            print("Unsupported comparison operator")
-            return None
-    else:
-        print("Unsupported condition expression")
-        return None
 
 
-def handle_if(func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None):
+def handle_if(
+    func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
     """Handle if statements in the function body."""
-    print("Handling if statement")
+    logger.info("Handling if statement")
-    start = builder.block.parent
+    # start = builder.block.parent
     then_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.then")
     merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.end")
     if stmt.orelse:
@@ -250,8 +262,9 @@ def handle_if(func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_s
     else:
         else_block = None
 
-    cond = handle_cond(func, module, builder, stmt.test,
+    cond = handle_cond(
-                       local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)
+        func, module, builder, stmt.test, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
     if else_block:
         builder.cbranch(cond, then_block, else_block)
     else:
@@ -259,82 +272,135 @@ def handle_if(func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_s
 
     builder.position_at_end(then_block)
     for s in stmt.body:
-        process_stmt(func, module, builder, s,
+        process_stmt(
-                     local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, False)
+            func, module, builder, s, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, False
+        )
     if not builder.block.is_terminated:
         builder.branch(merge_block)
 
     if else_block:
         builder.position_at_end(else_block)
         for s in stmt.orelse:
-            process_stmt(func, module, builder, s,
+            process_stmt(
-                         local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, False)
+                func,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                s,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+                False,
+            )
         if not builder.block.is_terminated:
             builder.branch(merge_block)
 
     builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
 
 
-def process_stmt(func, module, builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, did_return, ret_type=ir.IntType(64)):
+def handle_return(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, ret_type):
-    print(f"Processing statement: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
+    logger.info(f"Handling return statement: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
+    if stmt.value is None:
+        return _handle_none_return(builder)
+    elif isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name) and _is_xdp_name(stmt.value.id):
+        return _handle_xdp_return(stmt, builder, ret_type)
+    else:
+        val = eval_expr(
+            func=None,
+            module=None,
+            builder=builder,
+            expr=stmt.value,
+            local_sym_tab=local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab={},
+            structs_sym_tab={},
+        )
+        logger.info(f"Evaluated return expression to {val}")
+        builder.ret(val[0])
+        return True
+
+
+def process_stmt(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    stmt,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab,
+    did_return,
+    ret_type=ir.IntType(64),
+):
+    logger.info(f"Processing statement: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
     if isinstance(stmt, ast.Expr):
-        print(local_var_metadata)
+        handle_expr(
-        handle_expr(func, module, builder, stmt, local_sym_tab,
+            func,
-                    map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
     elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
-        handle_assign(func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab,
+        handle_assign(
-                      local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+            func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
     elif isinstance(stmt, ast.AugAssign):
         raise SyntaxError("Augmented assignment not supported")
     elif isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
-        handle_if(func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab,
+        handle_if(
-                  local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+            func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
     elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Return):
-        if stmt.value is None:
+        did_return = handle_return(
-            builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0))
+            builder,
-            did_return = True
+            stmt,
-        elif isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(stmt.value.func, ast.Name) and len(stmt.value.args) == 1 and isinstance(stmt.value.args[0], ast.Constant) and isinstance(stmt.value.args[0].value, int):
+            local_sym_tab,
-            call_type = stmt.value.func.id
+            ret_type,
-            if ctypes_to_ir(call_type) != ret_type:
+        )
-                raise ValueError("Return type mismatch: expected"
-                                 f"{ctypes_to_ir(call_type)}, got {call_type}")
-            else:
-                builder.ret(ir.Constant(
-                    ret_type, stmt.value.args[0].value))
-                did_return = True
-        elif isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name):
-            if stmt.value.id == "XDP_PASS":
-                builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, 2))
-                did_return = True
-            elif stmt.value.id == "XDP_DROP":
-                builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, 1))
-                did_return = True
-            else:
-                raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate return expression")
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("Unsupported return value")
     return did_return
 
 
-def allocate_mem(module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+def allocate_mem(
+    module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     for stmt in body:
+        has_metadata = False
         if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
             if stmt.body:
                 local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
-                    module, builder, stmt.body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+                    module,
+                    builder,
+                    stmt.body,
+                    func,
+                    ret_type,
+                    map_sym_tab,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                )
             if stmt.orelse:
                 local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
-                    module, builder, stmt.orelse, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+                    module,
+                    builder,
+                    stmt.orelse,
+                    func,
+                    ret_type,
+                    map_sym_tab,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                )
         elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
             if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
-                print("Unsupported multiassignment")
+                logger.info("Unsupported multiassignment")
                 continue
             target = stmt.targets[0]
             if not isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-                print("Unsupported assignment target")
+                logger.info("Unsupported assignment target")
                 continue
             var_name = target.id
             rval = stmt.value
+            if var_name in local_sym_tab:
+                logger.info(f"Variable {var_name} already allocated")
+                continue
             if isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
                 if isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
                     call_type = rval.func.id
@@ -342,76 +408,77 @@ def allocate_mem(module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_t
                         ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
                         var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                         var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                        print(
+                        logger.info(
-                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type {call_type}")
+                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type {call_type}"
-                    elif call_type in HelperHandlerRegistry._handlers:
+                        )
+                    elif HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_type):
                         # Assume return type is int64 for now
                         ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
                         var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                         var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                        print(
+                        logger.info(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for helper")
-                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for helper")
                     elif call_type == "deref" and len(rval.args) == 1:
                         # Assume return type is int64 for now
                         ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
                         var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                         var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                        print(
+                        logger.info(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for deref")
-                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for deref")
                     elif call_type in structs_sym_tab:
                         struct_info = structs_sym_tab[call_type]
                         ir_type = struct_info.ir_type
                         var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                        local_var_metadata[var_name] = call_type
+                        has_metadata = True
-                        print(
+                        logger.info(
-                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for struct {call_type}")
+                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for struct {call_type}"
+                        )
                 elif isinstance(rval.func, ast.Attribute):
                     ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))
                     var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                     # var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                    print(
+                    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for map")
-                        f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for map")
                 else:
-                    print("Unsupported assignment call function type")
+                    logger.info("Unsupported assignment call function type")
                     continue
             elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
                 if isinstance(rval.value, bool):
                     ir_type = ir.IntType(1)
                     var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                     var.align = 1
-                    print(
+                    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_bool")
-                        f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_bool")
                 elif isinstance(rval.value, int):
                     # Assume c_int64 for now
                     ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
                     var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                     var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                    print(
+                    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_int64")
-                        f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_int64")
                 elif isinstance(rval.value, str):
                     ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
                     var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                     var.align = 8
-                    print(
+                    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type string")
-                        f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type string")
                 else:
-                    print(f"Unsupported constant type")
+                    logger.info("Unsupported constant type")
                     continue
             elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
                 # Assume c_int64 for now
                 ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
                 var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
                 var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                print(
+                logger.info(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_int64")
-                    f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_int64")
             else:
-                print("Unsupported assignment value type")
+                logger.info("Unsupported assignment value type")
                 continue
-            local_sym_tab[var_name] = (var, ir_type)
+
+            if has_metadata:
+                local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type, call_type)
+            else:
+                local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
     return local_sym_tab
 
 
-def process_func_body(module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+def process_func_body(
+    module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Process the body of a bpf function"""
     # TODO: A lot.  We just have print -> bpf_trace_printk for now
     did_return = False
@@ -420,16 +487,33 @@ def process_func_body(module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, s
 
     # pre-allocate dynamic variables
     local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
-        module, builder, func_node.body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+        module,
+        builder,
+        func_node.body,
+        func,
+        ret_type,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
 
-    print(f"Local symbol table: {local_sym_tab.keys()}")
+    logger.info(f"Local symbol table: {local_sym_tab.keys()}")
 
     for stmt in func_node.body:
-        did_return = process_stmt(func, module, builder, stmt, local_sym_tab,
+        did_return = process_stmt(
-                                  map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, did_return, ret_type)
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+            did_return,
+            ret_type,
+        )
 
     if not did_return:
-        builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0))
+        builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0))
 
 
 def process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, return_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
@@ -465,8 +549,9 @@ def process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, return_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_t
     block = func.append_basic_block(name="entry")
     builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
 
-    process_func_body(module, builder, func_node, func,
+    process_func_body(
-                      ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+        module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
     return func
 
 
@@ -474,16 +559,25 @@ def func_proc(tree, module, chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
     for func_node in chunks:
         is_global = False
         for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
-            if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id in ("map", "bpfglobal", "struct"):
+            if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id in (
+                "map",
+                "bpfglobal",
+                "struct",
+            ):
                 is_global = True
                 break
         if is_global:
             continue
         func_type = get_probe_string(func_node)
-        print(f"Found probe_string of {func_node.name}: {func_type}")
+        logger.info(f"Found probe_string of {func_node.name}: {func_type}")
 
-        process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, ctypes_to_ir(
+        process_bpf_chunk(
-            infer_return_type(func_node)), map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+            func_node,
+            module,
+            ctypes_to_ir(infer_return_type(func_node)),
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
 
 
 def infer_return_type(func_node: ast.FunctionDef):
@@ -533,16 +627,17 @@ def infer_return_type(func_node: ast.FunctionDef):
             return ast.unparse(e)
         except Exception:
             return type(e).__name__
-    for node in ast.walk(func_node):
+
-        if isinstance(node, ast.Return):
+    for walked_node in ast.walk(func_node):
-            t = _expr_type(node.value)
+        if isinstance(walked_node, ast.Return):
+            t = _expr_type(walked_node.value)
             if found_type is None:
                 found_type = t
             elif found_type != t:
-                raise ValueError("Conflicting return types:"
+                raise ValueError(f"Conflicting return types: {found_type} vs {t}")
-                                 f"{found_type} vs {t}")
     return found_type or "None"
 
+
 # For string assignment to fixed-size arrays
 
 
@@ -551,7 +646,7 @@ def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_l
     Copy a string (i8*) to a fixed-size array ([N x i8]*)
     """
     # Create a loop to copy characters one by one
-    entry_block = builder.block
+    # entry_block = builder.block
     copy_block = builder.append_basic_block("copy_char")
     end_block = builder.append_basic_block("copy_end")
 
@@ -566,7 +661,8 @@ def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_l
     builder.position_at_end(copy_block)
     idx = builder.load(i)
     in_bounds = builder.icmp_unsigned(
-        '<', idx, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length))
+        "<", idx, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length)
+    )
     builder.cbranch(in_bounds, copy_block, end_block)
 
     with builder.if_then(in_bounds):
@@ -575,8 +671,7 @@ def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_l
         char = builder.load(src_ptr)
 
         # Store character in target
-        dst_ptr = builder.gep(
+        dst_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), idx])
-            target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), idx])
         builder.store(char, dst_ptr)
 
         # Increment counter
@@ -587,6 +682,5 @@ def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_l
 
     # Ensure null termination
     last_idx = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length - 1)
-    null_ptr = builder.gep(
+    null_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), last_idx])
-        target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), last_idx])
     builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(8), 0), null_ptr)

pythonbpf/functions/return_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import logging
+import ast
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+
+logger: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+XDP_ACTIONS = {
+    "XDP_ABORTED": 0,
+    "XDP_DROP": 1,
+    "XDP_PASS": 2,
+    "XDP_TX": 3,
+    "XDP_REDIRECT": 4,
+}
+
+
+def _handle_none_return(builder) -> bool:
+    """Handle return or return None -> returns 0."""
+    builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0))
+    logger.debug("Generated default return: 0")
+    return True
+
+
+def _is_xdp_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if a name is an XDP action"""
+    return name in XDP_ACTIONS
+
+
+def _handle_xdp_return(stmt: ast.Return, builder, ret_type) -> bool:
+    """Handle XDP returns"""
+    if not isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name):
+        return False
+
+    action_name = stmt.value.id
+
+    if action_name not in XDP_ACTIONS:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unknown XDP action: {action_name}. Available: {XDP_ACTIONS.keys()}"
+        )
+        return False
+
+    value = XDP_ACTIONS[action_name]
+    builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, value))
+    logger.debug(f"Generated XDP action return: {action_name} = {value}")
+    return True

pythonbpf/helper/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,13 @@
 from .helper_utils import HelperHandlerRegistry
 from .bpf_helper_handler import handle_helper_call
+from .helpers import ktime, pid, deref, XDP_DROP, XDP_PASS
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HelperHandlerRegistry",
+    "handle_helper_call",
+    "ktime",
+    "pid",
+    "deref",
+    "XDP_DROP",
+    "XDP_PASS",
+]

pythonbpf/helper/bpf_helper_handler.py

@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 import ast
 from llvmlite import ir
-from pythonbpf.expr_pass import eval_expr
 from enum import Enum
-from .helper_utils import HelperHandlerRegistry
+from .helper_utils import (
+    HelperHandlerRegistry,
+    get_or_create_ptr_from_arg,
+    get_flags_val,
+    handle_fstring_print,
+    simple_string_print,
+    get_data_ptr_and_size,
+)
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class BPFHelperID(Enum):
@@ -16,9 +26,15 @@ class BPFHelperID(Enum):
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("ktime")
-def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(
-                             local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                             local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ktime_get_ns helper function call.
     """
@@ -32,49 +48,33 @@ def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("lookup")
-def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
-                                local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_lookup_elem helper function call.
     """
-    if call.args and len(call.args) != 1:
+    if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
-        raise ValueError("Map lookup expects exactly one argument, got "
+        raise ValueError(
-                         f"{len(call.args)}")
+            f"Map lookup expects exactly one argument (key), got {len(call.args)}"
-    key_arg = call.args[0]
+        )
-    if isinstance(key_arg, ast.Name):
+    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab)
-        key_name = key_arg.id
-        if local_sym_tab and key_name in local_sym_tab:
-            key_ptr = local_sym_tab[key_name][0]
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Key variable {key_name} not found in local symbol table.")
-    elif isinstance(key_arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(key_arg.value, int):
-        # handle constant integer keys
-        key_val = key_arg.value
-        key_type = ir.IntType(64)
-        key_ptr = builder.alloca(key_type)
-        key_ptr.align = key_type // 8
-        builder.store(ir.Constant(key_type, key_val), key_ptr)
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple variable names are supported as keys in map lookup.")
-
-    if key_ptr is None:
-        raise ValueError("Key pointer is None.")
-
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
 
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.PointerType(),  # Return type: void*
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType()],  # Args: (void*, void*)
-        var_arg=False
+        var_arg=False,
     )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
-    # Helper ID 1 is bpf_map_lookup_elem
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM.value)
-    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr], tail=False)
@@ -83,258 +83,88 @@ def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("print")
-def bpf_printk_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_printk_emitter(
-                       local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                       local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Emit LLVM IR for bpf_printk helper function call."""
     if not hasattr(func, "_fmt_counter"):
         func._fmt_counter = 0
 
     if not call.args:
-        raise ValueError("print expects at least one argument")
+        raise ValueError("bpf_printk expects at least one argument (format string)")
 
+    args = []
     if isinstance(call.args[0], ast.JoinedStr):
-        fmt_parts = []
+        args = handle_fstring_print(
-        exprs = []
+            call.args[0],
-
+            module,
-        for value in call.args[0].values:
+            builder,
-            print("Value in f-string:", ast.dump(value))
+            func,
-            if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
+            local_sym_tab,
-                if isinstance(value.value, str):
+            struct_sym_tab,
-                    fmt_parts.append(value.value)
+        )
-                elif isinstance(value.value, int):
+    elif isinstance(call.args[0], ast.Constant) and isinstance(call.args[0].value, str):
-                    fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+        # TODO: We are only supporting single arguments for now.
-                    exprs.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), value.value))
+        # In case of multiple args, the first one will be taken.
-                else:
+        args = simple_string_print(call.args[0].value, module, builder, func)
-                    raise NotImplementedError(
+    else:
-                        "Only string and integer constants are supported in f-string.")
+        raise NotImplementedError(
-            elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
+            "Only simple strings or f-strings are supported in bpf_printk."
-                print("Formatted value:", ast.dump(value))
-                # TODO: Dirty handling here, only checks for int or str
-                if isinstance(value.value, ast.Name):
-                    if local_sym_tab and value.value.id in local_sym_tab:
-                        var_ptr, var_type = local_sym_tab[value.value.id]
-                        if isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType):
-                            fmt_parts.append("%lld")
-                            exprs.append(value.value)
-                        elif var_type == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
-                            # Case with string
-                            fmt_parts.append("%s")
-                            exprs.append(value.value)
-                        else:
-                            raise NotImplementedError(
-                                "Only integer and pointer types are supported in formatted values.")
-                    else:
-                        raise ValueError(
-                            f"Variable {value.value.id} not found in local symbol table.")
-                elif isinstance(value.value, ast.Attribute):
-                    # object field access from struct
-                    if (isinstance(value.value.value, ast.Name) and
-                        local_sym_tab and
-                            value.value.value.id in local_sym_tab):
-                        var_name = value.value.value.id
-                        field_name = value.value.attr
-                        if local_var_metadata and var_name in local_var_metadata:
-                            var_type = local_var_metadata[var_name]
-                            if var_type in struct_sym_tab:
-                                struct_info = struct_sym_tab[var_type]
-                                if field_name in struct_info.fields:
-                                    field_type = struct_info.field_type(
-                                        field_name)
-                                    if isinstance(field_type, ir.IntType):
-                                        fmt_parts.append("%lld")
-                                        exprs.append(value.value)
-                                    elif field_type == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
-                                        fmt_parts.append("%s")
-                                        exprs.append(value.value)
-                                    else:
-                                        raise NotImplementedError(
-                                            "Only integer and pointer types are supported in formatted values.")
-                                else:
-                                    raise ValueError(
-                                        f"Field {field_name} not found in struct {var_type}.")
-                            else:
-                                raise ValueError(
-                                    f"Struct type {var_type} for variable {var_name} not found in struct symbol table.")
-                        else:
-                            raise ValueError(
-                                f"Metadata for variable {var_name} not found in local variable metadata.")
-                    else:
-                        raise ValueError(
-                            f"Variable {value.value.value.id} not found in local symbol table.")
-                else:
-                    raise NotImplementedError(
-                        "Only simple variable names are supported in formatted values.")
-            else:
-                raise NotImplementedError(
-                    "Unsupported value type in f-string.")
-
-        fmt_str = "".join(fmt_parts) + "\n" + "\0"
-        fmt_name = f"{func.name}____fmt{func._fmt_counter}"
-        func._fmt_counter += 1
-
-        fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
-            module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name)
-        fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
-        fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(                 # type: ignore
-            ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)),
-            bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
         )
-        fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
-        fmt_gvar.align = 1              # type: ignore
 
-        fmt_ptr = builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64), [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32)], var_arg=True
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PRINTK.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
-        args = [fmt_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), len(fmt_str))]
+    builder.call(fn_ptr, args, tail=True)
-
-        # Only 3 args supported in bpf_printk
-        if len(exprs) > 3:
-            print(
-                "Warning: bpf_printk supports up to 3 arguments, extra arguments will be ignored.")
-
-        for expr in exprs[:3]:
-            print(f"{ast.dump(expr)}")
-            val, _ = eval_expr(func, module, builder,
-                               expr, local_sym_tab, None, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-            if val:
-                if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
-                    val = builder.ptrtoint(val, ir.IntType(64))
-                elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
-                    if val.type.width < 64:
-                        val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
-                else:
-                    print(
-                        "Warning: Only integer and pointer types are supported in bpf_printk arguments. Others will be converted to 0.")
-                    val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-                args.append(val)
-            else:
-                print(
-                    "Warning: Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk argument. It will be converted to 0.")
-                args.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0))
-        fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(
-            64), [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32)], var_arg=True)
-        fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
-        fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 6)
-        fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
-        return builder.call(fn_ptr, args, tail=True)
-
-    for arg in call.args:
-        if isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, str):
-            fmt_str = arg.value + "\n" + "\0"
-            fmt_name = f"{func.name}____fmt{func._fmt_counter}"
-            func._fmt_counter += 1
-
-            fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
-                module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name)
-            fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
-            fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(     # type: ignore
-                ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)),
-                bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
-            )
-            fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
-            fmt_gvar.align = 1      # type: ignore
-
-            fmt_ptr = builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
-
-            fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(
-                64), [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32)], var_arg=True)
-            fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
-            fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PRINTK.value)
-            fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
-
-            builder.call(fn_ptr, [fmt_ptr, ir.Constant(
-                ir.IntType(32), len(fmt_str))], tail=True)
     return None
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("update")
-def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
-                                local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_update_elem helper function call.
     Expected call signature: map.update(key, value, flags=0)
     """
-    if (not call.args or
+    if not call.args or len(call.args) < 2 or len(call.args) > 3:
-        len(call.args) < 2 or
+        raise ValueError(
-            len(call.args) > 3):
+            f"Map update expects 2 or 3 args (key, value, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
-        raise ValueError("Map update expects 2 or 3 arguments (key, value, flags), got "
+        )
-                         f"{len(call.args)}")
 
     key_arg = call.args[0]
     value_arg = call.args[1]
     flags_arg = call.args[2] if len(call.args) > 2 else None
 
-    # Handle key
+    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(key_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
-    if isinstance(key_arg, ast.Name):
+    value_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(value_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
-        key_name = key_arg.id
+    flags_val = get_flags_val(flags_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
-        if local_sym_tab and key_name in local_sym_tab:
-            key_ptr = local_sym_tab[key_name][0]
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Key variable {key_name} not found in local symbol table.")
-    elif isinstance(key_arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(key_arg.value, int):
-        # Handle constant integer keys
-        key_val = key_arg.value
-        key_type = ir.IntType(64)
-        key_ptr = builder.alloca(key_type)
-        key_ptr.align = key_type.width // 8
-        builder.store(ir.Constant(key_type, key_val), key_ptr)
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple variable names and integer constants are supported as keys in map update.")
-
-    # Handle value
-    if isinstance(value_arg, ast.Name):
-        value_name = value_arg.id
-        if local_sym_tab and value_name in local_sym_tab:
-            value_ptr = local_sym_tab[value_name][0]
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Value variable {value_name} not found in local symbol table.")
-    elif isinstance(value_arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(value_arg.value, int):
-        # Handle constant integers
-        value_val = value_arg.value
-        value_type = ir.IntType(64)
-        value_ptr = builder.alloca(value_type)
-        value_ptr.align = value_type.width // 8
-        builder.store(ir.Constant(value_type, value_val), value_ptr)
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple variable names and integer constants are supported as values in map update.")
-
-    # Handle flags argument (defaults to 0)
-    if flags_arg is not None:
-        if isinstance(flags_arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(flags_arg.value, int):
-            flags_val = flags_arg.value
-        elif isinstance(flags_arg, ast.Name):
-            flags_name = flags_arg.id
-            if local_sym_tab and flags_name in local_sym_tab:
-                # Assume it's a stored integer value, load it
-                flags_ptr = local_sym_tab[flags_name][0]
-                flags_val = builder.load(flags_ptr)
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Flags variable {flags_name} not found in local symbol table.")
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                "Only integer constants and simple variable names are supported as flags in map update.")
-    else:
-        flags_val = 0
-
-    if key_ptr is None or value_ptr is None:
-        raise ValueError("Key pointer or value pointer is None.")
 
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.IntType(64),
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
-        var_arg=False
+        var_arg=False,
     )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
-    # helper id
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM.value)
-    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     if isinstance(flags_val, int):
@@ -343,80 +173,64 @@ def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
         flags_const = flags_val
 
     result = builder.call(
-        fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr, value_ptr, flags_const], tail=False)
+        fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr, value_ptr, flags_const], tail=False
+    )
 
     return result, None
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("delete")
-def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
-                                local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_delete_elem helper function call.
     Expected call signature: map.delete(key)
     """
-    # Check for correct number of arguments
     if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
-        raise ValueError("Map delete expects exactly 1 argument (key), got "
+        raise ValueError(
-                         f"{len(call.args)}")
+            f"Map delete expects exactly one argument (key), got {len(call.args)}"
-
+        )
-    key_arg = call.args[0]
+    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab)
-
-    # Handle key argument
-    if isinstance(key_arg, ast.Name):
-        key_name = key_arg.id
-        if local_sym_tab and key_name in local_sym_tab:
-            key_ptr = local_sym_tab[key_name][0]
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Key variable {key_name} not found in local symbol table.")
-    elif isinstance(key_arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(key_arg.value, int):
-        # Handle constant integer keys
-        key_val = key_arg.value
-        key_type = ir.IntType(64)
-        key_ptr = builder.alloca(key_type)
-        key_ptr.align = key_type.width // 8
-        builder.store(ir.Constant(key_type, key_val), key_ptr)
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple variable names and integer constants are supported as keys in map delete.")
-
-    if key_ptr is None:
-        raise ValueError("Key pointer is None.")
-
-    # Cast map pointer to void*
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
 
     # Define function type for bpf_map_delete_elem
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.IntType(64),  # Return type: int64 (status code)
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType()],  # Args: (void*, void*)
-        var_arg=False
+        var_arg=False,
     )
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
-    # Helper ID 3 is bpf_map_delete_elem
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM.value)
-    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM.value)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
-    # Call the helper function
     result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, key_ptr], tail=False)
 
     return result, None
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("pid")
-def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
-                                     local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+    call,
-                                     local_var_metadata=None):
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_pid_tgid helper function call.
     """
     # func is an arg to just have a uniform signature with other emitters
-    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_PID_TGID.value)
-        64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_PID_TGID.value)
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(64), [], var_arg=False)
     fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
@@ -428,108 +242,106 @@ def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
     return pid, ir.IntType(64)
 
 
-def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(call, map_ptr, module, builder, func,
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("output")
-                                  local_sym_tab=None, struct_sym_tab=None,
+def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
-                                  local_var_metadata=None):
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
     if len(call.args) != 1:
-        raise ValueError("Perf event output expects exactly one argument (data), got "
+        raise ValueError(
-                         f"{len(call.args)}")
+            f"Perf event output expects exactly one argument, got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
     data_arg = call.args[0]
     ctx_ptr = func.args[0]  # First argument to the function is ctx
 
-    if isinstance(data_arg, ast.Name):
+    data_ptr, size_val = get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab)
-        data_name = data_arg.id
-        if local_sym_tab and data_name in local_sym_tab:
-            data_ptr = local_sym_tab[data_name][0]
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Data variable {data_name} not found in local symbol table.")
-        # Check is data_name is a struct
-        if local_var_metadata and data_name in local_var_metadata:
-            data_type = local_var_metadata[data_name]
-            if data_type in struct_sym_tab:
-                struct_info = struct_sym_tab[data_type]
-                size_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), struct_info.size)
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Struct type {data_type} for variable {data_name} not found in struct symbol table.")
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Metadata for variable {data_name} not found in local variable metadata.")
 
-        # BPF_F_CURRENT_CPU is -1 in 32 bit
+    # BPF_F_CURRENT_CPU is -1 in 32 bit
-        flags_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0xFFFFFFFF)
+    flags_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0xFFFFFFFF)
 
-        map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
-        data_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(data_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    data_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(data_ptr, ir.PointerType())
-        fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [
+            ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+            ir.PointerType(),
             ir.IntType(64),
-            [ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)), ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64),
+            ir.PointerType(),
-             ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
+            ir.IntType(64),
-            var_arg=False
+        ],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+
+    # helper id
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PERF_EVENT_OUTPUT.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr, [ctx_ptr, map_void_ptr, flags_val, data_void_ptr, size_val], tail=False
+    )
+    return result, None
+
+
+def handle_helper_call(
+    call,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Process a BPF helper function call and emit the appropriate LLVM IR."""
+
+    # Helper function to get map pointer and invoke handler
+    def invoke_helper(method_name, map_ptr=None):
+        handler = HelperHandlerRegistry.get_handler(method_name)
+        if not handler:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Helper function '{method_name}' is not implemented."
+            )
+        return handler(
+            call,
+            map_ptr,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            func,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
         )
-        fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
 
-        # helper id
+    # Handle direct function calls (e.g., print(), ktime())
-        fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(
-            64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PERF_EVENT_OUTPUT.value)
-        fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
-
-        result = builder.call(
-            fn_ptr, [ctx_ptr, map_void_ptr, flags_val, data_void_ptr, size_val], tail=False)
-        return result, None
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple object names are supported as data in perf event output.")
-
-
-def handle_helper_call(call, module, builder, func,
-                       local_sym_tab=None, map_sym_tab=None,
-                       struct_sym_tab=None, local_var_metadata=None):
-    print(local_var_metadata)
     if isinstance(call.func, ast.Name):
-        func_name = call.func.id
+        return invoke_helper(call.func.id)
-        hdl_func = HelperHandlerRegistry.get_handler(func_name)
+
-        if hdl_func:
+    # Handle method calls (e.g., map.lookup(), map.update())
-            # it is not a map method call
-            return hdl_func(call, None, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Function {func_name} is not implemented as a helper function.")
     elif isinstance(call.func, ast.Attribute):
-        # likely a map method call
+        method_name = call.func.attr
-        if isinstance(call.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(call.func.value.func, ast.Name):
+        value = call.func.value
-            map_name = call.func.value.func.id
+        logger.info(f"Handling method call: {ast.dump(call.func)}")
-            method_name = call.func.attr
+        # Get map pointer from different styles of map access
-            if map_sym_tab and map_name in map_sym_tab:
+        if isinstance(value, ast.Call) and isinstance(value.func, ast.Name):
-                map_ptr = map_sym_tab[map_name]
+            # Func style: my_map().lookup(key)
-                hdl_func = HelperHandlerRegistry.get_handler(method_name)
+            map_name = value.func.id
-                if hdl_func:
+        elif isinstance(value, ast.Name):
-                    print(local_var_metadata)
+            # Direct style: my_map.lookup(key)
-                    return hdl_func(
+            map_name = value.id
-                        call, map_ptr, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-                else:
-                    raise NotImplementedError(
-                        f"Map method {method_name} is not implemented as a helper function.")
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Map variable {map_name} not found in symbol tables.")
-        elif isinstance(call.func.value, ast.Name):
-            obj_name = call.func.value.id
-            method_name = call.func.attr
-            if map_sym_tab and obj_name in map_sym_tab:
-                map_ptr = map_sym_tab[obj_name]
-                hdl_func = HelperHandlerRegistry.get_handler(method_name)
-                if hdl_func:
-                    return hdl_func(
-                        call, map_ptr, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, local_var_metadata)
-                else:
-                    raise NotImplementedError(
-                        f"Map method {method_name} is not implemented as a helper function.")
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Map variable {obj_name} not found in symbol tables.")
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                "Attribute not supported for map method calls.")
+                f"Unsupported map access pattern: {ast.dump(value)}"
+            )
+
+        # Verify map exists and get pointer
+        if not map_sym_tab or map_name not in map_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Map '{map_name}' not found in symbol table")
+
+        return invoke_helper(method_name, map_sym_tab[map_name])
+
     return None

pythonbpf/helper/helper_utils.py

@@ -1,16 +1,307 @@
+import ast
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
 class HelperHandlerRegistry:
     """Registry for BPF helpers"""
-    _handlers = {}
+
+    _handlers: dict[str, Callable] = {}
 
     @classmethod
     def register(cls, helper_name):
         """Decorator to register a handler function for a helper"""
+
         def decorator(func):
             cls._handlers[helper_name] = func
             return func
+
         return decorator
 
     @classmethod
     def get_handler(cls, helper_name):
         """Get the handler function for a helper"""
         return cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_handler(cls, helper_name):
+        """Check if a handler function is registered for a helper"""
+        return helper_name in cls._handlers
+
+
+def get_var_ptr_from_name(var_name, local_sym_tab):
+    """Get a pointer to a variable from the symbol table."""
+    if local_sym_tab and var_name in local_sym_tab:
+        return local_sym_tab[var_name].var
+    raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found in local symbol table")
+
+
+def create_int_constant_ptr(value, builder, int_width=64):
+    """Create a pointer to an integer constant."""
+    # Default to 64-bit integer
+    int_type = ir.IntType(int_width)
+    ptr = builder.alloca(int_type)
+    ptr.align = int_type.width // 8
+    builder.store(ir.Constant(int_type, value), ptr)
+    return ptr
+
+
+def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(arg, builder, local_sym_tab):
+    """Extract or create pointer from the call arguments."""
+
+    if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
+        ptr = get_var_ptr_from_name(arg.id, local_sym_tab)
+    elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, int):
+        ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Only simple variable names are supported as args in map helpers."
+        )
+    return ptr
+
+
+def get_flags_val(arg, builder, local_sym_tab):
+    """Extract or create flags value from the call arguments."""
+    if not arg:
+        return 0
+
+    if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
+        if local_sym_tab and arg.id in local_sym_tab:
+            flags_ptr = local_sym_tab[arg.id].var
+            return builder.load(flags_ptr)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{arg.id}' not found in local symbol table")
+    elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, int):
+        return arg.value
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "Only var names or int consts are supported as map helpers flags."
+    )
+
+
+def simple_string_print(string_value, module, builder, func):
+    """Prepare arguments for bpf_printk from a simple string value"""
+    fmt_str = string_value + "\n\0"
+    fmt_ptr = _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder)
+
+    args = [fmt_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), len(fmt_str))]
+    return args
+
+
+def handle_fstring_print(
+    joined_str,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle f-string formatting for bpf_printk emitter."""
+    fmt_parts = []
+    exprs = []
+
+    for value in joined_str.values:
+        logger.debug(f"Processing f-string value: {ast.dump(value)}")
+
+        if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
+            _process_constant_in_fstring(value, fmt_parts, exprs)
+        elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
+            _process_fval(
+                value,
+                fmt_parts,
+                exprs,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported f-string value type: {type(value)}")
+
+    fmt_str = "".join(fmt_parts)
+    args = simple_string_print(fmt_str, module, builder, func)
+
+    # NOTE: Process expressions (limited to 3 due to BPF constraints)
+    if len(exprs) > 3:
+        logger.warning("bpf_printk supports up to 3 args, extra args will be ignored.")
+
+    for expr in exprs[:3]:
+        arg_value = _prepare_expr_args(
+            expr,
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+        )
+        args.append(arg_value)
+
+    return args
+
+
+def _process_constant_in_fstring(cst, fmt_parts, exprs):
+    """Process constant values in f-string."""
+    if isinstance(cst.value, str):
+        fmt_parts.append(cst.value)
+    elif isinstance(cst.value, int):
+        fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+        exprs.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), cst.value))
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Unsupported constant type in f-string: {type(cst.value)}"
+        )
+
+
+def _process_fval(fval, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Process formatted values in f-string."""
+    logger.debug(f"Processing formatted value: {ast.dump(fval)}")
+
+    if isinstance(fval.value, ast.Name):
+        _process_name_in_fval(fval.value, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab)
+    elif isinstance(fval.value, ast.Attribute):
+        _process_attr_in_fval(
+            fval.value,
+            fmt_parts,
+            exprs,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+        )
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Unsupported formatted value in f-string: {type(fval.value)}"
+        )
+
+
+def _process_name_in_fval(name_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab):
+    """Process name nodes in formatted values."""
+    if local_sym_tab and name_node.id in local_sym_tab:
+        _, var_type, tmp = local_sym_tab[name_node.id]
+        _populate_fval(var_type, name_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
+
+
+def _process_attr_in_fval(attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Process attribute nodes in formatted values."""
+    if (
+        isinstance(attr_node.value, ast.Name)
+        and local_sym_tab
+        and attr_node.value.id in local_sym_tab
+    ):
+        var_name = attr_node.value.id
+        field_name = attr_node.attr
+
+        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
+        if var_type not in struct_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Struct '{var_type}' for '{var_name}' not in symbol table"
+            )
+
+        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[var_type]
+        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{var_type}'")
+
+        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+        _populate_fval(field_type, attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Only simple attribute on local vars is supported in f-strings."
+        )
+
+
+def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
+    """Populate format parts and expressions based on field type."""
+    if isinstance(ftype, ir.IntType):
+        # TODO: We print as signed integers only for now
+        if ftype.width == 64:
+            fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+            exprs.append(node)
+        elif ftype.width == 32:
+            fmt_parts.append("%d")
+            exprs.append(node)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unsupported integer width in f-string: {ftype.width}"
+            )
+    elif ftype == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
+        # NOTE: We assume i8* is a string
+        fmt_parts.append("%s")
+        exprs.append(node)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
+
+
+def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
+    """Create a global variable for the format string."""
+    fmt_name = f"{func.name}____fmt{func._fmt_counter}"
+    func._fmt_counter += 1
+
+    fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+        module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name
+    )
+    fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
+    fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(
+        ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
+    )
+    fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
+    fmt_gvar.align = 1
+
+    return builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
+
+
+def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
+    val, _ = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        expr,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        None,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    if val:
+        if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+            val = builder.ptrtoint(val, ir.IntType(64))
+        elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
+            if val.type.width < 64:
+                val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. Others default to 0."
+            )
+            val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+        return val
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk argument. "
+            "It will be converted to 0."
+        )
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+
+
+def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Extract data pointer and size information for perf event output."""
+    if isinstance(data_arg, ast.Name):
+        data_name = data_arg.id
+        if local_sym_tab and data_name in local_sym_tab:
+            data_ptr = local_sym_tab[data_name].var
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Data variable {data_name} not found in local symbol table."
+            )
+
+        # Check if data_name is a struct
+        data_type = local_sym_tab[data_name].metadata
+        if data_type in struct_sym_tab:
+            struct_info = struct_sym_tab[data_type]
+            size_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), struct_info.size)
+            return data_ptr, size_val
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct {data_type} for {data_name} not in symbol table.")
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Only simple object names are supported as data in perf event output."
+        )

pythonbpf/helper/helpers.py

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 import ctypes
 
+
 def ktime():
     return ctypes.c_int64(0)
 
+
 def pid():
     return ctypes.c_int32(0)
 
+
 def deref(ptr):
     "dereference a pointer"
     result = ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_void_p)).contents.value
     return result if result is not None else 0
 
+
 XDP_DROP = ctypes.c_int64(1)
 XDP_PASS = ctypes.c_int64(2)

pythonbpf/license_pass.py

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 from llvmlite import ir
 import ast
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def emit_license(module: ir.Module, license_str: str):
@@ -11,10 +15,10 @@ def emit_license(module: ir.Module, license_str: str):
 
     gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(ty, elems)  # type: ignore
 
-    gvar.align = 1                      # type: ignore
+    gvar.align = 1  # type: ignore
-    gvar.linkage = "dso_local"          # type: ignore
+    gvar.linkage = "dso_local"  # type: ignore
     gvar.global_constant = False
-    gvar.section = "license"            # type: ignore
+    gvar.section = "license"  # type: ignore
 
     return gvar
 
@@ -26,7 +30,8 @@ def license_processing(tree, module):
         if isinstance(node, ast.FunctionDef) and node.name == "LICENSE":
             # check decorators
             decorators = [
-                dec.id for dec in node.decorator_list if isinstance(dec, ast.Name)]
+                dec.id for dec in node.decorator_list if isinstance(dec, ast.Name)
+            ]
             if "bpf" in decorators and "bpfglobal" in decorators:
                 if count == 0:
                     count += 1
@@ -40,9 +45,9 @@ def license_processing(tree, module):
                         emit_license(module, node.body[0].value.value)
                         return "LICENSE"
                     else:
-                        print("ERROR: LICENSE() must return a string literal")
+                        logger.info("ERROR: LICENSE() must return a string literal")
                         return None
                 else:
-                    print("ERROR: LICENSE already defined")
+                    logger.info("ERROR: LICENSE already defined")
                     return None
     return None

pythonbpf/maps/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
-from .maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray
+from .maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray, RingBuf
 from .maps_pass import maps_proc
+
+__all__ = ["HashMap", "PerfEventArray", "maps_proc", "RingBuf"]

pythonbpf/maps/maps.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# This file provides type  and function hints only and does not actually give any functionality.
 class HashMap:
     def __init__(self, key, value, max_entries):
         self.key = key
@@ -33,3 +34,18 @@ class PerfEventArray:
 
     def output(self, data):
         pass  # Placeholder for output method
+
+
+class RingBuf:
+    def __init__(self, max_entries):
+        self.max_entries = max_entries
+
+    def reserve(self, size: int, flags=0):
+        if size > self.max_entries:
+            raise ValueError("size cannot be greater than set maximum entries")
+        return 0
+
+    def submit(self, data, flags=0):
+        pass
+
+    # add discard, output and also give names to flags and stuff

pythonbpf/maps/maps_pass.py

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 import ast
+from logging import Logger
 from llvmlite import ir
 from enum import Enum
 from .maps_utils import MapProcessorRegistry
-from ..debuginfo import dwarf_constants as dc, DebugInfoGenerator
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
 import logging
 
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def maps_proc(tree, module, chunks):
-    """ Process all functions decorated with @map to find BPF maps """
+    """Process all functions decorated with @map to find BPF maps"""
     map_sym_tab = {}
     for func_node in chunks:
         if is_map(func_node):
-            print(f"Found BPF map: {func_node.name}")
+            logger.info(f"Found BPF map: {func_node.name}")
             map_sym_tab[func_node.name] = process_bpf_map(func_node, module)
     return map_sym_tab
 
@@ -26,8 +27,41 @@ def is_map(func_node):
 
 
 class BPFMapType(Enum):
+    UNSPEC = 0
     HASH = 1
+    ARRAY = 2
+    PROG_ARRAY = 3
     PERF_EVENT_ARRAY = 4
+    PERCPU_HASH = 5
+    PERCPU_ARRAY = 6
+    STACK_TRACE = 7
+    CGROUP_ARRAY = 8
+    LRU_HASH = 9
+    LRU_PERCPU_HASH = 10
+    LPM_TRIE = 11
+    ARRAY_OF_MAPS = 12
+    HASH_OF_MAPS = 13
+    DEVMAP = 14
+    SOCKMAP = 15
+    CPUMAP = 16
+    XSKMAP = 17
+    SOCKHASH = 18
+    CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 19
+    CGROUP_STORAGE = 19
+    REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY = 20
+    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 21
+    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE = 21
+    QUEUE = 22
+    STACK = 23
+    SK_STORAGE = 24
+    DEVMAP_HASH = 25
+    STRUCT_OPS = 26
+    RINGBUF = 27
+    INODE_STORAGE = 28
+    TASK_STORAGE = 29
+    BLOOM_FILTER = 30
+    USER_RINGBUF = 31
+    CGRP_STORAGE = 32
 
 
 def create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params):
@@ -35,35 +69,37 @@ def create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params):
 
     # Create the anonymous struct type for BPF map
     map_struct_type = ir.LiteralStructType(
-        [ir.PointerType() for _ in range(len(map_params))])
+        [ir.PointerType() for _ in range(len(map_params))]
+    )
 
     # Create the global variable
     map_global = ir.GlobalVariable(module, map_struct_type, name=map_name)
-    map_global.linkage = 'dso_local'
+    map_global.linkage = "dso_local"
     map_global.global_constant = False
-    map_global.initializer = ir.Constant(
+    map_global.initializer = ir.Constant(map_struct_type, None)
-        map_struct_type, None)
     map_global.section = ".maps"
     map_global.align = 8
 
-    # Generate debug info for BTF
-    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
-
     logger.info(f"Created BPF map: {map_name} with params {map_params}")
     return map_global
 
 
 def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
-    """Generate debug information metadata for BPF map"""
+    """Generate debug info metadata for BPF maps HASH and PERF_EVENT_ARRAY"""
     generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
 
     uint_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
     ulong_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
-    array_type = generator.create_array_type(uint_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.HASH).value)
+    array_type = generator.create_array_type(
+        uint_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.UNSPEC).value
+    )
     type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type, 64)
-    key_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type if "key_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64)
+    key_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
-    value_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type if "value_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64)
+        array_type if "key_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
-
+    )
+    value_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
+        array_type if "value_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
+    )
 
     elements_arr = []
 
@@ -85,16 +121,24 @@ def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
         cnt += 1
 
     if "max_entries" in map_params:
-        max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(uint_type, map_params["max_entries"])
+        max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(
+            uint_type, map_params["max_entries"]
+        )
         max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
-        max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member("max_entries", max_entries_ptr, cnt * 64)
+        max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
+            "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, cnt * 64
+        )
         elements_arr.append(max_entries_member)
 
     # Create the struct type
-    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(elements_arr, 64 * len(elements_arr), is_distinct=True)
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
+        elements_arr, 64 * len(elements_arr), is_distinct=True
+    )
 
     # Create global variable debug info
-    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(map_name, struct_type, is_local=False)
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
 
     # Attach debug info to the global variable
     map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
@@ -102,6 +146,60 @@ def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
     return global_var
 
 
+def create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
+    """Generate debug information metadata for BPF RINGBUF map"""
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+
+    int_type = generator.get_int32_type()
+
+    type_array = generator.create_array_type(
+        int_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.RINGBUF).value
+    )
+    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(type_array, 64)
+    type_member = generator.create_struct_member("type", type_ptr, 0)
+
+    max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(int_type, map_params["max_entries"])
+    max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
+    max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
+        "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, 64
+    )
+
+    elements_arr = [type_member, max_entries_member]
+
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(elements_arr, 128, is_distinct=True)
+
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
+    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
+    return global_var
+
+
+@MapProcessorRegistry.register("RingBuf")
+def process_ringbuf_map(map_name, rval, module):
+    """Process a BPF_RINGBUF map declaration"""
+    logger.info(f"Processing Ringbuf: {map_name}")
+    map_params = {"type": BPFMapType.RINGBUF}
+
+    # Parse max_entries if present
+    if len(rval.args) >= 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Constant):
+        const_val = rval.args[0].value
+        if isinstance(const_val, int):
+            map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
+
+    for keyword in rval.keywords:
+        if keyword.arg == "max_entries" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
+            const_val = keyword.value.value
+            if isinstance(const_val, int):
+                map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
+
+    logger.info(f"Ringbuf map parameters: {map_params}")
+
+    map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
+    create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    return map_global
+
+
 @MapProcessorRegistry.register("HashMap")
 def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module):
     """Process a BPF_HASH map declaration"""
@@ -123,14 +221,16 @@ def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module):
             map_params["key"] = keyword.value.id
         elif keyword.arg == "value" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
             map_params["value"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif (keyword.arg == "max_entries" and
+        elif keyword.arg == "max_entries" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
-              isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant)):
             const_val = keyword.value.value
             if isinstance(const_val, (int, str)):
                 map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
 
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
-    return create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
+    map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
+    # Generate debug info for BTF
+    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    return map_global
 
 
 @MapProcessorRegistry.register("PerfEventArray")
@@ -147,12 +247,14 @@ def process_perf_event_map(map_name, rval, module):
     for keyword in rval.keywords:
         if keyword.arg == "key_size" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
             map_params["key_size"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif (keyword.arg == "value_size" and
+        elif keyword.arg == "value_size" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-              isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name)):
             map_params["value_size"] = keyword.value.id
 
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
-    return create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
+    map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
+    # Generate debug info for BTF
+    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    return map_global
 
 
 def process_bpf_map(func_node, module):
@@ -176,8 +278,7 @@ def process_bpf_map(func_node, module):
         if handler:
             return handler(map_name, rval, module)
         else:
-            logger.warning(f"Unknown map type "
+            logger.warning(f"Unknown map type {rval.func.id}, defaulting to HashMap")
-                           f"{rval.func.id}, defaulting to HashMap")
             return process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Function under @map must return a map")

pythonbpf/maps/maps_utils.py

@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
+
+
 class MapProcessorRegistry:
     """Registry for map processor functions"""
-    _processors = {}
+
+    _processors: dict[str, Callable[..., Any]] = {}
 
     @classmethod
     def register(cls, map_type_name):
         """Decorator to register a processor function for a map type"""
+
         def decorator(func):
             cls._processors[map_type_name] = func
             return func
+
         return decorator
 
     @classmethod

pythonbpf/structs/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
 from .structs_pass import structs_proc
+
+__all__ = ["structs_proc"]

pythonbpf/structs/struct_type.py

@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ class StructType:
 
     def gep(self, builder, ptr, field_name):
         idx = self.field_idx(field_name)
-        return builder.gep(ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0),
+        return builder.gep(
-                                 ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), idx)],
+            ptr,
-                           inbounds=True)
+            [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), idx)],
+            inbounds=True,
+        )
 
     def field_size(self, field_name):
         fld = self.fields[field_name]

pythonbpf/structs/structs_pass.py

@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def structs_proc(tree, module, chunks):
-    """ Process all class definitions to find BPF structs """
+    """Process all class definitions to find BPF structs"""
     structs_sym_tab = {}
     for cls_node in chunks:
         if is_bpf_struct(cls_node):
-            print(f"Found BPF struct: {cls_node.name}")
+            logger.info(f"Found BPF struct: {cls_node.name}")
             struct_info = process_bpf_struct(cls_node, module)
             structs_sym_tab[cls_node.name] = struct_info
     return structs_sym_tab
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def is_bpf_struct(cls_node):
 
 
 def process_bpf_struct(cls_node, module):
-    """ Process a single BPF struct definition """
+    """Process a single BPF struct definition"""
 
     fields = parse_struct_fields(cls_node)
     field_types = list(fields.values())
@@ -44,12 +44,11 @@ def process_bpf_struct(cls_node, module):
 
 
 def parse_struct_fields(cls_node):
-    """ Parse fields of a struct class node """
+    """Parse fields of a struct class node"""
     fields = {}
 
     for item in cls_node.body:
-        if isinstance(item, ast.AnnAssign) and \
+        if isinstance(item, ast.AnnAssign) and isinstance(item.target, ast.Name):
-           isinstance(item.target, ast.Name):
             fields[item.target.id] = get_type_from_ann(item.annotation)
         else:
             logger.error(f"Unsupported struct field: {ast.dump(item)}")
@@ -58,9 +57,8 @@ def parse_struct_fields(cls_node):
 
 
 def get_type_from_ann(annotation):
-    """ Convert an AST annotation node to an LLVM IR type for struct fields"""
+    """Convert an AST annotation node to an LLVM IR type for struct fields"""
-    if isinstance(annotation, ast.Call) and \
+    if isinstance(annotation, ast.Call) and isinstance(annotation.func, ast.Name):
-       isinstance(annotation.func, ast.Name):
         if annotation.func.id == "str":
             # Char array
             # Assumes constant integer argument
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ def get_type_from_ann(annotation):
 
 
 def calc_struct_size(field_types):
-    """ Calculate total size of the struct with alignment and padding """
+    """Calculate total size of the struct with alignment and padding"""
     curr_offset = 0
     for ftype in field_types:
         if isinstance(ftype, ir.IntType):

pythonbpf/type_deducer.py

@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
 from llvmlite import ir
 
 # TODO: THIS IS NOT SUPPOSED TO MATCH STRINGS :skull:
+mapping = {
+    "c_int8": ir.IntType(8),
+    "c_uint8": ir.IntType(8),
+    "c_int16": ir.IntType(16),
+    "c_uint16": ir.IntType(16),
+    "c_int32": ir.IntType(32),
+    "c_uint32": ir.IntType(32),
+    "c_int64": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_uint64": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_float": ir.FloatType(),
+    "c_double": ir.DoubleType(),
+    "c_void_p": ir.IntType(64),
+    # Not so sure about this one
+    "str": ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+}
 
 
 def ctypes_to_ir(ctype: str):
-    mapping = {
-        "c_int8": ir.IntType(8),
-        "c_uint8": ir.IntType(8),
-        "c_int16": ir.IntType(16),
-        "c_uint16": ir.IntType(16),
-        "c_int32": ir.IntType(32),
-        "c_uint32": ir.IntType(32),
-        "c_int64": ir.IntType(64),
-        "c_uint64": ir.IntType(64),
-        "c_float": ir.FloatType(),
-        "c_double": ir.DoubleType(),
-        "c_void_p": ir.IntType(64),
-        # Not so sure about this one
-        "str": ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
-    }
     if ctype in mapping:
         return mapping[ctype]
     raise NotImplementedError(f"No mapping for {ctype}")
+
+
+def is_ctypes(ctype: str) -> bool:
+    return ctype in mapping

tests/c-form/ex6.bpf.c

@@ -23,20 +23,20 @@ SEC("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
 int hello(struct pt_regs *ctx)
 {
     struct data_t data = {};
-    
+
     // Get PID (lower 32 bits of the 64-bit value returned)
     data.pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() & 0xFFFFFFFF;
-    
+
     // Get timestamp
     data.ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
-    
+
     // Get current process name
 //    bpf_get_current_comm(&data.comm, sizeof(data.comm));
-    
+
     // Submit data to userspace via perf event
-    bpf_perf_event_output(ctx, &events, BPF_F_CURRENT_CPU, 
+    bpf_perf_event_output(ctx, &events, BPF_F_CURRENT_CPU,
                          &data, sizeof(data));
-    
+
     return 0;
 }
 

tests/c-form/ex8.bpf.c

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
-#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
-#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
-#include <linux/blkdev.h>
-#define __TARGET_ARCH_aarch64 
-#define u64 unsigned long long
-
-struct {
-    __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH);
-    __uint(max_entries, 10240);
-    __type(key, struct request *);
-    __type(value, u64);
-} start SEC(".maps");
-
-SEC("kprobe/blk_start_request")
-int BPF_KPROBE(trace_start_req, struct request *req)
-{
-    u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
-    bpf_map_update_elem(&start, &req, &ts, BPF_ANY);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-SEC("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
-int BPF_KPROBE(trace_start_mq, struct request *req)
-{
-    u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
-    bpf_map_update_elem(&start, &req, &ts, BPF_ANY);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-SEC("kprobe/blk_account_io_completion")
-int BPF_KPROBE(trace_completion, struct request *req)
-{
-    u64 *tsp, delta;
-    
-    tsp = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&start, &req);
-    if (tsp) {
-        delta = bpf_ktime_get_ns() - *tsp;
-        bpf_printk("%d %x %d\n", req->__data_len, 
-                  req->cmd_flags, delta / 1000);
-        bpf_map_delete_elem(&start, &req);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/c-form/ringbuf.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+// Define the structure to be sent via ringbuf
+struct event {
+    __u32 pid;
+    __u32 uid;
+    __u64 timestamp;
+    char comm[16];  // Process name
+};
+
+// Define the ringbuffer map
+struct {
+    __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF);
+    __uint(max_entries, 256 * 1024); // 256 KB
+} events SEC(".maps");
+
+// Tracepoint for execve system calls
+SEC("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+int trace_execve(void *ctx)
+{
+    struct event *e;
+    __u64 pid_tgid;
+    __u64 uid_gid;
+
+    // Reserve space in the ringbuffer
+    e = bpf_ringbuf_reserve(&events, sizeof(*e), 0);
+    if (!e)
+        return 0;
+
+    // Fill the struct with data
+    pid_tgid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid();
+    e->pid = pid_tgid >> 32;
+
+    uid_gid = bpf_get_current_uid_gid();
+    e->uid = uid_gid & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    e->timestamp = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+
+    bpf_get_current_comm(&e->comm, sizeof(e->comm));
+
+    // Submit the event to ringbuffer
+    bpf_ringbuf_submit(e, 0);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/failing_tests/conditionals/helper_cond.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+# NOTE: Decided against fixing this
+# as a workaround is assigning the result of lookup to a variable
+# and then using that variable in the if statement.
+# Might fix in future.
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    if last.lookup(0) > 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/conditionals/struct_ptr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, struct, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+
+# NOTE: Decided against fixing this
+# as one workaround is to just check any field of the struct
+# in the if statement. Ugly but works.
+# Might fix in future.
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    ts: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dat = data_t()
+    if dat:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/direct_assign.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+# NOTE: I have decided to not fix this example for now.
+# The issue is in line 31, where we are passing an expression.
+# The update helper expects a pointer type. But the problem is
+# that we must allocate the space for said pointer in the first
+# basic block. As that usage is in a different basic block, we
+# are unable to cast the expression to a pointer type. (as we never
+# allocated space for it).
+# Shall we change our space allocation logic? That allows users to
+# spam the same helper with the same args, and still run out of
+# stack space. So we consider this usage invalid for now.
+# Might fix it later.
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def count() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    prev = count.lookup(0)
+    if prev:
+        count.update(0, prev + 1)
+        return XDP_PASS
+    else:
+        count.update(0, 1)
+
+    return XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/if.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("sometag1")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    if 3 + 2 == 5:
+        return c_int64(5)
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/license.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+# FAILS WHEN THERE IS NO LICENSE. which is wrong.
+@bpf
+@section("sometag1")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    a = 1 + 2
+    print(f"{a}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/named_arg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+# NOTE: This example exposes the problems with our typing system.
+# We can't do steps on line 25 and 27.
+# prev is of type i64**. For prev + 1, we deref it down to i64
+# To assign it back to prev, we need to go back to i64**.
+# We cannot allocate space for the intermediate type now.
+# We probably need to track the ref/deref chain for each variable.
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def count() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    prev = count.lookup(0)
+    if prev:
+        prev = prev + 1
+        count.update(0, prev)
+        return XDP_PASS
+    else:
+        count.update(0, 1)
+
+    return XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/binops.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    a = 1 + 2 + 1 + 12 + 13
+    print(f"{a}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/binops1.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    b = 1 + 2
+    a = 1 + b
+    print(f"{a}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/and.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    last.update(1, 2)
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    y = last.lookup(1)
+    if x and y:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/bool.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    if True:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/const_binop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    if (0 + 1) * 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/const_int.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    if 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/map.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    # last.update(0, 1)
+    tsp = last.lookup(0)
+    if tsp:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/map_comp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    tsp = last.lookup(0)
+    if tsp > 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/not.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    # last.update(0, 1)
+    tsp = last.lookup(0)
+    if not tsp:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/or.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    # last.update(1, 2)
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    y = last.lookup(1)
+    if x or y:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/struct_access.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, struct, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    ts: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dat = data_t()
+    if dat.ts:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/type_mismatch.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 0
+    y = c_int32(0)
+    if x == y:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 0
+    if x:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/var_binop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 0
+    if x * 1:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/var_comp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 2
+    if x > 3:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/hash_map.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, bpfglobal, BPF, section
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from pylibbpf import BpfMap
+from ctypes import c_int32, c_uint64, c_void_p
+
+
+# Define a map
+@bpf
+@map
+def mymap() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int32, value=c_uint64, max_entries=16)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def testing(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Load program (no sections -> nothing attached, just map exists)
+b = BPF()
+b.load_and_attach()
+
+# Access the map
+bpymap = BpfMap(b, mymap)
+
+# Insert values
+bpymap.update(1, 100)
+bpymap.update(2, 200)
+
+# Read values
+print("Key 1 =", bpymap.lookup(1))
+print("Key 2 =", bpymap.lookup(2))
+
+# Update again
+bpymap.update(1, bpymap.lookup(1) + 50)
+print("Key 1 updated =", bpymap.lookup(1))
+
+# Iterate through keys
+for k in bpymap.keys():
+    print("Key:", k, "Value:", bpymap[k])

tests/passing_tests/perf_buffer_map.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, compile, compile_to_ir, BPF
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid
+from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray
+import logging
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32, c_uint64
+
+
+# PLACEHOLDER EXAMPLE. THIS SHOULD TECHNICALLY STILL FAIL TESTS
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    ts: c_uint64
+    comm: str(16)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def events() -> PerfEventArray:
+    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int32, value_size=c_int32)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    dataobj = data_t()
+    ts = ktime()
+    strobj = "hellohellohello"
+    dataobj.pid = pid()
+    dataobj.ts = ktime()
+    # dataobj.comm = strobj
+    print(
+        f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid {dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj} at time {ts}"
+    )
+    events.output(dataobj)
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("perf_buffer_map.py", "perf_buffer_map.ll")
+compile(loglevel=logging.INFO)
+b = BPF()
+b.load_and_attach()
+
+while True:
+    print("running")

tests/passing_tests/return.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("sometag1")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    return c_int64(1 - 1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/binop_const.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return 1 + 1 - 2
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/binop_var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 2
+    return a - 2
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/bool.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return True
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/int.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return 1
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/null.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/typecast_binops.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 1  # int64
+    x = 1  # int64
+    return c_int32(a - x)  # typecast to int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/typecast_const.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return c_int32(1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/typecast_var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 1 # int64
+    return c_int32(a) # typecast to int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 1
+    return a
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/xdp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/ringbuf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, BPF, map, bpfglobal, section, compile, compile_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.maps import RingBuf, HashMap
+from ctypes import c_int32, c_void_p
+
+
+# Define a map
+@bpf
+@map
+def mymap() -> RingBuf:
+    return RingBuf(max_entries=(1024))
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def mymap2() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int32, value=c_int32, max_entries=1024)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def random_section(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("Hello")
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("ringbuf.py", "ringbuf.ll")
+compile()
+b = BPF()
+b.load_and_attach()

tests/passing_tests/var_rval.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import logging
+
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("sometag1")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    a = 1 - 1
+    return c_int64(a)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile(loglevel=logging.INFO)