bump version and prepare for release

Support enough machinery to make request struct work

.gitattributes

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
 tests/c-form/vmlinux.h linguist-vendored
+examples/ linguist-vendored
+BCC-Examples/ linguist-vendored

.github/workflows/python-publish.yml

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
           python -m build
 
       - name: Upload distributions
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: release-dists
           path: dist/
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Retrieve release distributions
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: release-dists
           path: dist/

BCC-Examples/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+## BCC examples ported to PythonBPF
+
+This folder contains examples of BCC tutorial examples that have been ported to use **PythonBPF**.
+
+## Requirements
+- install `pythonbpf` and `pylibbpf` using pip.
+- You will also need `matplotlib` for vfsreadlat.py example.
+- You will also need `rich` for vfsreadlat_rich.py example.
+- You will also need `plotly` and `dash` for vfsreadlat_plotly.py example.
+
+## Usage
+- You'll need root privileges to run these examples. If you are using a virtualenv, use the following command to run the scripts:
+  ```bash
+  sudo <path_to_virtualenv>/bin/python3 <script_name>.py
+  ```
+- For vfsreadlat_plotly.py, run the following command to start the Dash server:
+  ```bash
+  sudo <path_to_virtualenv>/bin/python3 vfsreadlat_plotly/bpf_program.py
+  ```
+  Then open your web browser and navigate to the given URL.

BCC-Examples/hello_fields.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "28cf2e27-41e2-461c-a39c-147417141a4e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "133190e5-5a99-4585-b6e1-91224ed973c2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone\")\n",
+    "def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    print(\"Hello, World!\")\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "d3934efb-4043-4545-ae4c-c50ec40a24fd",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# header\n",
+    "print(f\"{'TIME(s)':<18} {'COMM':<16} {'PID':<6} {'MESSAGE'}\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "while True:\n",
+    "    try:\n",
+    "        (task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg) = trace_fields()\n",
+    "    except ValueError:\n",
+    "        continue\n",
+    "    except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "        exit()\n",
+    "    print(f\"{ts:<18} {task:<16} {pid:<6} {msg}\")"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/hello_perf_output.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "79b74928-f4b4-4320-96e3-d973997de2f4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid, comm\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "5bdb0329-ae2d-45e8-808e-5ed5b1374204",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@struct\n",
+    "class data_t:\n",
+    "    pid: c_int64\n",
+    "    ts: c_int64\n",
+    "    comm: str(16)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def events() -> PerfEventArray:\n",
+    "    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone\")\n",
+    "def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    dataobj = data_t()\n",
+    "    dataobj.pid, dataobj.ts = pid(), ktime()\n",
+    "    comm(dataobj.comm)\n",
+    "    events.output(dataobj)\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "4bcc7d57-6cc4-48a3-bbd2-42ad6263afdf",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def callback(cpu, event):\n",
+    "    global start\n",
+    "    if start == 0:\n",
+    "        start = event.ts\n",
+    "    ts = (event.ts - start) / 1e9\n",
+    "    print(f\"[CPU {cpu}] PID: {event.pid}, TS: {ts}, COMM: {event.comm.decode()}\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "perf = b[\"events\"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name=\"data_t\")\n",
+    "print(\"Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)\")\n",
+    "print(\"Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "try:\n",
+    "    while True:\n",
+    "        b[\"events\"].poll(1000)\n",
+    "except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "    print(\"Stopping...\")"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/hello_world.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "id": "7d5d3cfb-39ba-4516-9856-b3bed47a0cef",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "id": "cf1c87aa-e173-4156-8f2d-762225bc6d19",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone\")\n",
+    "def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    print(\"Hello, World!\")\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "b = BPF()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "bd81383d-f75a-4269-8451-3d985d85b124",
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "      Cache2 I/O-4716    [003] ...21  8218.000492: bpf_trace_printk: count: 11 with 4716\n",
+      "\n",
+      "      Cache2 I/O-4716    [003] ...21  8218.000499: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "   WebExtensions-5168    [002] ...21  8219.320392: bpf_trace_printk: count: 13 with 5168\n",
+      "\n",
+      "   WebExtensions-5168    [002] ...21  8219.320399: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [001] ...21  8220.933716: bpf_trace_printk: count: 5 with 21155\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [001] ...21  8220.933721: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [002] ...21  8221.341290: bpf_trace_printk: count: 6 with 21155\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [002] ...21  8221.341295: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-5462    [000] ...21  8223.095033: bpf_trace_printk: count: 7 with 5462\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-5462    [000] ...21  8223.095043: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "         firefox-4542    [000] ...21  8227.760067: bpf_trace_printk: count: 8 with 4542\n",
+      "\n",
+      "         firefox-4542    [000] ...21  8227.760080: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-12404   [003] ...21  8227.917086: bpf_trace_printk: count: 7 with 12404\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-12404   [003] ...21  8227.917095: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()\n",
+    "trace_pipe()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "01e1f25b-decc-425b-a1aa-a5e701082574",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sync_count.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "dcab010c-f5e9-446f-9f9f-056cc794ad14",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "720797e8-9c81-4af6-a385-80f1ec4c0f15",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def last() -> HashMap:\n",
+    "    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=2)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    ts_key, cnt_key = 0, 1\n",
+    "    tsp, cntp = last.lookup(ts_key), last.lookup(cnt_key)\n",
+    "    if not cntp:\n",
+    "        last.update(cnt_key, 0)\n",
+    "        cntp = last.lookup(cnt_key)\n",
+    "    if tsp:\n",
+    "        delta = ktime() - tsp\n",
+    "        if delta < 1000000000:\n",
+    "            time_ms = delta // 1000000\n",
+    "            print(f\"{time_ms} {cntp}\")\n",
+    "        last.delete(ts_key)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        last.update(ts_key, ktime())\n",
+    "    last.update(cnt_key, cntp + 1)\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "78a8b82c-7c5f-43c1-9de1-cd982a0f345b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "while True:\n",
+    "    try:\n",
+    "        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg = trace_fields()\n",
+    "        if start == 0:\n",
+    "            start = ts\n",
+    "        ts -= start\n",
+    "        ms, cnt = msg.split()\n",
+    "        print(f\"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago. Count {cnt}\")\n",
+    "    except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "        exit()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sync_perf_output.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "b0d1ab05-0c1f-4578-9c1b-568202b95a5c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "85e50d0a-f9d8-468f-8e03-f5f7128f05d8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@struct\n",
+    "class data_t:\n",
+    "    ts: c_int64\n",
+    "    ms: c_int64\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def events() -> PerfEventArray:\n",
+    "    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def last() -> HashMap:\n",
+    "    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    dat, dat.ts, key = data_t(), ktime(), 0\n",
+    "    tsp = last.lookup(key)\n",
+    "    if tsp:\n",
+    "        delta = ktime() - tsp\n",
+    "        if delta < 1000000000:\n",
+    "            dat.ms = delta // 1000000\n",
+    "            events.output(dat)\n",
+    "        last.delete(key)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        last.update(key, ktime())\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "40bb1107-369f-4be7-9f10-37201900c16b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def callback(cpu, event):\n",
+    "    global start\n",
+    "    if start == 0:\n",
+    "        start = event.ts\n",
+    "    event.ts -= start\n",
+    "    print(\n",
+    "        f\"At time {event.ts / 1e9} s: Multiple sync detected, Last sync: {event.ms} ms ago\"\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "perf = b[\"events\"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name=\"data_t\")\n",
+    "print(\"Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)\")\n",
+    "print(\"Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "try:\n",
+    "    while True:\n",
+    "        b[\"events\"].poll(1000)\n",
+    "except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "    print(\"Stopping...\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "94a588d9-3a40-437c-a35b-fc40410f3eb7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sync_perf_output.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
 from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
-from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
-from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 
@@ -69,8 +68,6 @@ def callback(cpu, event):
 
 perf = b["events"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name="data_t")
 print("Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)")
-print("Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events")
-
 try:
     while True:
         b["events"].poll(1000)

BCC-Examples/sync_timing.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "bfe01ceb-2f27-41b3-b3ba-50ec65cfddda",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "ddb115f4-20a7-43bc-bb5b-ccbfd6031fc2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def last() -> HashMap:\n",
+    "    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    key = 0\n",
+    "    tsp = last.lookup(key)\n",
+    "    if tsp:\n",
+    "        delta = ktime() - tsp\n",
+    "        if delta < 1000000000:\n",
+    "            time_ms = delta // 1000000\n",
+    "            print(f\"{time_ms}\")\n",
+    "        last.delete(key)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        last.update(key, ktime())\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e4f46574-9fd8-46e7-9c7b-27a36d07f200",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "while True:\n",
+    "    try:\n",
+    "        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, ms = trace_fields()\n",
+    "        if start == 0:\n",
+    "            start = ts\n",
+    "        ts -= start\n",
+    "        print(f\"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago\")\n",
+    "    except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "        exit()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sys_sync.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "bb49598f-b9cc-4ea8-8391-923cad513711",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "5da237b0-1c7d-4ec5-8c24-696b1c1d97fa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    print(\"sys_sync() called\")\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e4c218ac-fe47-4fd1-a27b-c07e02f3cd05",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing sys_sync()... Ctrl-C to end.\")\n",
+    "trace_pipe()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

examples/binops_demo.py

@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ def last() -> HashMap:
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
 def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     key = 0
-    tsp = last().lookup(key)
+    tsp = last.lookup(key)
     if tsp:
         kt = ktime()
         delta = kt - tsp
         if delta < 1000000000:
             time_ms = delta // 1000000
             print(f"Execve syscall entered within last second, last {time_ms} ms ago")
-        last().delete(key)
+        last.delete(key)
     else:
         kt = ktime()
-        last().update(key, kt)
+        last.update(key, kt)
     return c_int64(0)
 
 

examples/clone_plot.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import time
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF
 from pythonbpf.helper import pid
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
-from pylibbpf import BpfMap
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
@@ -26,14 +25,14 @@ def hist() -> HashMap:
 def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     process_id = pid()
     one = 1
-    prev = hist().lookup(process_id)
+    prev = hist.lookup(process_id)
     if prev:
         previous_value = prev + 1
         print(f"count: {previous_value} with {process_id}")
-        hist().update(process_id, previous_value)
+        hist.update(process_id, previous_value)
         return c_int64(0)
     else:
-        hist().update(process_id, one)
+        hist.update(process_id, one)
     return c_int64(0)
 
 
@@ -44,12 +43,12 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
 
 
 b = BPF()
-b.load_and_attach()
-hist = BpfMap(b, hist)
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
 print("Recording")
 time.sleep(10)
 
-counts = list(hist.values())
+counts = list(b["hist"].values())
 
 plt.hist(counts, bins=20)
 plt.xlabel("Clone calls per PID")

examples/hello_world.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 # Instructions to how to run this program
@@ -21,10 +21,6 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
 
 
 b = BPF()
-b.load_and_attach()
-if b.is_loaded() and b.is_attached():
-    print("Successfully loaded and attached")
-else:
-    print("Could not load successfully")
-
-# Now cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe to see results of the execve syscall.
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+trace_pipe()

examples/kprobes.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
 
 
 b = BPF()
-b.load_and_attach()
-while True:
-    print("running")
-# Now cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe to see results of unlink kprobe.
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+print("running")
+trace_pipe()

examples/xdp_pass.py

@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ def count() -> HashMap:
 def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     key = 0
     one = 1
-    prev = count().lookup(key)
+    prev = count.lookup(key)
     if prev:
         prevval = prev + 1
         print(f"count: {prevval}")
-        count().update(key, prevval)
+        count.update(key, prevval)
         return XDP_PASS
     else:
-        count().update(key, one)
+        count.update(key, one)
 
     return XDP_PASS
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "pythonbpf"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 description = "Reduced Python frontend for eBPF"
 authors = [
   { name = "r41k0u", email="pragyanshchaturvedi18@gmail.com" },
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ classifiers = [
 ]
 readme = "README.md"
 license = {text = "Apache-2.0"}
-requires-python = ">=3.8"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 
 dependencies = [
-  "llvmlite",
+  "llvmlite>=0.45",
   "astpretty",
   "pylibbpf"
 ]

pythonbpf/allocation_pass.py

@@ -1,28 +1,17 @@
 import ast
 import logging
-
+import ctypes
 from llvmlite import ir
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any
+from .local_symbol import LocalSymbol
 from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
 from .expr import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
 from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.maps import BPFMapType
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-@dataclass
-class LocalSymbol:
-    var: ir.AllocaInstr
-    ir_type: ir.Type
-    metadata: Any = None
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        yield self.var
-        yield self.ir_type
-        yield self.metadata
-
-
 def create_targets_and_rvals(stmt):
     """Create lists of targets and right-hand values from an assignment statement."""
     if isinstance(stmt.targets[0], ast.Tuple):
@@ -37,7 +26,9 @@ def create_targets_and_rvals(stmt):
     return stmt.targets, [stmt.value]
 
 
-def handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+def handle_assign_allocation(
+    builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Handle memory allocation for assignment statements."""
 
     logger.info(f"Handling assignment for allocation: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
@@ -60,24 +51,16 @@ def handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
             continue
 
         var_name = target.id
-
         # Skip if already allocated
         if var_name in local_sym_tab:
             logger.debug(f"Variable {var_name} already allocated, skipping")
             continue
 
-        # When allocating a variable, check if it's a vmlinux struct type
-        if isinstance(
-            stmt.value, ast.Name
-        ) and VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(stmt.value.id):
-            # Handle vmlinux struct allocation
-            # This requires more implementation
-            print(stmt.value)
-            pass
-
         # Determine type and allocate based on rval
         if isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
-            _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+            _allocate_for_call(
+                builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+            )
         elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
             _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab)
         elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
@@ -96,14 +79,16 @@ def handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
             )
 
 
-def _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+def _allocate_for_call(
+    builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Allocate memory for variable assigned from a call."""
 
     if isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
         call_type = rval.func.id
 
         # C type constructors
-        if call_type in ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64"):
+        if call_type in ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64", "c_void_p"):
             ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
             var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
             var.align = ir_type.width // 8
@@ -133,20 +118,91 @@ def _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
             local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, struct_info.ir_type, call_type)
             logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for struct {call_type}")
 
+        elif VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(call_type):
+            # When calling struct_name(pointer), we're doing a cast, not construction
+            # So we allocate as a pointer (i64) not as the actual struct
+            var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
+            var.align = 8
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(
+                var, ir.IntType(64), VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_type(call_type)
+            )
+            logger.info(
+                f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for vmlinux struct pointer cast to {call_type}"
+            )
+
         else:
             logger.warning(f"Unknown call type for allocation: {call_type}")
 
     elif isinstance(rval.func, ast.Attribute):
         # Map method calls - need double allocation for ptr handling
-        _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        _allocate_for_map_method(
+            builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
 
     else:
         logger.warning(f"Unsupported call function type for {var_name}")
 
 
-def _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
+def _allocate_for_map_method(
+    builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Allocate memory for variable assigned from map method (double alloc)."""
 
+    map_name = rval.func.value.id
+    method_name = rval.func.attr
+
+    # NOTE: We will have to special case HashMap.lookup which returns a pointer to value type
+    # The value type can be a struct as well, so we need to handle that properly
+    # This special casing is not ideal, as over time other map methods may need similar handling
+    # But for now, we will just handle lookup specifically
+    if map_name not in map_sym_tab:
+        logger.error(f"Map '{map_name}' not found for allocation")
+        return
+
+    if method_name != "lookup":
+        # Fallback allocation for other map methods
+        _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        return
+
+    map_params = map_sym_tab[map_name].params
+    if map_params["type"] != BPFMapType.HASH:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Map method lookup used on non-hash map, using fallback allocation"
+        )
+        _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        return
+
+    value_type = map_params["value"]
+    # Determine IR type for value
+    if isinstance(value_type, str) and value_type in structs_sym_tab:
+        struct_info = structs_sym_tab[value_type]
+        value_ir_type = struct_info.ir_type
+    else:
+        value_ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(value_type)
+
+    if value_ir_type is None:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"Could not determine IR type for map value '{value_type}', using fallback allocation"
+        )
+        _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        return
+
+    # Main variable (pointer to pointer)
+    ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))
+    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type, value_type)
+    # Temporary variable for computed values
+    tmp_ir_type = value_ir_type
+    var_tmp = builder.alloca(tmp_ir_type, name=f"{var_name}_tmp")
+    local_sym_tab[f"{var_name}_tmp"] = LocalSymbol(var_tmp, tmp_ir_type)
+    logger.info(
+        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} and {var_name}_tmp for map method lookup of type {value_ir_type}"
+    )
+
+
+def _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
+    """Fallback allocation for map method variable (i64* and i64**)."""
+
     # Main variable (pointer to pointer)
     ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))
     var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
@@ -157,7 +213,9 @@ def _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
     var_tmp = builder.alloca(tmp_ir_type, name=f"{var_name}_tmp")
     local_sym_tab[f"{var_name}_tmp"] = LocalSymbol(var_tmp, tmp_ir_type)
 
-    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} and {var_name}_tmp for map method")
+    logger.info(
+        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} and {var_name}_tmp for map method (fallback)"
+    )
 
 
 def _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab):
@@ -199,17 +257,33 @@ def _allocate_for_binop(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
     logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for binop result")
 
 
+def _get_type_name(ir_type):
+    """Get a string representation of an IR type."""
+    if isinstance(ir_type, ir.IntType):
+        return f"i{ir_type.width}"
+    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.PointerType):
+        return "ptr"
+    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType):
+        return f"[{ir_type.count}x{_get_type_name(ir_type.element)}]"
+    else:
+        return str(ir_type).replace(" ", "")
+
+
 def allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps, local_sym_tab):
     """Allocate the temporary scratch space pool for helper arguments."""
-    if max_temps == 0:
+    if not max_temps:
+        logger.info("No temp pool allocation needed")
         return
 
-    logger.info(f"Allocating temp pool of {max_temps} variables")
-    for i in range(max_temps):
-        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{i}"
-        temp_var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=temp_name)
-        temp_var.align = 8
-        local_sym_tab[temp_name] = LocalSymbol(temp_var, ir.IntType(64))
+    for tmp_type, cnt in max_temps.items():
+        type_name = _get_type_name(tmp_type)
+        logger.info(f"Allocating temp pool of {cnt} variables of type {type_name}")
+        for i in range(cnt):
+            temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{type_name}_{i}"
+            temp_var = builder.alloca(tmp_type, name=temp_name)
+            temp_var.align = _get_alignment(tmp_type)
+            local_sym_tab[temp_name] = LocalSymbol(temp_var, tmp_type)
+            logger.debug(f"Allocated temp variable: {temp_name}")
 
 
 def _allocate_for_name(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab):
@@ -248,9 +322,87 @@ def _allocate_for_attribute(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_
         logger.error(f"Struct variable '{struct_var}' not found")
         return
 
-    struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_var].metadata
+    struct_type: type = local_sym_tab[struct_var].metadata
     if not struct_type or struct_type not in structs_sym_tab:
-        logger.error(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
+        if VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(struct_type.__name__):
+            # Handle vmlinux struct field access
+            vmlinux_struct_name = struct_type.__name__
+            if not VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.has_field(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Field '{field_name}' not found in vmlinux struct '{vmlinux_struct_name}'"
+                )
+                return
+
+            field_type: tuple[ir.GlobalVariable, Field] = (
+                VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_field_type(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name)
+            )
+            field_ir, field = field_type
+
+            # Determine the actual IR type based on the field's type
+            actual_ir_type = None
+
+            # Check if it's a ctypes primitive
+            if field.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                try:
+                    field_size_bytes = ctypes.sizeof(field.type)
+                    field_size_bits = field_size_bytes * 8
+
+                    if field_size_bits in [8, 16, 32, 64]:
+                        # Special case: struct_xdp_md i32 fields should allocate as i64
+                        # because load_ctx_field will zero-extend them to i64
+                        if (
+                            vmlinux_struct_name == "struct_xdp_md"
+                            and field_size_bits == 32
+                        ):
+                            actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+                            logger.info(
+                                f"Allocating {var_name} as i64 for i32 field from struct_xdp_md.{field_name} "
+                                "(will be zero-extended during load)"
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(field_size_bits)
+                    else:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Unusual field size {field_size_bits} bits for {field_name}"
+                        )
+                        actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Could not determine size for ctypes field {field_name}: {e}"
+                    )
+                    actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+
+            # Check if it's a nested vmlinux struct or complex type
+            elif field.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                # For pointers to structs, use pointer type (64-bit)
+                if field.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                    field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer
+                ):
+                    actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)  # Pointer is always 64-bit
+                # For embedded structs, this is more complex - might need different handling
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Field {field_name} is a nested vmlinux struct, using i64 for now"
+                    )
+                    actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Unknown field type module {field.type.__module__} for {field_name}"
+                )
+                actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+
+            # Allocate with the actual IR type
+            var = _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, actual_ir_type)
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(
+                var, actual_ir_type, field
+            )  # <-- Store Field metadata
+
+            logger.info(
+                f"Pre-allocated {var_name} as {actual_ir_type} from vmlinux struct {vmlinux_struct_name}.{field_name}"
+            )
+            return
+        else:
+            logger.error(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
         return
 
     struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]

pythonbpf/assign_pass.py

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 import ast
 import logging
+from inspect import isclass
+
 from llvmlite import ir
 from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr
 from pythonbpf.helper import emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call
+from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -146,9 +150,57 @@ def handle_variable_assignment(
         return False
 
     val, val_type = val_result
-    logger.info(f"Evaluated value for {var_name}: {val} of type {val_type}, {var_type}")
+    logger.info(
+        f"Evaluated value for {var_name}: {val} of type {val_type}, expected {var_type}"
+    )
+
     if val_type != var_type:
-        if isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType):
+        # Handle vmlinux struct pointers - they're represented as Python classes but are i64 pointers
+        if isclass(val_type) and (val_type.__module__ == "vmlinux"):
+            logger.info("Handling vmlinux struct pointer assignment")
+            # vmlinux struct pointers: val is a pointer, need to convert to i64
+            if isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType) and var_type.width == 64:
+                # Convert pointer to i64 using ptrtoint
+                if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+                    val = builder.ptrtoint(val, ir.IntType(64))
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Converted vmlinux struct pointer to i64 using ptrtoint"
+                    )
+                builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+                logger.info(f"Assigned vmlinux struct pointer to {var_name} (i64)")
+                return True
+            else:
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Type mismatch: vmlinux struct pointer requires i64, got {var_type}"
+                )
+                return False
+        if isinstance(val_type, Field):
+            logger.info("Handling assignment to struct field")
+            # Special handling for struct_xdp_md i32 fields that are zero-extended to i64
+            # The load_ctx_field already extended them, so val is i64 but val_type.type shows c_uint
+            if (
+                hasattr(val_type, "type")
+                and val_type.type.__name__ == "c_uint"
+                and isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType)
+                and var_type.width == 64
+            ):
+                # This is the struct_xdp_md case - value is already i64
+                builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Assigned zero-extended struct_xdp_md i32 field to {var_name} (i64)"
+                )
+                return True
+            # TODO: handling only ctype struct fields for now. Handle other stuff too later.
+            elif var_type == ctypes_to_ir(val_type.type.__name__):
+                builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+                logger.info(f"Assigned ctype struct field to {var_name}")
+                return True
+            else:
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Failed to assign ctype struct field to {var_name}: {val_type} != {var_type}"
+                )
+                return False
+        elif isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType):
             # Allow implicit int widening
             if val_type.width < var_type.width:
                 val = builder.sext(val, var_type)

pythonbpf/codegen.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import re
 
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-VERSION = "v0.1.6"
+VERSION = "v0.1.7"
 
 
 def finalize_module(original_str):
@@ -37,6 +37,24 @@ def finalize_module(original_str):
     return re.sub(pattern, replacement, original_str)
 
 
+def bpf_passthrough_gen(module):
+    i32_ty = ir.IntType(32)
+    ptr_ty = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+    fnty = ir.FunctionType(ptr_ty, [i32_ty, ptr_ty])
+
+    # Declare the intrinsic
+    passthrough = ir.Function(module, fnty, "llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0")
+
+    # Set function attributes
+    # TODO: the ones commented are supposed to be there but cannot be added due to llvmlite limitations at the moment
+    # passthrough.attributes.add("nofree")
+    # passthrough.attributes.add("nosync")
+    passthrough.attributes.add("nounwind")
+    # passthrough.attributes.add("memory(none)")
+
+    return passthrough
+
+
 def find_bpf_chunks(tree):
     """Find all functions decorated with @bpf in the AST."""
     bpf_functions = []
@@ -57,6 +75,8 @@ def processor(source_code, filename, module):
     for func_node in bpf_chunks:
         logger.info(f"Found BPF function/struct: {func_node.name}")
 
+    bpf_passthrough_gen(module)
+
     vmlinux_symtab = vmlinux_proc(tree, module)
     if vmlinux_symtab:
         handler = VmlinuxHandler.initialize(vmlinux_symtab)
@@ -66,7 +86,7 @@ def processor(source_code, filename, module):
     license_processing(tree, module)
     globals_processing(tree, module)
     structs_sym_tab = structs_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
-    map_sym_tab = maps_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
+    map_sym_tab = maps_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks, structs_sym_tab)
     func_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
 
     globals_list_creation(tree, module)
@@ -137,7 +157,7 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
 
     module.add_named_metadata("llvm.ident", [f"PythonBPF {VERSION}"])
 
-    module_string = finalize_module(str(module))
+    module_string: str = finalize_module(str(module))
 
     logger.info(f"IR written to {output}")
     with open(output, "w") as f:
@@ -198,13 +218,11 @@ def compile(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> bool:
 def BPF(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> BpfObject:
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     src = inspect.getsource(caller_frame.frame)
-    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-        mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".py"
-    ) as f, tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-        mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".ll"
-    ) as inter, tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-        mode="w+", delete=False, suffix=".o"
-    ) as obj_file:
+    with (
+        tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".py") as f,
+        tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".ll") as inter,
+        tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=False, suffix=".o") as obj_file,
+    ):
         f.write(src)
         f.flush()
         source = f.name

pythonbpf/debuginfo/debug_info_generator.py

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
             )
         return self._type_cache[key]
 
+    def get_uint8_type(self) -> Any:
+        """Get debug info for signed 8-bit integer"""
+        return self.get_basic_type("char", 8, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned)
+
     def get_int32_type(self) -> Any:
         """Get debug info for signed 32-bit integer"""
         return self.get_basic_type("int", 32, dc.DW_ATE_signed)
@@ -184,3 +188,83 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
             "DIGlobalVariableExpression",
             {"var": global_var, "expr": self.module.add_debug_info("DIExpression", {})},
         )
+
+    def get_int64_type(self):
+        return self.get_basic_type("long", 64, dc.DW_ATE_signed)
+
+    def create_subroutine_type(self, return_type, param_types):
+        """
+        Create a DISubroutineType given return type and list of parameter types.
+        Equivalent to: !DISubroutineType(types: !{ret, args...})
+        """
+        type_array = [return_type]
+        if isinstance(param_types, (list, tuple)):
+            type_array.extend(param_types)
+        else:
+            type_array.append(param_types)
+        return self.module.add_debug_info("DISubroutineType", {"types": type_array})
+
+    def create_local_variable_debug_info(
+        self, name: str, arg: int, var_type: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Create debug info for a local variable (DILocalVariable) without scope.
+        Example:
+        !DILocalVariable(name: "ctx", arg: 1, file: !3, line: 20, type: !7)
+        """
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DILocalVariable",
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "arg": arg,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "type": var_type,
+            },
+        )
+
+    def add_scope_to_local_variable(self, local_variable_debug_info, scope_value):
+        """
+        Add scope information to an existing local variable debug info object.
+        """
+        # TODO: this is a workaround a flaw in the debug info generation. Fix this if possible in the future.
+        # We should not be touching llvmlite's internals like this.
+        if hasattr(local_variable_debug_info, "operands"):
+            # LLVM metadata operands is a tuple, so we need to rebuild it
+            existing_operands = local_variable_debug_info.operands
+
+            # Convert tuple to list, add scope, convert back to tuple
+            operands_list = list(existing_operands)
+            operands_list.append(("scope", scope_value))
+
+            # Reassign the new tuple
+            local_variable_debug_info.operands = tuple(operands_list)
+
+    def create_subprogram(
+        self, name: str, subroutine_type: Any, retained_nodes: List[Any]
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Create a DISubprogram for a function.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Function name
+            subroutine_type: DISubroutineType for the function signature
+            retained_nodes: List of DILocalVariable nodes for function parameters/variables
+
+        Returns:
+            DISubprogram metadata
+        """
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DISubprogram",
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "scope": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "type": subroutine_type,
+                # TODO: the following flags do not exist at the moment in our dwarf constants file. We need to add them.
+                # "flags": dc.DW_FLAG_Prototyped | dc.DW_FLAG_AllCallsDescribed,
+                # "spFlags": dc.DW_SPFLAG_Definition | dc.DW_SPFLAG_Optimized,
+                "unit": self.module._debug_compile_unit,
+                "retainedNodes": retained_nodes,
+            },
+            is_distinct=True,
+        )

pythonbpf/expr/expr_pass.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ from .type_normalization import (
     deref_to_depth,
 )
 from .vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
+from ..vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
 
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ def _handle_constant_expr(module, builder, expr: ast.Constant):
 
 
 def _handle_attribute_expr(
+    func,
     expr: ast.Attribute,
     local_sym_tab: Dict,
     structs_sym_tab: Dict,
@@ -72,20 +74,119 @@ def _handle_attribute_expr(
         if var_name in local_sym_tab:
             var_ptr, var_type, var_metadata = local_sym_tab[var_name]
             logger.info(f"Loading attribute {attr_name} from variable {var_name}")
-            logger.info(f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}")
-            metadata = structs_sym_tab[var_metadata]
-            if attr_name in metadata.fields:
+            logger.info(
+                f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}, Variable Metadata: {var_metadata}"
+            )
+            # Check if this is a pointer to a struct (from map lookup)
+            if (
+                isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType)
+                and var_metadata
+                and isinstance(var_metadata, str)
+            ):
+                if var_metadata in structs_sym_tab:
+                    logger.info(
+                        f"Handling pointer to struct {var_metadata} from map lookup"
+                    )
+
+                    if func is None:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"func parameter required for null-safe pointer access to {var_name}.{attr_name}"
+                        )
+
+                    # Load the pointer value (ptr<struct>)
+                    struct_ptr = builder.load(var_ptr)
+
+                    # Create blocks for null check
+                    null_check_block = builder.block
+                    not_null_block = func.append_basic_block(
+                        name=f"{var_name}_not_null"
+                    )
+                    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"{var_name}_merge")
+
+                    # Check if pointer is null
+                    null_ptr = ir.Constant(struct_ptr.type, None)
+                    is_not_null = builder.icmp_signed("!=", struct_ptr, null_ptr)
+                    logger.info(f"Inserted null check for pointer {var_name}")
+
+                    builder.cbranch(is_not_null, not_null_block, merge_block)
+
+                    # Not-null block: Access the field
+                    builder.position_at_end(not_null_block)
+
+                    # Get struct metadata
+                    metadata = structs_sym_tab[var_metadata]
+                    struct_ptr = builder.bitcast(
+                        struct_ptr, metadata.ir_type.as_pointer()
+                    )
+
+                    if attr_name not in metadata.fields:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"Field '{attr_name}' not found in struct '{var_metadata}'"
+                        )
+
+                    # GEP to field
+                    field_gep = metadata.gep(builder, struct_ptr, attr_name)
+
+                    # Load field value
+                    field_val = builder.load(field_gep)
+                    field_type = metadata.field_type(attr_name)
+
+                    logger.info(
+                        f"Loaded field {attr_name} from struct pointer, type: {field_type}"
+                    )
+
+                    # Branch to merge
+                    not_null_after_load = builder.block
+                    builder.branch(merge_block)
+
+                    # Merge block: PHI node for the result
+                    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+                    phi = builder.phi(field_type, name=f"{var_name}_{attr_name}")
+
+                    # If null, return zero/default value
+                    if isinstance(field_type, ir.IntType):
+                        zero_value = ir.Constant(field_type, 0)
+                    elif isinstance(field_type, ir.PointerType):
+                        zero_value = ir.Constant(field_type, None)
+                    elif isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType):
+                        # For arrays, we can't easily create a zero constant
+                        # This case is tricky - for now, just use undef
+                        zero_value = ir.Constant(field_type, ir.Undefined)
+                    else:
+                        zero_value = ir.Constant(field_type, ir.Undefined)
+
+                    phi.add_incoming(zero_value, null_check_block)
+                    phi.add_incoming(field_val, not_null_after_load)
+
+                    logger.info(f"Created PHI node for {var_name}.{attr_name}")
+                    return phi, field_type
+            if (
+                hasattr(var_metadata, "__module__")
+                and var_metadata.__module__ == "vmlinux"
+            ):
+                # Try vmlinux handler when var_metadata is not a string, but has a module attribute.
+                # This has been done to keep everything separate in vmlinux struct handling.
+                vmlinux_result = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.handle_attribute(
+                    expr, local_sym_tab, None, builder
+                )
+                if vmlinux_result is not None:
+                    return vmlinux_result
+                else:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Vmlinux struct did not process successfully")
+
+            elif isinstance(var_metadata, Field):
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Cannot access field '{attr_name}' on already-loaded field value '{var_name}'"
+                )
+                return None
+
+            # Regular user-defined struct
+            metadata = structs_sym_tab.get(var_metadata)
+            if metadata and attr_name in metadata.fields:
                 gep = metadata.gep(builder, var_ptr, attr_name)
                 val = builder.load(gep)
                 field_type = metadata.field_type(attr_name)
                 return val, field_type
-
-        # Try vmlinux handler as fallback
-        vmlinux_result = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.handle_attribute(
-            expr, local_sym_tab, None, builder
-        )
-        if vmlinux_result is not None:
-            return vmlinux_result
     return None
 
 
@@ -271,16 +372,45 @@ def _handle_ctypes_call(
     call_type = expr.func.id
     expected_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
 
-    if val[1] != expected_type:
+    # Extract the actual IR value and type
+    # val could be (value, ir_type) or (value, Field)
+    value, val_type = val
+
+    # If val_type is a Field object (from vmlinux struct), get the actual IR type of the value
+    if isinstance(val_type, Field):
+        # The value is already the correct IR value (potentially zero-extended)
+        # Get the IR type from the value itself
+        actual_ir_type = value.type
+        logger.info(
+            f"Converting vmlinux field {val_type.name} (IR type: {actual_ir_type}) to {call_type}"
+        )
+    else:
+        actual_ir_type = val_type
+
+    if actual_ir_type != expected_type:
         # NOTE: We are only considering casting to and from int types for now
-        if isinstance(val[1], ir.IntType) and isinstance(expected_type, ir.IntType):
-            if val[1].width < expected_type.width:
-                val = (builder.sext(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+        if isinstance(actual_ir_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(
+            expected_type, ir.IntType
+        ):
+            if actual_ir_type.width < expected_type.width:
+                value = builder.sext(value, expected_type)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Sign-extended from i{actual_ir_type.width} to i{expected_type.width}"
+                )
+            elif actual_ir_type.width > expected_type.width:
+                value = builder.trunc(value, expected_type)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Truncated from i{actual_ir_type.width} to i{expected_type.width}"
+                )
             else:
-                val = (builder.trunc(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+                # Same width, just use as-is (e.g., both i64)
+                pass
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f"Type mismatch: expected {expected_type}, got {val[1]}")
-    return val
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Type mismatch: expected {expected_type}, got {actual_ir_type} (original type: {val_type})"
+            )
+
+    return value, expected_type
 
 
 def _handle_compare(
@@ -487,6 +617,66 @@ def _handle_boolean_op(
         return None
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# VMLinux casting
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def _handle_vmlinux_cast(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    # handle expressions such as struct_request(ctx.di) where struct_request is a vmlinux
+    # struct and ctx.di is a pointer to a struct but is actually represented as a c_uint64
+    # which needs to be cast to a pointer. This is also a field of another vmlinux struct
+    """Handle vmlinux struct cast expressions like struct_request(ctx.di)."""
+    if len(expr.args) != 1:
+        logger.info("vmlinux struct cast takes exactly one argument")
+        return None
+
+    # Get the struct name
+    struct_name = expr.func.id
+
+    # Evaluate the argument (e.g., ctx.di which is a c_uint64)
+    arg_result = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        expr.args[0],
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    if arg_result is None:
+        logger.info("Failed to evaluate argument to vmlinux struct cast")
+        return None
+
+    arg_val, arg_type = arg_result
+    # Get the vmlinux struct type
+    vmlinux_struct_type = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_type(struct_name)
+    if vmlinux_struct_type is None:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to get vmlinux struct type for {struct_name}")
+        return None
+    # Cast the integer/value to a pointer to the struct
+    # If arg_val is an integer type, we need to inttoptr it
+    ptr_type = ir.PointerType()
+    # TODO: add a integer check here later
+    if ctypes_to_ir(arg_type.type.__name__):
+        # Cast integer to pointer
+        casted_ptr = builder.inttoptr(arg_val, ptr_type)
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"Unsupported type for vmlinux cast: {arg_type}")
+        return None
+
+    return casted_ptr, vmlinux_struct_type
+
+
 # ============================================================================
 # Expression Dispatcher
 # ============================================================================
@@ -507,6 +697,18 @@ def eval_expr(
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.Constant):
         return _handle_constant_expr(module, builder, expr)
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.Call):
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(
+            expr.func.id
+        ):
+            return _handle_vmlinux_cast(
+                func,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                expr,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
         if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and expr.func.id == "deref":
             return _handle_deref_call(expr, local_sym_tab, builder)
 
@@ -530,7 +732,9 @@ def eval_expr(
         logger.warning(f"Unknown call: {ast.dump(expr)}")
         return None
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
-        return _handle_attribute_expr(expr, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, builder)
+        return _handle_attribute_expr(
+            func, expr, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, builder
+        )
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.BinOp):
         return _handle_binary_op(
             func,

pythonbpf/expr/ir_ops.py

@@ -48,3 +48,10 @@ def deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, target_depth):
         cur_val = phi
         cur_type = pointee_type
     return cur_val
+
+
+def deref_struct_ptr(
+    func, builder, struct_ptr, struct_metadata, field_name, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Dereference a pointer to a struct type."""
+    return deref_to_depth(func, builder, struct_ptr, 1)

pythonbpf/expr/vmlinux_registry.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import ast
 
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.vmlinux_exports_handler import VmlinuxHandler
+
 
 class VmlinuxHandlerRegistry:
     """Registry for vmlinux handler operations"""
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ class VmlinuxHandlerRegistry:
     _handler = None
 
     @classmethod
-    def set_handler(cls, handler):
+    def set_handler(cls, handler: VmlinuxHandler):
         """Set the vmlinux handler"""
         cls._handler = handler
 
@@ -37,9 +39,37 @@ class VmlinuxHandlerRegistry:
             )
         return None
 
+    @classmethod
+    def get_struct_debug_info(cls, name):
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return False
+        return cls._handler.get_struct_debug_info(name)
+
     @classmethod
     def is_vmlinux_struct(cls, name):
         """Check if a name refers to a vmlinux struct"""
         if cls._handler is None:
             return False
         return cls._handler.is_vmlinux_struct(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_struct_type(cls, name):
+        """Try to handle a struct name as vmlinux struct"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+        return cls._handler.get_vmlinux_struct_type(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_field(cls, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Check if a vmlinux struct has a specific field"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return False
+        return cls._handler.has_field(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_field_type(cls, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Get the type of a field in a vmlinux struct"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+        assert isinstance(cls._handler, VmlinuxHandler)
+        return cls._handler.get_field_type(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name)

pythonbpf/functions/function_debug_info.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import ast
+
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+import logging
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
+from pythonbpf.expr import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
+import ctypes
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def generate_function_debug_info(
+    func_node: ast.FunctionDef, module: ir.Module, func: ir.Function
+):
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+    leading_argument = func_node.args.args[0]
+    leading_argument_name = leading_argument.arg
+    annotation = leading_argument.annotation
+    if func_node.returns is None:
+        # TODO: should check if this logic is consistent with function return type handling elsewhere
+        return_type = ctypes.c_int64()
+    elif hasattr(func_node.returns, "id"):
+        return_type = func_node.returns.id
+        if return_type == "c_int32":
+            return_type = generator.get_int32_type()
+        elif return_type == "c_int64":
+            return_type = generator.get_int64_type()
+        elif return_type == "c_uint32":
+            return_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
+        elif return_type == "c_uint64":
+            return_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Return type should be int32, int64, uint32 or uint64 only. Falling back to int64"
+            )
+            return_type = generator.get_int64_type()
+    else:
+        return_type = ctypes.c_int64()
+    # context processing
+    if annotation is None:
+        logger.warning("Type of context of function not found.")
+        return
+    if hasattr(annotation, "id"):
+        ctype_name = annotation.id
+        if ctype_name == "c_void_p":
+            return
+        elif ctype_name.startswith("ctypes"):
+            raise SyntaxError(
+                "The first argument should always be a pointer to a struct or a void pointer"
+            )
+        context_debug_info = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_debug_info(annotation.id)
+
+        # Create pointer to context this must be created fresh for each function
+        # to avoid circular reference issues when the same struct is used in multiple functions
+        pointer_to_context_debug_info = generator.create_pointer_type(
+            context_debug_info, 64
+        )
+
+        # Create subroutine type - also fresh for each function
+        subroutine_type = generator.create_subroutine_type(
+            return_type, pointer_to_context_debug_info
+        )
+
+        # Create local variable - fresh for each function with unique name
+        context_local_variable = generator.create_local_variable_debug_info(
+            leading_argument_name, 1, pointer_to_context_debug_info
+        )
+
+        retained_nodes = [context_local_variable]
+        logger.info(f"Generating debug info for function {func_node.name}")
+
+        # Create subprogram with is_distinct=True to ensure each function gets unique debug info
+        subprogram_debug_info = generator.create_subprogram(
+            func_node.name, subroutine_type, retained_nodes
+        )
+        generator.add_scope_to_local_variable(
+            context_local_variable, subprogram_debug_info
+        )
+        func.set_metadata("dbg", subprogram_debug_info)
+
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"Invalid annotation type for argument '{leading_argument_name}'")

pythonbpf/functions/functions_pass.py

@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@ from pythonbpf.helper import (
     reset_scratch_pool,
 )
 from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
-from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, handle_expr, convert_to_bool
+from pythonbpf.expr import (
+    eval_expr,
+    handle_expr,
+    convert_to_bool,
+    VmlinuxHandlerRegistry,
+)
 from pythonbpf.assign_pass import (
     handle_variable_assignment,
     handle_struct_field_assignment,
@@ -16,8 +21,9 @@ from pythonbpf.allocation_pass import (
     handle_assign_allocation,
     allocate_temp_pool,
     create_targets_and_rvals,
+    LocalSymbol,
 )
-
+from .function_debug_info import generate_function_debug_info
 from .return_utils import handle_none_return, handle_xdp_return, is_xdp_name
 from .function_metadata import get_probe_string, is_global_function, infer_return_type
 
@@ -33,7 +39,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def count_temps_in_call(call_node, local_sym_tab):
     """Count the number of temporary variables needed for a function call."""
 
-    count = 0
+    count = {}
     is_helper = False
 
     # NOTE: We exclude print calls for now
@@ -43,21 +49,28 @@ def count_temps_in_call(call_node, local_sym_tab):
             and call_node.func.id != "print"
         ):
             is_helper = True
+            func_name = call_node.func.id
     elif isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Attribute):
         if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.attr):
             is_helper = True
+            func_name = call_node.func.attr
 
     if not is_helper:
-        return 0
+        return {}  # No temps needed
 
-    for arg in call_node.args:
+    for arg_idx in range(len(call_node.args)):
         # NOTE: Count all non-name arguments
         # For struct fields, if it is being passed as an argument,
         # The struct object should already exist in the local_sym_tab
-        if not isinstance(arg, ast.Name) and not (
+        arg = call_node.args[arg_idx]
+        if isinstance(arg, ast.Name) or (
             isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute) and arg.value.id in local_sym_tab
         ):
-            count += 1
+            continue
+        param_type = HelperHandlerRegistry.get_param_type(func_name, arg_idx)
+        if isinstance(param_type, ir.PointerType):
+            pointee_type = param_type.pointee
+            count[pointee_type] = count.get(pointee_type, 0) + 1
 
     return count
 
@@ -93,11 +106,15 @@ def handle_if_allocation(
 def allocate_mem(
     module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
 ):
-    max_temps_needed = 0
+    max_temps_needed = {}
+
+    def merge_type_counts(count_dict):
+        nonlocal max_temps_needed
+        for typ, cnt in count_dict.items():
+            max_temps_needed[typ] = max(max_temps_needed.get(typ, 0), cnt)
 
     def update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt):
         nonlocal max_temps_needed
-        temps_needed = 0
 
         if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
             for s in stmt.body:
@@ -106,10 +123,13 @@ def allocate_mem(
                 update_max_temps_for_stmt(s)
             return
 
+        stmt_temps = {}
         for node in ast.walk(stmt):
             if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
-                temps_needed += count_temps_in_call(node, local_sym_tab)
-        max_temps_needed = max(max_temps_needed, temps_needed)
+                call_temps = count_temps_in_call(node, local_sym_tab)
+                for typ, cnt in call_temps.items():
+                    stmt_temps[typ] = stmt_temps.get(typ, 0) + cnt
+        merge_type_counts(stmt_temps)
 
     for stmt in body:
         update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt)
@@ -127,7 +147,9 @@ def allocate_mem(
                 structs_sym_tab,
             )
         elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
-            handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+            handle_assign_allocation(
+                builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+            )
 
     allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps_needed, local_sym_tab)
 
@@ -324,6 +346,28 @@ def process_func_body(
 
     local_sym_tab = {}
 
+    # Add the context parameter (first function argument) to the local symbol table
+    if func_node.args.args and len(func_node.args.args) > 0:
+        context_arg = func_node.args.args[0]
+        context_name = context_arg.arg
+
+        if hasattr(context_arg, "annotation") and context_arg.annotation:
+            if isinstance(context_arg.annotation, ast.Name):
+                context_type_name = context_arg.annotation.id
+            elif isinstance(context_arg.annotation, ast.Attribute):
+                context_type_name = context_arg.annotation.attr
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Unsupported annotation type: {ast.dump(context_arg.annotation)}"
+                )
+            if VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(context_type_name):
+                resolved_type = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_type(
+                    context_type_name
+                )
+                context_type = LocalSymbol(None, None, resolved_type)
+                local_sym_tab[context_name] = context_type
+                logger.info(f"Added argument '{context_name}' to local symbol table")
+
     # pre-allocate dynamic variables
     local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
         module,
@@ -374,7 +418,7 @@ def process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, return_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_t
     func.linkage = "dso_local"
     func.attributes.add("nounwind")
     func.attributes.add("noinline")
-    func.attributes.add("optnone")
+    # func.attributes.add("optnone")
 
     if func_node.args.args:
         # Only look at the first argument for now
@@ -412,7 +456,7 @@ def func_proc(tree, module, chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
         func_type = get_probe_string(func_node)
         logger.info(f"Found probe_string of {func_node.name}: {func_type}")
 
-        process_bpf_chunk(
+        func = process_bpf_chunk(
             func_node,
             module,
             ctypes_to_ir(infer_return_type(func_node)),
@@ -420,6 +464,9 @@ def func_proc(tree, module, chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
             structs_sym_tab,
         )
 
+        logger.info(f"Generating Debug Info for Function {func_node.name}")
+        generate_function_debug_info(func_node, module, func)
+
 
 # TODO: WIP, for string assignment to fixed-size arrays
 def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_length):

pythonbpf/helper/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,25 @@
 from .helper_registry import HelperHandlerRegistry
 from .helper_utils import reset_scratch_pool
-from .bpf_helper_handler import handle_helper_call, emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call
-from .helpers import ktime, pid, deref, comm, probe_read_str, XDP_DROP, XDP_PASS
+from .bpf_helper_handler import (
+    handle_helper_call,
+    emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call,
+    emit_probe_read_kernel_call,
+)
+from .helpers import (
+    ktime,
+    pid,
+    deref,
+    comm,
+    probe_read_str,
+    random,
+    probe_read,
+    smp_processor_id,
+    uid,
+    skb_store_bytes,
+    get_stack,
+    XDP_DROP,
+    XDP_PASS,
+)
 
 
 # Register the helper handler with expr module
@@ -60,11 +78,18 @@ __all__ = [
     "reset_scratch_pool",
     "handle_helper_call",
     "emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call",
+    "emit_probe_read_kernel_call",
     "ktime",
     "pid",
     "deref",
     "comm",
     "probe_read_str",
+    "random",
+    "probe_read",
+    "smp_processor_id",
+    "uid",
+    "skb_store_bytes",
+    "get_stack",
     "XDP_DROP",
     "XDP_PASS",
 ]

pythonbpf/helper/bpf_helper_handler.py

@@ -8,30 +8,44 @@ from .helper_utils import (
     get_flags_val,
     get_data_ptr_and_size,
     get_buffer_ptr_and_size,
-    get_char_array_ptr_and_size,
     get_ptr_from_arg,
+    get_int_value_from_arg,
 )
 from .printk_formatter import simple_string_print, handle_fstring_print
-
-from logging import Logger
+from pythonbpf.maps import BPFMapType
 import logging
 
-logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class BPFHelperID(Enum):
     BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM = 1
     BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM = 2
     BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM = 3
+    BPF_PROBE_READ = 4
     BPF_KTIME_GET_NS = 5
     BPF_PRINTK = 6
+    BPF_GET_PRANDOM_U32 = 7
+    BPF_GET_SMP_PROCESSOR_ID = 8
+    BPF_SKB_STORE_BYTES = 9
     BPF_GET_CURRENT_PID_TGID = 14
+    BPF_GET_CURRENT_UID_GID = 15
     BPF_GET_CURRENT_COMM = 16
     BPF_PERF_EVENT_OUTPUT = 25
+    BPF_GET_STACK = 67
     BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL_STR = 115
+    BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL = 113
+    BPF_RINGBUF_OUTPUT = 130
+    BPF_RINGBUF_RESERVE = 131
+    BPF_RINGBUF_SUBMIT = 132
+    BPF_RINGBUF_DISCARD = 133
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("ktime")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "ktime",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
 def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -54,7 +68,11 @@ def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(
     return result, ir.IntType(64)
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("lookup")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "lookup",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+)
 def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -78,9 +96,9 @@ def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
 
     # TODO: I have changed the return type to i64*, as we are
-    # allocating space for that type in allocate_mem. This is
-    # temporary, and we will honour other widths later. But this
-    # allows us to have cool binary ops on the returned value.
+    #   allocating space for that type in allocate_mem. This is
+    #   temporary, and we will honour other widths later. But this
+    #   allows us to have cool binary ops on the returned value.
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
         ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),  # Return type: void*
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType()],  # Args: (void*, void*)
@@ -96,6 +114,7 @@ def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
     return result, ir.PointerType()
 
 
+# NOTE: This has special handling so we won't reflect the signature here.
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("print")
 def bpf_printk_emitter(
     call,
@@ -144,7 +163,15 @@ def bpf_printk_emitter(
     return True
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("update")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "update",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+        ir.IntType(64),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+)
 def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -199,7 +226,11 @@ def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
     return result, None
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("delete")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "delete",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+)
 def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -239,7 +270,11 @@ def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
     return result, None
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("comm")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "comm",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
 def bpf_get_current_comm_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -296,7 +331,11 @@ def bpf_get_current_comm_emitter(
     return result, None
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("pid")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "pid",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
 def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -318,12 +357,12 @@ def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
     result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
 
     # Extract the lower 32 bits (PID) using bitwise AND with 0xFFFFFFFF
+    # TODO: return both PID and TGID if we end up needing TGID somewhere
     mask = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0xFFFFFFFF)
     pid = builder.and_(result, mask)
     return pid, ir.IntType(64)
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("output")
 def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -334,6 +373,10 @@ def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     struct_sym_tab=None,
     map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_perf_event_output helper function call.
+    """
+
     if len(call.args) != 1:
         raise ValueError(
             f"Perf event output expects exactly one argument, got {len(call.args)}"
@@ -371,6 +414,98 @@ def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     return result, None
 
 
+def bpf_ringbuf_output_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ringbuf_output helper function call.
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Ringbuf output expects exactly one argument, got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+    data_arg = call.args[0]
+    data_ptr, size_val = get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab)
+    flags_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+
+    map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    data_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(data_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+        ],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+
+    # helper id
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_RINGBUF_OUTPUT.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, data_void_ptr, size_val, flags_val], tail=False
+    )
+    return result, None
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "output",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def handle_output_helper(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Route output helper to the appropriate emitter based on map type.
+    """
+    match map_sym_tab[map_ptr.name].type:
+        case BPFMapType.PERF_EVENT_ARRAY:
+            return bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
+                call,
+                map_ptr,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                func,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+            )
+        case BPFMapType.RINGBUF:
+            return bpf_ringbuf_output_emitter(
+                call,
+                map_ptr,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                func,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+            )
+        case _:
+            logger.error("Unsupported map type for output helper.")
+    raise NotImplementedError("Output helper for this map type is not implemented.")
+
+
 def emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr):
     """Emit LLVM IR call to bpf_probe_read_kernel_str"""
 
@@ -398,7 +533,14 @@ def emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr):
     return result
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("probe_read_str")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "probe_read_str",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
 def bpf_probe_read_kernel_str_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -417,8 +559,8 @@ def bpf_probe_read_kernel_str_emitter(
         )
 
     # Get destination buffer (char array -> i8*)
-    dst_ptr, dst_size = get_char_array_ptr_and_size(
-        call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    dst_ptr, dst_size = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
     )
 
     # Get source pointer (evaluate expression)
@@ -433,6 +575,499 @@ def bpf_probe_read_kernel_str_emitter(
     return result, ir.IntType(64)
 
 
+def emit_probe_read_kernel_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr):
+    """Emit LLVM IR call to bpf_probe_read_kernel"""
+
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32), ir.PointerType()],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [
+            builder.bitcast(dst_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), dst_size),
+            builder.bitcast(src_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+        ],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel (size={dst_size})")
+    return result
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "probe_read_kernel",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_probe_read_kernel_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Emit LLVM IR for bpf_probe_read_kernel helper."""
+
+    if len(call.args) != 2:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"probe_read_kernel expects 2 args (dst, src), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    # Get destination buffer (char array -> i8*)
+    dst_ptr, dst_size = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    # Get source pointer (evaluate expression)
+    src_ptr, src_type = get_ptr_from_arg(
+        call.args[1], func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    # Emit the helper call
+    result = emit_probe_read_kernel_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr)
+
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel (size={dst_size})")
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "random",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(32),
+)
+def bpf_get_prandom_u32_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_prandom_u32 helper function call.
+    """
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_PRANDOM_U32.value)
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [], var_arg=False)
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
+    return result, ir.IntType(32)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "probe_read",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.IntType(32),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_probe_read_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_probe_read helper function
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) != 3:
+        logger.warn("Expected 3 args for probe_read helper")
+        return
+    dst_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        call.args[0],
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        ir.IntType(8),
+    )
+    size_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[1],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+    src_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        call.args[2],
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        ir.IntType(8),
+    )
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32), ir.PointerType()],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PROBE_READ.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [
+            builder.bitcast(dst_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            builder.trunc(size_val, ir.IntType(32)),
+            builder.bitcast(src_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+        ],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read (size={size_val})")
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "smp_processor_id",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(32),
+)
+def bpf_get_smp_processor_id_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_smp_processor_id helper function call.
+    """
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_SMP_PROCESSOR_ID.value)
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [], var_arg=False)
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
+    logger.info("Emitted bpf_get_smp_processor_id call")
+    return result, ir.IntType(32)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "uid",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_get_current_uid_gid_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_uid_gid helper function call.
+    """
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_UID_GID.value)
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(64), [], var_arg=False)
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
+
+    # Extract the lower 32 bits (UID) using bitwise AND with 0xFFFFFFFF
+    # TODO: return both UID and GID if we end up needing GID somewhere
+    mask = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0xFFFFFFFF)
+    pid = builder.and_(result, mask)
+    return pid, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "skb_store_bytes",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.IntType(32),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.IntType(32),
+        ir.IntType(64),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_skb_store_bytes_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_skb_store_bytes helper function call.
+    Expected call signature: skb_store_bytes(skb, offset, from, len, flags)
+    """
+
+    args_signature = [
+        ir.PointerType(),  # skb pointer
+        ir.IntType(32),  # offset
+        ir.PointerType(),  # from
+        ir.IntType(32),  # len
+        ir.IntType(64),  # flags
+    ]
+
+    if len(call.args) not in (3, 4):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"skb_store_bytes expects 3 or 4 args (offset, from, len, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    skb_ptr = func.args[0]  # First argument to the function is skb
+    offset_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[0],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+    from_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        call.args[1],
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        args_signature[2],
+    )
+    len_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[2],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+    if len(call.args) == 4:
+        flags_val = get_flags_val(call.args[3], builder, local_sym_tab)
+    else:
+        flags_val = 0
+    if isinstance(flags_val, int):
+        flags = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), flags_val)
+    else:
+        flags = flags_val
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        args_signature,
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_SKB_STORE_BYTES.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [
+            builder.bitcast(skb_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            builder.trunc(offset_val, ir.IntType(32)),
+            builder.bitcast(from_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            builder.trunc(len_val, ir.IntType(32)),
+            flags,
+        ],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+    logger.info("Emitted bpf_skb_store_bytes call")
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "reserve",
+    param_types=[ir.IntType(64)],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+)
+def bpf_ringbuf_reserve_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ringbuf_reserve helper function call.
+    Expected call signature: ringbuf.reserve(size)
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"ringbuf.reserve expects exactly one argument (size), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    size_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[0],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_RINGBUF_RESERVE.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, size_val], tail=False)
+
+    return result, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "submit",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)), ir.IntType(64)],
+    return_type=ir.VoidType(),
+)
+def bpf_ringbuf_submit_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ringbuf_submit helper function call.
+    Expected call signature: ringbuf.submit(data, flags=0)
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) not in (1, 2):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"ringbuf.submit expects 1 or 2 args (data, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    data_arg = call.args[0]
+    flags_arg = call.args[1] if len(call.args) == 2 else None
+
+    data_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        data_arg,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    )
+
+    flags_const = get_flags_val(flags_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    if isinstance(flags_const, int):
+        flags_const = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), flags_const)
+
+    map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.VoidType(),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_RINGBUF_SUBMIT.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, data_ptr, flags_const], tail=False)
+
+    return result, None
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "get_stack",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)), ir.IntType(64)],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_get_stack_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_stack helper function call.
+    """
+    if len(call.args) not in (1, 2):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"get_stack expects atmost two arguments (buf, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+    ctx_ptr = func.args[0]  # First argument to the function is ctx
+    buf_arg = call.args[0]
+    flags_arg = call.args[1] if len(call.args) == 2 else None
+    buf_ptr, buf_size = get_buffer_ptr_and_size(
+        buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+    flags_val = get_flags_val(flags_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    if isinstance(flags_val, int):
+        flags_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), flags_val)
+
+    buf_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(buf_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [
+            ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+        ],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_STACK.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [ctx_ptr, buf_void_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), buf_size), flags_val],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
 def handle_helper_call(
     call,
     module,
@@ -487,6 +1122,6 @@ def handle_helper_call(
         if not map_sym_tab or map_name not in map_sym_tab:
             raise ValueError(f"Map '{map_name}' not found in symbol table")
 
-        return invoke_helper(method_name, map_sym_tab[map_name])
+        return invoke_helper(method_name, map_sym_tab[map_name].sym)
 
     return None

pythonbpf/helper/helper_registry.py

@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from llvmlite import ir
 from typing import Callable
 
 
+@dataclass
+class HelperSignature:
+    """Signature of a BPF helper function"""
+
+    arg_types: list[ir.Type]
+    return_type: ir.Type
+    func: Callable
+
+
 class HelperHandlerRegistry:
     """Registry for BPF helpers"""
 
-    _handlers: dict[str, Callable] = {}
+    _handlers: dict[str, HelperSignature] = {}
 
     @classmethod
-    def register(cls, helper_name):
+    def register(cls, helper_name, param_types=None, return_type=None):
         """Decorator to register a handler function for a helper"""
 
         def decorator(func):
-            cls._handlers[helper_name] = func
+            helper_sig = HelperSignature(
+                arg_types=param_types, return_type=return_type, func=func
+            )
+            cls._handlers[helper_name] = helper_sig
             return func
 
         return decorator
@@ -19,9 +33,29 @@ class HelperHandlerRegistry:
     @classmethod
     def get_handler(cls, helper_name):
         """Get the handler function for a helper"""
-        return cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+        handler = cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+        return handler.func if handler else None
 
     @classmethod
     def has_handler(cls, helper_name):
         """Check if a handler function is registered for a helper"""
         return helper_name in cls._handlers
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_signature(cls, helper_name):
+        """Get the signature of a helper function"""
+        return cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_param_type(cls, helper_name, index):
+        """Get the type of a parameter of a helper function by the index"""
+        signature = cls.get_signature(helper_name)
+        if signature and signature.arg_types and 0 <= index < len(signature.arg_types):
+            return signature.arg_types[index]
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_return_type(cls, helper_name):
+        """Get the return type of a helper function"""
+        signature = cls.get_signature(helper_name)
+        return signature.return_type if signature else None

pythonbpf/helper/helper_utils.py

@@ -14,26 +14,43 @@ class ScratchPoolManager:
     """Manage the temporary helper variables in local_sym_tab"""
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self._counter = 0
+        self._counters = {}
 
     @property
     def counter(self):
-        return self._counter
+        return sum(self._counters.values())
 
     def reset(self):
-        self._counter = 0
+        self._counters.clear()
         logger.debug("Scratch pool counter reset to 0")
 
-    def get_next_temp(self, local_sym_tab):
-        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{self._counter}"
-        self._counter += 1
+    def _get_type_name(self, ir_type):
+        if isinstance(ir_type, ir.PointerType):
+            return "ptr"
+        elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.IntType):
+            return f"i{ir_type.width}"
+        elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType):
+            return f"[{ir_type.count}x{self._get_type_name(ir_type.element)}]"
+        else:
+            return str(ir_type).replace(" ", "")
+
+    def get_next_temp(self, local_sym_tab, expected_type=None):
+        # Default to i64 if no expected type provided
+        type_name = self._get_type_name(expected_type) if expected_type else "i64"
+        if type_name not in self._counters:
+            self._counters[type_name] = 0
+
+        counter = self._counters[type_name]
+        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{type_name}_{counter}"
+        self._counters[type_name] += 1
 
         if temp_name not in local_sym_tab:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Scratch pool exhausted or inadequate: {temp_name}. "
-                f"Current counter: {self._counter}"
+                f"Type: {type_name} Counter: {counter}"
             )
 
+        logger.debug(f"Using {temp_name} for type {type_name}")
         return local_sym_tab[temp_name].var, temp_name
 
 
@@ -60,24 +77,73 @@ def get_var_ptr_from_name(var_name, local_sym_tab):
 def create_int_constant_ptr(value, builder, local_sym_tab, int_width=64):
     """Create a pointer to an integer constant."""
 
-    # Default to 64-bit integer
-    ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab)
+    int_type = ir.IntType(int_width)
+    ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab, int_type)
     logger.info(f"Using temp variable '{temp_name}' for int constant {value}")
-    const_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(int_width), value)
+    const_val = ir.Constant(int_type, value)
     builder.store(const_val, ptr)
     return ptr
 
 
 def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
-    func, module, arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab=None
+    func,
+    module,
+    arg,
+    builder,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    expected_type=None,
 ):
     """Extract or create pointer from the call arguments."""
 
+    logger.info(f"Getting pointer from arg: {ast.dump(arg)}")
+    sz = None
     if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
+        # Stack space is already allocated
         ptr = get_var_ptr_from_name(arg.id, local_sym_tab)
     elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, int):
-        ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder, local_sym_tab)
+        int_width = 64  # Default to i64
+        if expected_type and isinstance(expected_type, ir.IntType):
+            int_width = expected_type.width
+        ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder, local_sym_tab, int_width)
+    elif isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute):
+        # A struct field
+        struct_name = arg.value.id
+        field_name = arg.attr
+
+        if not local_sym_tab or struct_name not in local_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct '{struct_name}' not found")
+
+        struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_name].metadata
+        if not struct_sym_tab or struct_type not in struct_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
+
+        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_type]
+        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{struct_name}'"
+            )
+
+        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+        struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[struct_name].var
+
+        # Special handling for char arrays
+        if (
+            isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
+            and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
+            and field_type.element.width == 8
+        ):
+            ptr, sz = get_char_array_ptr_and_size(
+                arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+            )
+            if not ptr:
+                raise ValueError("Failed to get char array pointer from struct field")
+        else:
+            ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
+
     else:
+        # NOTE: For any integer expression reaching this branch, it is probably a struct field or a binop
         # Evaluate the expression and store the result in a temp variable
         val = get_operand_value(
             func, module, arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
@@ -85,13 +151,20 @@ def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
         if val is None:
             raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate expression for helper arg.")
 
-        # NOTE: We assume the result is an int64 for now
-        # if isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute):
-        # return val
-        ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab)
+        ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab, expected_type)
         logger.info(f"Using temp variable '{temp_name}' for expression result")
+        if (
+            isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType)
+            and expected_type
+            and val.type.width > expected_type.width
+        ):
+            val = builder.trunc(val, expected_type)
         builder.store(val, ptr)
 
+    # NOTE: For char arrays, also return size
+    if sz:
+        return ptr, sz
+
     return ptr
 
 
@@ -214,7 +287,10 @@ def get_char_array_ptr_and_size(buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab)
 
         field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
         if not _is_char_array(field_type):
-            raise ValueError("Expected char array field")
+            logger.info(
+                "Field is not a char array, falling back to int or ptr detection"
+            )
+            return None, 0
 
         struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
         field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
@@ -274,3 +350,23 @@ def get_ptr_from_arg(
         raise ValueError(f"Expected pointer type, got {val_type}")
 
     return val, val_type
+
+
+def get_int_value_from_arg(
+    arg, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+):
+    """Evaluate argument and return integer value"""
+
+    result = eval_expr(
+        func, module, builder, arg, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    if not result:
+        raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate argument")
+
+    val, val_type = result
+
+    if not isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType):
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected integer type, got {val_type}")
+
+    return val

pythonbpf/helper/helpers.py

@@ -27,6 +27,36 @@ def probe_read_str(dst, src):
     return ctypes.c_int64(0)
 
 
+def random():
+    """get a pseudorandom u32 number"""
+    return ctypes.c_int32(0)
+
+
+def probe_read(dst, size, src):
+    """Safely read data from kernel memory"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+def smp_processor_id():
+    """get the current CPU id"""
+    return ctypes.c_int32(0)
+
+
+def uid():
+    """get current user id"""
+    return ctypes.c_int32(0)
+
+
+def skb_store_bytes(offset, from_buf, size, flags=0):
+    """store bytes into a socket buffer"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+def get_stack(buf, flags=0):
+    """get the current stack trace"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
 XDP_ABORTED = ctypes.c_int64(0)
 XDP_DROP = ctypes.c_int64(1)
 XDP_PASS = ctypes.c_int64(2)

pythonbpf/helper/printk_formatter.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import logging
 from llvmlite import ir
 from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, get_base_type_and_depth, deref_to_depth
 from pythonbpf.expr.vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
+from pythonbpf.helper.helper_utils import get_char_array_ptr_and_size
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -219,11 +220,12 @@ def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_ta
     """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
 
     # Special case: struct field char array needs pointer to first element
-    char_array_ptr = _get_struct_char_array_ptr(
-        expr, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
-    )
-    if char_array_ptr:
-        return char_array_ptr
+    if isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
+        char_array_ptr, _ = get_char_array_ptr_and_size(
+            expr, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+        )
+        if char_array_ptr:
+            return char_array_ptr
 
     # Regular expression evaluation
     val, _ = eval_expr(func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, None, struct_sym_tab)
@@ -242,52 +244,6 @@ def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_ta
         return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
 
 
-def _get_struct_char_array_ptr(expr, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Get pointer to first element of char array in struct field, or None."""
-    if not (isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(expr.value, ast.Name)):
-        return None
-
-    var_name = expr.value.id
-    field_name = expr.attr
-
-    # Check if it's a valid struct field
-    if not (
-        local_sym_tab
-        and var_name in local_sym_tab
-        and struct_sym_tab
-        and local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata in struct_sym_tab
-    ):
-        return None
-
-    struct_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
-    struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_type]
-
-    if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-        return None
-
-    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-
-    # Check if it's a char array
-    is_char_array = (
-        isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
-        and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
-        and field_type.element.width == 8
-    )
-
-    if not is_char_array:
-        return None
-
-    # Get field pointer and GEP to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
-    struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-    field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
-
-    return builder.gep(
-        field_ptr,
-        [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
-        inbounds=True,
-    )
-
-
 def _handle_pointer_arg(val, func, builder):
     """Convert pointer type for bpf_printk."""
     target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)

pythonbpf/local_symbol.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+
+
+@dataclass
+class LocalSymbol:
+    var: ir.AllocaInstr
+    ir_type: ir.Type
+    metadata: Any = None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield self.var
+        yield self.ir_type
+        yield self.metadata

pythonbpf/maps/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from .maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray, RingBuf
+from .maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray, RingBuffer
 from .maps_pass import maps_proc
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
 
-__all__ = ["HashMap", "PerfEventArray", "maps_proc", "RingBuf"]
+__all__ = ["HashMap", "PerfEventArray", "maps_proc", "RingBuffer", "BPFMapType"]

pythonbpf/maps/map_debug_info.py

@@ -1,22 +1,31 @@
+import logging
+from llvmlite import ir
 from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
 from .map_types import BPFMapType
 
+logger: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
+
+def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab):
     """Generate debug info metadata for BPF maps HASH and PERF_EVENT_ARRAY"""
     generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
-
+    logger.info(f"Creating debug info for map {map_name} with params {map_params}")
     uint_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
-    ulong_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
     array_type = generator.create_array_type(
         uint_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.UNSPEC).value
     )
     type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type, 64)
     key_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
-        array_type if "key_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
+        array_type
+        if "key_size" in map_params
+        else _get_key_val_dbg_type(map_params.get("key"), generator, structs_sym_tab),
+        64,
     )
     value_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
-        array_type if "value_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
+        array_type
+        if "value_size" in map_params
+        else _get_key_val_dbg_type(map_params.get("value"), generator, structs_sym_tab),
+        64,
     )
 
     elements_arr = []
@@ -64,7 +73,13 @@ def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
     return global_var
 
 
-def create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
+# TODO: This should not be exposed outside of the module.
+# Ideally we should expose a single create_map_debug_info function that handles all map types.
+# We can probably use a registry pattern to register different map types and their debug info generators.
+# map_params["type"] will be used to determine which generator to use.
+def create_ringbuf_debug_info(
+    module, map_global, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Generate debug information metadata for BPF RINGBUF map"""
     generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
 
@@ -91,3 +106,66 @@ def create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
     )
     map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
     return global_var
+
+
+def _get_key_val_dbg_type(name, generator, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Get the debug type for key/value based on type object"""
+
+    if not name:
+        logger.warn("No name provided for key/value type, defaulting to uint64")
+        return generator.get_uint64_type()
+
+    type_obj = structs_sym_tab.get(name)
+    if type_obj:
+        logger.info(f"Found struct named {name}, generating debug type")
+        return _get_struct_debug_type(type_obj, generator, structs_sym_tab)
+
+    # Fallback to basic types
+    logger.info(f"No struct named {name}, falling back to basic type")
+
+    # NOTE: Only handling int and long for now
+    if name in ["c_int32", "c_uint32"]:
+        return generator.get_uint32_type()
+
+    # Default fallback for now
+    return generator.get_uint64_type()
+
+
+def _get_struct_debug_type(struct_obj, generator, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Recursively create debug type for struct"""
+    elements_arr = []
+    for fld in struct_obj.fields.keys():
+        fld_type = struct_obj.field_type(fld)
+        if isinstance(fld_type, ir.IntType):
+            if fld_type.width == 32:
+                fld_dbg_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
+            else:
+                # NOTE: Assuming 64-bit for all other int types
+                fld_dbg_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+        elif isinstance(fld_type, ir.ArrayType):
+            # NOTE: Array types have u8 elements only for now
+            # Debug info generation should fail for other types
+            elem_type = fld_type.element
+            if isinstance(elem_type, ir.IntType) and elem_type.width == 8:
+                char_type = generator.get_uint8_type()
+                fld_dbg_type = generator.create_array_type(char_type, fld_type.count)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Array element type {str(elem_type)} not supported for debug info, skipping"
+                )
+                continue
+        else:
+            # NOTE: Only handling int and char arrays for now
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Field type {str(fld_type)} not supported for debug info, skipping"
+            )
+            continue
+
+        member = generator.create_struct_member(
+            fld, fld_dbg_type, struct_obj.field_size(fld)
+        )
+        elements_arr.append(member)
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
+        elements_arr, struct_obj.size * 8, is_distinct=True
+    )
+    return struct_type

pythonbpf/maps/maps.py

@@ -36,11 +36,14 @@ class PerfEventArray:
         pass  # Placeholder for output method
 
 
-class RingBuf:
+class RingBuffer:
     def __init__(self, max_entries):
         self.max_entries = max_entries
 
-    def reserve(self, size: int, flags=0):
+    def output(self, data, flags=0):
+        pass
+
+    def reserve(self, size: int):
         if size > self.max_entries:
             raise ValueError("size cannot be greater than set maximum entries")
         return 0
@@ -48,4 +51,7 @@ class RingBuf:
     def submit(self, data, flags=0):
         pass
 
+    def discard(self, data, flags=0):
+        pass
+
     # add discard, output and also give names to flags and stuff

pythonbpf/maps/maps_pass.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import logging
 from logging import Logger
 from llvmlite import ir
 
-from .maps_utils import MapProcessorRegistry
+from .maps_utils import MapProcessorRegistry, MapSymbol
 from .map_types import BPFMapType
 from .map_debug_info import create_map_debug_info, create_ringbuf_debug_info
 from pythonbpf.expr.vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
@@ -12,13 +12,15 @@ from pythonbpf.expr.vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def maps_proc(tree, module, chunks):
+def maps_proc(tree, module, chunks, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process all functions decorated with @map to find BPF maps"""
     map_sym_tab = {}
     for func_node in chunks:
         if is_map(func_node):
             logger.info(f"Found BPF map: {func_node.name}")
-            map_sym_tab[func_node.name] = process_bpf_map(func_node, module)
+            map_sym_tab[func_node.name] = process_bpf_map(
+                func_node, module, structs_sym_tab
+            )
     return map_sym_tab
 
 
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params):
     map_global.align = 8
 
     logger.info(f"Created BPF map: {map_name} with params {map_params}")
-    return map_global
+    return MapSymbol(type=map_params["type"], sym=map_global, params=map_params)
 
 
 def _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=None):
@@ -60,7 +62,8 @@ def _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=None):
             if i < len(rval.args):
                 arg = rval.args[i]
                 if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
-                    params[arg_name] = arg.id
+                    result = _get_vmlinux_enum(handler, arg.id)
+                    params[arg_name] = result if result is not None else arg.id
                 elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant):
                     params[arg_name] = arg.value
 
@@ -68,33 +71,48 @@ def _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=None):
     for keyword in rval.keywords:
         if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
             name = keyword.value.id
-            if handler and handler.is_vmlinux_enum(name):
-                result = handler.get_vmlinux_enum_value(name)
-                params[keyword.arg] = result if result is not None else name
-            else:
-                params[keyword.arg] = name
+            result = _get_vmlinux_enum(handler, name)
+            params[keyword.arg] = result if result is not None else name
         elif isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
             params[keyword.arg] = keyword.value.value
 
     return params
 
 
-@MapProcessorRegistry.register("RingBuf")
-def process_ringbuf_map(map_name, rval, module):
+def _get_vmlinux_enum(handler, name):
+    if handler and handler.is_vmlinux_enum(name):
+        return handler.get_vmlinux_enum_value(name)
+
+
+@MapProcessorRegistry.register("RingBuffer")
+def process_ringbuf_map(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF_RINGBUF map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing Ringbuf: {map_name}")
     map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["max_entries"])
     map_params["type"] = BPFMapType.RINGBUF
 
+    # NOTE: constraints borrowed from https://docs.ebpf.io/linux/map-type/BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF/
+    max_entries = map_params.get("max_entries")
+    if (
+        not isinstance(max_entries, int)
+        or max_entries < 4096
+        or (max_entries & (max_entries - 1)) != 0
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Ringbuf max_entries must be a power of two greater than or equal to the page size (4096)"
+        )
+
     logger.info(f"Ringbuf map parameters: {map_params}")
 
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
-    create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    create_ringbuf_debug_info(
+        module, map_global.sym, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab
+    )
     return map_global
 
 
 @MapProcessorRegistry.register("HashMap")
-def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module):
+def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF_HASH map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing HashMap: {map_name}")
     map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["key", "value", "max_entries"])
@@ -103,12 +121,12 @@ def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module):
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
     # Generate debug info for BTF
-    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global.sym, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab)
     return map_global
 
 
 @MapProcessorRegistry.register("PerfEventArray")
-def process_perf_event_map(map_name, rval, module):
+def process_perf_event_map(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing PerfEventArray: {map_name}")
     map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["key_size", "value_size"])
@@ -117,11 +135,11 @@ def process_perf_event_map(map_name, rval, module):
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
     # Generate debug info for BTF
-    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global.sym, map_name, map_params)
     return map_global
 
 
-def process_bpf_map(func_node, module):
+def process_bpf_map(func_node, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF map (a function decorated with @map)"""
     map_name = func_node.name
     logger.info(f"Processing BPF map: {map_name}")
@@ -140,7 +158,7 @@ def process_bpf_map(func_node, module):
     if isinstance(rval, ast.Call) and isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
         handler = MapProcessorRegistry.get_processor(rval.func.id)
         if handler:
-            return handler(map_name, rval, module)
+            return handler(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab)
         else:
             logger.warning(f"Unknown map type {rval.func.id}, defaulting to HashMap")
             return process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module)

pythonbpf/maps/maps_utils.py

@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from llvmlite import ir
 from typing import Any
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
+
+
+@dataclass
+class MapSymbol:
+    """Class representing a symbol on the map"""
+
+    type: BPFMapType
+    sym: ir.GlobalVariable
+    params: dict[str, Any] | None = None
 
 
 class MapProcessorRegistry:

pythonbpf/type_deducer.py

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ mapping = {
     "c_float": ir.FloatType(),
     "c_double": ir.DoubleType(),
     "c_void_p": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_long": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_ulong": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_longlong": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_uint": ir.IntType(32),
+    "c_int": ir.IntType(32),
     # Not so sure about this one
     "str": ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
 }

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/assignment_info.py

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 from enum import Enum, auto
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, TypedDict
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 import llvmlite.ir as ir
 
 from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
 
 
-@dataclass
 class AssignmentType(Enum):
     CONSTANT = auto()
     STRUCT = auto()
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class AssignmentType(Enum):
 
 
 @dataclass
-class FunctionSignature(TypedDict):
+class FunctionSignature:
     return_type: str
     param_types: List[str]
     varargs: bool
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class FunctionSignature(TypedDict):
 
 # Thew name of the assignment will be in the dict that uses this class
 @dataclass
-class AssignmentInfo(TypedDict):
+class AssignmentInfo:
     value_type: AssignmentType
     python_type: type
     value: Optional[Any]
@@ -34,3 +33,4 @@ class AssignmentInfo(TypedDict):
     #   Value is a tuple that contains the global variable representing that field
     #   along with all the information about that field as a Field type.
     members: Optional[Dict[str, tuple[ir.GlobalVariable, Field]]]  # For structs.
+    debug_info: Any

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/class_handler.py

@@ -16,6 +16,33 @@ def get_module_symbols(module_name: str):
     return [name for name in dir(imported_module)], imported_module
 
 
+def unwrap_pointer_type(type_obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """
+    Recursively unwrap all pointer layers to get the base type.
+
+    This handles multiply nested pointers like LP_LP_struct_attribute_group
+    and returns the base type (struct_attribute_group).
+
+    Stops unwrapping when reaching a non-pointer type (one without _type_ attribute).
+
+    Args:
+        type_obj: The type object to unwrap
+
+    Returns:
+        The base type after unwrapping all pointer layers
+    """
+    current_type = type_obj
+    # Keep unwrapping while it's a pointer/array type (has _type_)
+    # But stop if _type_ is just a string or basic type marker
+    while hasattr(current_type, "_type_"):
+        next_type = current_type._type_
+        # Stop if _type_ is a string (like 'c' for c_char)
+        if isinstance(next_type, str):
+            break
+        current_type = next_type
+    return current_type
+
+
 def process_vmlinux_class(
     node,
     llvm_module,
@@ -158,13 +185,90 @@ def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
                         if hasattr(elem_type, "_length_") and is_complex_type:
                             type_length = elem_type._length_
 
-                        if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
-                            new_dep_node.add_dependent(
-                                elem_type._type_.__name__
-                                if hasattr(elem_type._type_, "__name__")
-                                else str(elem_type._type_)
+                        # Unwrap all pointer layers to get the base type for dependency tracking
+                        base_type = unwrap_pointer_type(elem_type)
+                        base_type_module = getattr(base_type, "__module__", None)
+
+                        if base_type_module == "vmlinux":
+                            base_type_name = (
+                                base_type.__name__
+                                if hasattr(base_type, "__name__")
+                                else str(base_type)
+                            )
+                            # ONLY add vmlinux types as dependencies
+                            new_dep_node.add_dependent(base_type_name)
+
+                            logger.debug(
+                                f"{containing_type} containing type of parent {elem_name} with {elem_type} and ctype {ctype_complex_type} and length {type_length}"
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_containing_type(
+                                elem_name, containing_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type_size(elem_name, type_length)
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+                                elem_name, ctype_complex_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type(elem_name, elem_type)
+
+                            # Check the containing_type module to decide whether to recurse
+                            containing_type_module = getattr(
+                                containing_type, "__module__", None
+                            )
+                            if containing_type_module == "vmlinux":
+                                # Also unwrap containing_type to get base type name
+                                base_containing_type = unwrap_pointer_type(
+                                    containing_type
+                                )
+                                containing_type_name = (
+                                    base_containing_type.__name__
+                                    if hasattr(base_containing_type, "__name__")
+                                    else str(base_containing_type)
+                                )
+
+                                # Check for self-reference or already processed
+                                if containing_type_name == current_symbol_name:
+                                    # Self-referential pointer
+                                    logger.debug(
+                                        f"Self-referential pointer in {current_symbol_name}.{elem_name}"
+                                    )
+                                    new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                                elif handler.has_node(containing_type_name):
+                                    # Already processed
+                                    logger.debug(
+                                        f"Reusing already processed {containing_type_name}"
+                                    )
+                                    new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                                else:
+                                    # Process recursively - use base containing type, not the pointer wrapper
+                                    new_dep_node.add_dependent(containing_type_name)
+                                    process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+                                        base_containing_type,
+                                        llvm_handler,
+                                        handler,
+                                        processing_stack,
+                                    )
+                                    new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            elif (
+                                containing_type_module == ctypes.__name__
+                                or containing_type_module is None
+                            ):
+                                logger.debug(
+                                    f"Processing ctype internal{containing_type}"
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            else:
+                                raise TypeError(
+                                    f"Module not supported in recursive resolution: {containing_type_module}"
+                                )
+                        elif (
+                            base_type_module == ctypes.__name__
+                            or base_type_module is None
+                        ):
+                            # Handle ctypes or types with no module (like some internal ctypes types)
+                            # DO NOT add ctypes as dependencies - just set field metadata and mark ready
+                            logger.debug(
+                                f"Base type {base_type} is ctypes - NOT adding as dependency, just processing field"
                             )
-                        elif containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
                             if isinstance(elem_type, type):
                                 if issubclass(elem_type, ctypes.Array):
                                     ctype_complex_type = ctypes.Array
@@ -176,57 +280,20 @@ def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
                                     )
                             else:
                                 raise TypeError("Unsupported ctypes subclass")
-                        else:
-                            raise ImportError(
-                                f"Unsupported module of {containing_type}"
-                            )
-                        logger.debug(
-                            f"{containing_type} containing type of parent {elem_name} with {elem_type} and ctype {ctype_complex_type} and length {type_length}"
-                        )
-                        new_dep_node.set_field_containing_type(
-                            elem_name, containing_type
-                        )
-                        new_dep_node.set_field_type_size(elem_name, type_length)
-                        new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
-                            elem_name, ctype_complex_type
-                        )
-                        new_dep_node.set_field_type(elem_name, elem_type)
-                        if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
-                            containing_type_name = (
-                                containing_type.__name__
-                                if hasattr(containing_type, "__name__")
-                                else str(containing_type)
-                            )
 
-                            # Check for self-reference or already processed
-                            if containing_type_name == current_symbol_name:
-                                # Self-referential pointer
-                                logger.debug(
-                                    f"Self-referential pointer in {current_symbol_name}.{elem_name}"
-                                )
-                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
-                            elif handler.has_node(containing_type_name):
-                                # Already processed
-                                logger.debug(
-                                    f"Reusing already processed {containing_type_name}"
-                                )
-                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
-                            else:
-                                # Process recursively - THIS WAS MISSING
-                                new_dep_node.add_dependent(containing_type_name)
-                                process_vmlinux_post_ast(
-                                    containing_type,
-                                    llvm_handler,
-                                    handler,
-                                    processing_stack,
-                                )
-                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
-                        elif containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
-                            logger.debug(f"Processing ctype internal{containing_type}")
+                            # Set field metadata but DO NOT add dependency or recurse
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_containing_type(
+                                elem_name, containing_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type_size(elem_name, type_length)
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+                                elem_name, ctype_complex_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type(elem_name, elem_type)
                             new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
                         else:
-                            raise TypeError(
-                                "Module not supported in recursive resolution"
+                            raise ImportError(
+                                f"Unsupported module of {base_type}: {base_type_module}"
                             )
                     else:
                         new_dep_node.add_dependent(
@@ -245,9 +312,12 @@ def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
                     raise ValueError(
                         f"{elem_name} with type {elem_type} from module {module_name} not supported in recursive resolver"
                     )
-
+    elif module_name == ctypes.__name__ or module_name is None:
+        # Handle ctypes types - these don't need processing, just return
+        logger.debug(f"Skipping ctypes type {current_symbol_name}")
+        return True
     else:
-        raise ImportError("UNSUPPORTED Module")
+        raise ImportError(f"UNSUPPORTED Module {module_name}")
 
     logger.info(
         f"{current_symbol_name} processed and handler readiness {handler.is_ready}"

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/import_detector.py

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ from .class_handler import process_vmlinux_class
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def detect_import_statement(tree: ast.AST) -> list[tuple[str, ast.ImportFrom]]:
+def detect_import_statement(
+    tree: ast.AST,
+) -> list[tuple[str, ast.ImportFrom, str, str]]:
     """
     Parse AST and detect import statements from vmlinux.
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ def detect_import_statement(tree: ast.AST) -> list[tuple[str, ast.ImportFrom]]:
         List of tuples containing (module_name, imported_item) for each vmlinux import
 
     Raises:
-        SyntaxError: If multiple imports from vmlinux are attempted or import * is used
+        SyntaxError: If import * is used
     """
     vmlinux_imports = []
 
@@ -40,28 +42,19 @@ def detect_import_statement(tree: ast.AST) -> list[tuple[str, ast.ImportFrom]]:
                         "Please import specific types explicitly."
                     )
 
-                # Check for multiple imports: from vmlinux import A, B, C
-                if len(node.names) > 1:
-                    imported_names = [alias.name for alias in node.names]
-                    raise SyntaxError(
-                        f"Multiple imports from vmlinux are not supported. "
-                        f"Found: {', '.join(imported_names)}. "
-                        f"Please use separate import statements for each type."
-                    )
-
                 # Check if no specific import is specified (should not happen with valid Python)
                 if len(node.names) == 0:
                     raise SyntaxError(
                         "Import from vmlinux must specify at least one type."
                     )
 
-                # Valid single import
+                # Support multiple imports: from vmlinux import A, B, C
                 for alias in node.names:
                     import_name = alias.name
-                    # Use alias if provided, otherwise use the original name (commented)
-                    # as_name = alias.asname if alias.asname else alias.name
-                    vmlinux_imports.append(("vmlinux", node))
-                    logger.info(f"Found vmlinux import: {import_name}")
+                    # Use alias if provided, otherwise use the original name
+                    as_name = alias.asname if alias.asname else alias.name
+                    vmlinux_imports.append(("vmlinux", node, import_name, as_name))
+                    logger.info(f"Found vmlinux import: {import_name} as {as_name}")
 
         # Handle "import vmlinux" statements (not typical but should be rejected)
         elif isinstance(node, ast.Import):
@@ -86,57 +79,54 @@ def vmlinux_proc(tree: ast.AST, module):
 
     if not import_statements:
         logger.info("No vmlinux imports found")
-        return
+        return None
 
     # Import vmlinux module directly
     try:
         vmlinux_mod = importlib.import_module("vmlinux")
     except ImportError:
         logger.warning("Could not import vmlinux module")
-        return
+        return None
 
     source_file = inspect.getsourcefile(vmlinux_mod)
     if source_file is None:
         logger.warning("Cannot find source for vmlinux module")
-        return
+        return None
 
     with open(source_file, "r") as f:
         mod_ast = ast.parse(f.read(), filename=source_file)
 
-    for import_mod, import_node in import_statements:
-        for alias in import_node.names:
-            imported_name = alias.name
-            found = False
-            for mod_node in mod_ast.body:
-                if (
-                    isinstance(mod_node, ast.ClassDef)
-                    and mod_node.name == imported_name
-                ):
-                    process_vmlinux_class(mod_node, module, handler)
-                    found = True
-                    break
-                if isinstance(mod_node, ast.Assign):
-                    for target in mod_node.targets:
-                        if isinstance(target, ast.Name) and target.id == imported_name:
-                            process_vmlinux_assign(mod_node, module, assignments)
-                            found = True
-                            break
-                if found:
-                    break
-            if not found:
-                logger.info(
-                    f"{imported_name} not found as ClassDef or Assign in vmlinux"
-                )
+    for import_mod, import_node, imported_name, as_name in import_statements:
+        found = False
+        for mod_node in mod_ast.body:
+            if isinstance(mod_node, ast.ClassDef) and mod_node.name == imported_name:
+                process_vmlinux_class(mod_node, module, handler)
+                found = True
+                break
+            if isinstance(mod_node, ast.Assign):
+                for target in mod_node.targets:
+                    if isinstance(target, ast.Name) and target.id == imported_name:
+                        process_vmlinux_assign(mod_node, module, assignments, as_name)
+                        found = True
+                        break
+            if found:
+                break
+        if not found:
+            logger.info(f"{imported_name} not found as ClassDef or Assign in vmlinux")
 
     IRGenerator(module, handler, assignments)
     return assignments
 
 
-def process_vmlinux_assign(node, module, assignments: dict[str, AssignmentInfo]):
+def process_vmlinux_assign(
+    node, module, assignments: dict[str, AssignmentInfo], target_name=None
+):
     """Process assignments from vmlinux module."""
     # Only handle single-target assignments
     if len(node.targets) == 1 and isinstance(node.targets[0], ast.Name):
-        target_name = node.targets[0].id
+        # Use provided target_name (for aliased imports) or fall back to original name
+        if target_name is None:
+            target_name = node.targets[0].id
 
         # Handle constant value assignments
         if isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant):
@@ -148,6 +138,7 @@ def process_vmlinux_assign(node, module, assignments: dict[str, AssignmentInfo])
                 pointer_level=None,
                 signature=None,
                 members=None,
+                debug_info=None,
             )
             logger.info(
                 f"Added assignment: {target_name} = {node.value.value!r} of type {type(node.value.value)}"

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/debug_info_gen.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def debug_info_generation(
         generated_debug_info: List of tuples (struct, debug_info) to track generated debug info
 
     Returns:
-        The generated global variable debug info
+        The generated global variable debug info, or None for unsupported types
     """
     # Set up debug info generator
     generator = DebugInfoGenerator(llvm_module)
@@ -31,23 +31,42 @@ def debug_info_generation(
         if existing_struct.name == struct.name:
             return debug_info
 
+    # Check if this is a union (not supported yet)
+    if not struct.name.startswith("struct_"):
+        logger.warning(f"Skipping debug info generation for union: {struct.name}")
+        # Create a minimal forward declaration for unions
+        union_type = generator.create_struct_type(
+            [], struct.__sizeof__() * 8, is_distinct=True
+        )
+        return union_type
+
     # Process all fields and create members for the struct
     members = []
-    for field_name, field in struct.fields.items():
-        # Get appropriate debug type for this field
-        field_type = _get_field_debug_type(
-            field_name, field, generator, struct, generated_debug_info
-        )
-        # Create struct member with proper offset
-        member = generator.create_struct_member_vmlinux(
-            field_name, field_type, field.offset * 8
-        )
-        members.append(member)
 
-    if struct.name.startswith("struct_"):
-        struct_name = struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("Unions are not supported in the current version")
+    sorted_fields = sorted(struct.fields.items(), key=lambda item: item[1].offset)
+
+    for field_name, field in sorted_fields:
+        try:
+            # Get appropriate debug type for this field
+            field_type = _get_field_debug_type(
+                field_name, field, generator, struct, generated_debug_info
+            )
+
+            # Ensure field_type is a tuple
+            if not isinstance(field_type, tuple) or len(field_type) != 2:
+                logger.error(f"Invalid field_type for {field_name}: {field_type}")
+                continue
+
+            # Create struct member with proper offset
+            member = generator.create_struct_member_vmlinux(
+                field_name, field_type, field.offset * 8
+            )
+            members.append(member)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to process field {field_name} in {struct.name}: {e}")
+            continue
+
+    struct_name = struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
     # Create struct type with all members
     struct_type = generator.create_struct_type_with_name(
         struct_name, members, struct.__sizeof__() * 8, is_distinct=True
@@ -74,11 +93,19 @@ def _get_field_debug_type(
         generated_debug_info: List of already generated debug info
 
     Returns:
-        The debug info type for this field
+        A tuple of (debug_type, size_in_bits)
     """
-    # Handle complex types (arrays, pointers)
+    # Handle complex types (arrays, pointers, function pointers)
     if field.ctype_complex_type is not None:
-        if issubclass(field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array):
+        # Handle function pointer types (CFUNCTYPE)
+        if callable(field.ctype_complex_type):
+            # Function pointers are represented as void pointers
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Field {field_name} is a function pointer, using void pointer"
+            )
+            void_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(None, 64)
+            return void_ptr, 64
+        elif issubclass(field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array):
             # Handle array types
             element_type, base_type_size = _get_basic_debug_type(
                 field.containing_type, generator
@@ -100,11 +127,13 @@ def _get_field_debug_type(
         for existing_struct, debug_info in generated_debug_info:
             if existing_struct.name == struct_name:
                 # Use existing debug info
-                return debug_info, existing_struct.__sizeof__()
+                return debug_info, existing_struct.__sizeof__() * 8
 
         # If not found, create a forward declaration
         # This will be completed when the actual struct is processed
-        logger.warning("Forward declaration in struct created")
+        logger.info(
+            f"Forward declaration created for {struct_name} in {parent_struct.name}"
+        )
         forward_type = generator.create_struct_type([], 0, is_distinct=True)
         return forward_type, 0
 

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/ir_generation.py

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class IRGenerator:
+    # This field keeps track of the non_struct names to avoid duplicate name errors.
+    type_number = 0
+    unprocessed_store: list[str] = []
+
     # get the assignments dict and add this stuff to it.
     def __init__(self, llvm_module, handler: DependencyHandler, assignments):
         self.llvm_module = llvm_module
@@ -73,9 +77,8 @@ class IRGenerator:
                             )
 
             # Generate IR first to populate field names
-            self.generated_debug_info.append(
-                (struct, self.gen_ir(struct, self.generated_debug_info))
-            )
+            struct_debug_info = self.gen_ir(struct, self.generated_debug_info)
+            self.generated_debug_info.append((struct, struct_debug_info))
 
             # Fill the assignments dictionary with struct information
             if struct.name not in self.assignments:
@@ -105,6 +108,7 @@ class IRGenerator:
                     pointer_level=None,
                     signature=None,
                     members=members_dict,
+                    debug_info=struct_debug_info,
                 )
                 logger.info(f"Added struct assignment info for {struct.name}")
 
@@ -129,7 +133,19 @@ class IRGenerator:
 
         for field_name, field in struct.fields.items():
             # does not take arrays and similar types into consideration yet.
-            if field.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+            if callable(field.ctype_complex_type):
+                # Function pointer case - generate a simple field accessor
+                field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                    struct, field, field_index
+                )
+                field_index += 1
+                globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                    self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                )
+                globvar.linkage = "external"
+                globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = globvar
+            elif field.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
                 field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array
             ):
                 array_size = field.type_size
@@ -137,7 +153,7 @@ class IRGenerator:
                 if containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
                     containing_type_size = ctypes.sizeof(containing_type)
                     if array_size == 0:
-                        field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                        field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
                             struct, field, field_index, True, 0, containing_type_size
                         )
                         globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
@@ -149,7 +165,7 @@ class IRGenerator:
                         field_index += 1
                         continue
                     for i in range(0, array_size):
-                        field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                        field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
                             struct, field, field_index, True, i, containing_type_size
                         )
                         globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
@@ -163,12 +179,28 @@ class IRGenerator:
                 array_size = field.type_size
                 containing_type = field.containing_type
                 if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
-                    containing_type_size = self.handler[
-                        containing_type.__name__
-                    ].current_offset
-                    for i in range(0, array_size):
-                        field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
-                            struct, field, field_index, True, i, containing_type_size
+                    # Unwrap all pointer layers to get the base struct type
+                    base_containing_type = containing_type
+                    while hasattr(base_containing_type, "_type_"):
+                        next_type = base_containing_type._type_
+                        # Stop if _type_ is a string (like 'c' for c_char)
+                        # TODO: stacked pointers not handl;ing ctypes check here as well
+                        if isinstance(next_type, str):
+                            break
+                        base_containing_type = next_type
+
+                    # Get the base struct name
+                    base_struct_name = (
+                        base_containing_type.__name__
+                        if hasattr(base_containing_type, "__name__")
+                        else str(base_containing_type)
+                    )
+
+                    # Look up the size using the base struct name
+                    containing_type_size = self.handler[base_struct_name].current_offset
+                    if array_size == 0:
+                        field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, 0, containing_type_size
                         )
                         globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
                             self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
@@ -176,9 +208,30 @@ class IRGenerator:
                         globvar.linkage = "external"
                         globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
                         self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = globvar
-                    field_index += 1
+                        field_index += 1
+                    else:
+                        for i in range(0, array_size):
+                            field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                                struct,
+                                field,
+                                field_index,
+                                True,
+                                i,
+                                containing_type_size,
+                            )
+                            globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                                self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                            )
+                            globvar.linkage = "external"
+                            globvar.set_metadata(
+                                "llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info
+                            )
+                            self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = (
+                                globvar
+                            )
+                        field_index += 1
             else:
-                field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
                     struct, field, field_index
                 )
                 field_index += 1
@@ -198,7 +251,7 @@ class IRGenerator:
         is_indexed: bool = False,
         index: int = 0,
         containing_type_size: int = 0,
-    ) -> str:
+    ) -> tuple[str, bool]:
         # TODO: Does not support Unions as well as recursive pointer and array type naming
         if is_indexed:
             name = (
@@ -208,7 +261,7 @@ class IRGenerator:
                 + "$"
                 + f"0:{field_index}:{index}"
             )
-            return name
+            return name, True
         elif struct.name.startswith("struct_"):
             name = (
                 "llvm."
@@ -217,9 +270,18 @@ class IRGenerator:
                 + "$"
                 + f"0:{field_index}"
             )
-            return name
+            return name, True
         else:
-            print(self.handler[struct.name])
-            raise TypeError(
-                "Name generation cannot occur due to type name not starting with struct"
+            logger.warning(
+                "Blindly handling non-struct type to avoid type errors in vmlinux IR generation. Possibly a union."
             )
+            self.type_number += 1
+            unprocessed_type = "unprocessed_type_" + str(self.handler[struct.name].name)
+            if self.unprocessed_store.__contains__(unprocessed_type):
+                return unprocessed_type + "_" + str(self.type_number), False
+            else:
+                self.unprocessed_store.append(unprocessed_type)
+                return unprocessed_type, False
+            # raise TypeError(
+            #     "Name generation cannot occur due to type name not starting with struct"
+            # )

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/vmlinux_exports_handler.py

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import logging
+from typing import Any
+import ctypes
 from llvmlite import ir
 
+from pythonbpf.local_symbol import LocalSymbol
 from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.assignment_info import AssignmentType
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -36,20 +39,39 @@ class VmlinuxHandler:
         """Check if name is a vmlinux enum constant"""
         return (
             name in self.vmlinux_symtab
-            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name]["value_type"] == AssignmentType.CONSTANT
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.CONSTANT
         )
 
+    def get_struct_debug_info(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        if (
+            name in self.vmlinux_symtab
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.STRUCT
+        ):
+            return self.vmlinux_symtab[name].debug_info
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} is not a vmlinux struct type")
+
+    def get_vmlinux_struct_type(self, name):
+        """Check if name is a vmlinux struct type"""
+        if (
+            name in self.vmlinux_symtab
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.STRUCT
+        ):
+            return self.vmlinux_symtab[name].python_type
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} is not a vmlinux struct type")
+
     def is_vmlinux_struct(self, name):
         """Check if name is a vmlinux struct"""
         return (
             name in self.vmlinux_symtab
-            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name]["value_type"] == AssignmentType.STRUCT
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.STRUCT
         )
 
     def handle_vmlinux_enum(self, name):
         """Handle vmlinux enum constants by returning LLVM IR constants"""
         if self.is_vmlinux_enum(name):
-            value = self.vmlinux_symtab[name]["value"]
+            value = self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value
             logger.info(f"Resolving vmlinux enum {name} = {value}")
             return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), value), ir.IntType(64)
         return None
@@ -57,34 +79,300 @@ class VmlinuxHandler:
     def get_vmlinux_enum_value(self, name):
         """Handle vmlinux enum constants by returning LLVM IR constants"""
         if self.is_vmlinux_enum(name):
-            value = self.vmlinux_symtab[name]["value"]
+            value = self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value
             logger.info(f"The value of vmlinux enum {name} = {value}")
             return value
         return None
 
-    def handle_vmlinux_struct(self, struct_name, module, builder):
-        """Handle vmlinux struct initializations"""
-        if self.is_vmlinux_struct(struct_name):
-            # TODO: Implement core-specific struct handling
-            # This will be more complex and depends on the BTF information
-            logger.info(f"Handling vmlinux struct {struct_name}")
-            # Return struct type and allocated pointer
-            # This is a stub, actual implementation will be more complex
-            return None
-        return None
-
     def handle_vmlinux_struct_field(
         self, struct_var_name, field_name, module, builder, local_sym_tab
     ):
         """Handle access to vmlinux struct fields"""
-        # Check if it's a variable of vmlinux struct type
         if struct_var_name in local_sym_tab:
-            var_info = local_sym_tab[struct_var_name]  # noqa: F841
-            # Need to check if this variable is a vmlinux struct
-            # This will depend on how you track vmlinux struct types in your symbol table
+            var_info: LocalSymbol = local_sym_tab[struct_var_name]
             logger.info(
                 f"Attempting to access field {field_name} of possible vmlinux struct {struct_var_name}"
             )
-            # Return pointer to field and field type
-            return None
-        return None
+            python_type: type = var_info.metadata
+            # Check if this is a context field (ctx) or a cast struct
+            is_context_field = var_info.var is None
+
+            if is_context_field:
+                # Handle context field access (original behavior)
+                struct_name = python_type.__name__
+                globvar_ir, field_data = self.get_field_type(struct_name, field_name)
+                builder.function.args[0].type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+                field_ptr = self.load_ctx_field(
+                    builder,
+                    builder.function.args[0],
+                    globvar_ir,
+                    field_data,
+                    struct_name,
+                )
+                return field_ptr, field_data
+            else:
+                # Handle cast struct field access
+                struct_name = python_type.__name__
+                globvar_ir, field_data = self.get_field_type(struct_name, field_name)
+
+                # Handle cast struct field access (use bpf_probe_read_kernel)
+                # Load the struct pointer from the local variable
+                struct_ptr = builder.load(var_info.var)
+
+                # Use bpf_probe_read_kernel for non-context struct field access
+                field_value = self.load_struct_field(
+                    builder, struct_ptr, globvar_ir, field_data, struct_name
+                )
+                # Return field value and field type
+                return field_value, field_data
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("Variable accessed not found in symbol table")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def load_struct_field(
+        builder, struct_ptr_int, offset_global, field_data, struct_name=None
+    ):
+        """
+        Generate LLVM IR to load a field from a regular (non-context) struct using bpf_probe_read_kernel.
+
+        Args:
+            builder: llvmlite IRBuilder instance
+            struct_ptr_int: The struct pointer as an i64 value (already loaded from alloca)
+            offset_global: Global variable containing the field offset (i64)
+            field_data: contains data about the field
+            struct_name: Name of the struct being accessed (optional)
+        Returns:
+            The loaded value
+        """
+
+        # Load the offset value
+        offset = builder.load(offset_global)
+
+        # Convert i64 to pointer type (BPF stores pointers as i64)
+        i8_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        struct_ptr = builder.inttoptr(struct_ptr_int, i8_ptr_type)
+
+        # GEP with offset to get field pointer
+        field_ptr = builder.gep(
+            struct_ptr,
+            [offset],
+            inbounds=False,
+        )
+
+        # Determine the appropriate field size based on field information
+        field_size_bytes = 8  # Default to 8 bytes (64-bit)
+        int_width = 64  # Default to 64-bit
+        needs_zext = False
+
+        if field_data is not None:
+            # Try to determine the size from field metadata
+            if field_data.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                try:
+                    field_size_bytes = ctypes.sizeof(field_data.type)
+                    field_size_bits = field_size_bytes * 8
+
+                    if field_size_bits in [8, 16, 32, 64]:
+                        int_width = field_size_bits
+                        logger.info(
+                            f"Determined field size: {int_width} bits ({field_size_bytes} bytes)"
+                        )
+
+                        # Special handling for struct_xdp_md i32 fields
+                        if struct_name == "struct_xdp_md" and int_width == 32:
+                            needs_zext = True
+                            logger.info(
+                                "struct_xdp_md i32 field detected, will zero-extend to i64"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Unusual field size {field_size_bits} bits, using default 64"
+                        )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Could not determine field size: {e}, using default 64"
+                    )
+
+            elif field_data.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                # For pointers to structs or complex vmlinux types
+                if field_data.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                    field_data.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer
+                ):
+                    int_width = 64  # Pointers are always 64-bit
+                    field_size_bytes = 8
+                    logger.info("Field is a pointer type, using 64 bits")
+                else:
+                    logger.warning("Complex vmlinux field type, using default 64 bits")
+
+        # Allocate local storage for the field value
+        local_storage = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(int_width))
+        local_storage_i8_ptr = builder.bitcast(local_storage, i8_ptr_type)
+
+        # Use bpf_probe_read_kernel to safely read the field
+        # This generates:
+        #   %gep = getelementptr i8, ptr %struct_ptr, i64 %offset (already done above as field_ptr)
+        #   %passed = tail call ptr @llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0(i32 2, ptr %gep)
+        #   %result = call i64 inttoptr (i64 113 to ptr)(ptr %local_storage, i32 %size, ptr %passed)
+        from pythonbpf.helper import emit_probe_read_kernel_call
+
+        emit_probe_read_kernel_call(
+            builder, local_storage_i8_ptr, field_size_bytes, field_ptr
+        )
+
+        # Load the value from local storage
+        value = builder.load(local_storage)
+
+        # Zero-extend i32 to i64 if needed
+        if needs_zext:
+            value = builder.zext(value, ir.IntType(64))
+            logger.info("Zero-extended i32 value to i64")
+
+        return value
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def load_ctx_field(builder, ctx_arg, offset_global, field_data, struct_name=None):
+        """
+        Generate LLVM IR to load a field from BPF context using offset.
+
+        Args:
+            builder: llvmlite IRBuilder instance
+            ctx_arg: The context pointer argument (ptr/i8*)
+            offset_global: Global variable containing the field offset (i64)
+            field_data: contains data about the field
+            struct_name: Name of the struct being accessed (optional)
+        Returns:
+            The loaded value (i64 register or appropriately sized)
+        """
+
+        # Load the offset value
+        offset = builder.load(offset_global)
+
+        # Ensure ctx_arg is treated as i8* (byte pointer)
+        i8_ptr_type = ir.PointerType()
+
+        # Cast ctx_arg to i8* if it isn't already
+        if str(ctx_arg.type) != str(i8_ptr_type):
+            ctx_i8_ptr = builder.bitcast(ctx_arg, i8_ptr_type)
+        else:
+            ctx_i8_ptr = ctx_arg
+
+        # GEP with explicit type - this is the key fix
+        field_ptr = builder.gep(
+            ctx_i8_ptr,
+            [offset],
+            inbounds=False,
+        )
+
+        # Get or declare the BPF passthrough intrinsic
+        module = builder.function.module
+
+        try:
+            passthrough_fn = module.globals.get("llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0")
+            if passthrough_fn is None:
+                raise KeyError
+        except (KeyError, AttributeError):
+            passthrough_type = ir.FunctionType(
+                i8_ptr_type,
+                [ir.IntType(32), i8_ptr_type],
+            )
+            passthrough_fn = ir.Function(
+                module,
+                passthrough_type,
+                name="llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0",
+            )
+
+        # Call passthrough to satisfy BPF verifier
+        verified_ptr = builder.call(
+            passthrough_fn, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), field_ptr], tail=True
+        )
+
+        # Determine the appropriate IR type based on field information
+        int_width = 64  # Default to 64-bit
+        needs_zext = False  # Track if we need zero-extension for xdp_md
+
+        if field_data is not None:
+            # Try to determine the size from field metadata
+            if field_data.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                try:
+                    field_size_bytes = ctypes.sizeof(field_data.type)
+                    field_size_bits = field_size_bytes * 8
+
+                    if field_size_bits in [8, 16, 32, 64]:
+                        int_width = field_size_bits
+                        logger.info(f"Determined field size: {int_width} bits")
+
+                        # Special handling for struct_xdp_md i32 fields
+                        # Load as i32 but extend to i64 before storing
+                        if struct_name == "struct_xdp_md" and int_width == 32:
+                            needs_zext = True
+                            logger.info(
+                                "struct_xdp_md i32 field detected, will zero-extend to i64"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Unusual field size {field_size_bits} bits, using default 64"
+                        )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Could not determine field size: {e}, using default 64"
+                    )
+
+            elif field_data.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                # For pointers to structs or complex vmlinux types
+                if field_data.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                    field_data.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer
+                ):
+                    int_width = 64  # Pointers are always 64-bit
+                    logger.info("Field is a pointer type, using 64 bits")
+                # TODO: Add handling for other complex types (arrays, embedded structs, etc.)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning("Complex vmlinux field type, using default 64 bits")
+
+        # Bitcast to appropriate pointer type based on determined width
+        ptr_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(int_width))
+
+        typed_ptr = builder.bitcast(verified_ptr, ptr_type)
+
+        # Load and return the value
+        value = builder.load(typed_ptr)
+
+        # Zero-extend i32 to i64 for struct_xdp_md fields
+        if needs_zext:
+            value = builder.zext(value, ir.IntType(64))
+            logger.info("Zero-extended i32 value to i64 for struct_xdp_md field")
+
+        return value
+
+    def has_field(self, struct_name, field_name):
+        """Check if a vmlinux struct has a specific field"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_struct(struct_name):
+            python_type = self.vmlinux_symtab[struct_name].python_type
+            return hasattr(python_type, field_name)
+        return False
+
+    def get_field_type(self, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Get the type of a field in a vmlinux struct"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_struct(vmlinux_struct_name):
+            python_type = self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].python_type
+            if hasattr(python_type, field_name):
+                return self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].members[field_name]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Field {field_name} not found in vmlinux struct {vmlinux_struct_name}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{vmlinux_struct_name} is not a vmlinux struct")
+
+    def get_field_index(self, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Get the type of a field in a vmlinux struct"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_struct(vmlinux_struct_name):
+            python_type = self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].python_type
+            if hasattr(python_type, field_name):
+                return list(
+                    self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].members.keys()
+                ).index(field_name)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Field {field_name} not found in vmlinux struct {vmlinux_struct_name}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{vmlinux_struct_name} is not a vmlinux struct")

tests/c-form/Makefile

@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
 BPF_CLANG := clang
-CFLAGS := -O2 -emit-llvm -target bpf -c
+CFLAGS := -emit-llvm -target bpf -c
 
 SRC := $(wildcard *.bpf.c)
 LL := $(SRC:.bpf.c=.bpf.ll)
 OBJ := $(SRC:.bpf.c=.bpf.o)
-
+LL0 := $(SRC:.bpf.c=.bpf.o0.ll)
 .PHONY: all clean
 
-all: $(LL) $(OBJ)
+all: $(LL) $(OBJ) $(LL0)
 
 %.bpf.o: %.bpf.c
 	$(BPF_CLANG) -O2 -g -target bpf -c $< -o $@
 
 %.bpf.ll: %.bpf.c
-	$(BPF_CLANG) $(CFLAGS) -g -S $< -o $@
+	$(BPF_CLANG) $(CFLAGS) -O2 -g -S $< -o $@
+
+%.bpf.o0.ll: %.bpf.c
+	$(BPF_CLANG) $(CFLAGS) -O0 -g -S $< -o $@
 
 clean:
-	rm -f $(LL) $(OBJ)
+	rm -f $(LL) $(OBJ) $(LL0)

tests/c-form/ex5.bpf.c

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#define __TARGET_ARCH_arm64
-
-#include "vmlinux.h"
-#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
-#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
-#include <bpf/bpf_core_read.h>
-
-// Map: key = struct request*, value = u64 timestamp
-struct {
-    __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH);
-    __type(key, struct request *);
-    __type(value, u64);
-    __uint(max_entries, 1024);
-} start SEC(".maps");
-
-// Attach to kprobe for blk_start_request
-SEC("kprobe/blk_start_request")
-int BPF_KPROBE(trace_start, struct request *req)
-{
-    u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
-    bpf_map_update_elem(&start, &req, &ts, BPF_ANY);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/c-form/i32test.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+
+SEC("xdp")
+int print_xdp_data(struct xdp_md *ctx)
+{
+    // 'data' is a pointer to the start of packet data
+    long data = (long)ctx->data;
+
+    bpf_printk("ctx->data = %lld\n", data);
+
+    return XDP_PASS;
+}
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/c-form/kprobe.bpf.c

@@ -2,18 +2,75 @@
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
 
-char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "Dual BSD/GPL";
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
 
 SEC("kprobe/do_unlinkat")
 int kprobe_execve(struct pt_regs *ctx)
 {
     bpf_printk("unlinkat created");
-    return 0;
-}
 
-SEC("kretprobe/do_unlinkat")
-int kretprobe_execve(struct pt_regs *ctx)
-{
-    bpf_printk("unlinkat returned\n");
+    unsigned long r15 = ctx->r15;
+    bpf_printk("r15: %lld", r15);
+
+    unsigned long r14 = ctx->r14;
+    bpf_printk("r14: %lld", r14);
+
+    unsigned long r13 = ctx->r13;
+    bpf_printk("r13: %lld", r13);
+
+    unsigned long r12 = ctx->r12;
+    bpf_printk("r12: %lld", r12);
+
+    unsigned long bp = ctx->bp;
+    bpf_printk("rbp: %lld", bp);
+
+    unsigned long bx = ctx->bx;
+    bpf_printk("rbx: %lld", bx);
+
+    unsigned long r11 = ctx->r11;
+    bpf_printk("r11: %lld", r11);
+
+    unsigned long r10 = ctx->r10;
+    bpf_printk("r10: %lld", r10);
+
+    unsigned long r9 = ctx->r9;
+    bpf_printk("r9: %lld", r9);
+
+    unsigned long r8 = ctx->r8;
+    bpf_printk("r8: %lld", r8);
+
+    unsigned long ax = ctx->ax;
+    bpf_printk("rax: %lld", ax);
+
+    unsigned long cx = ctx->cx;
+    bpf_printk("rcx: %lld", cx);
+
+    unsigned long dx = ctx->dx;
+    bpf_printk("rdx: %lld", dx);
+
+    unsigned long si = ctx->si;
+    bpf_printk("rsi: %lld", si);
+
+    unsigned long di = ctx->di;
+    bpf_printk("rdi: %lld", di);
+
+    unsigned long orig_ax = ctx->orig_ax;
+    bpf_printk("orig_rax: %lld", orig_ax);
+
+    unsigned long ip = ctx->ip;
+    bpf_printk("rip: %lld", ip);
+
+    unsigned long cs = ctx->cs;
+    bpf_printk("cs: %lld", cs);
+
+    unsigned long flags = ctx->flags;
+    bpf_printk("eflags: %lld", flags);
+
+    unsigned long sp = ctx->sp;
+    bpf_printk("rsp: %lld", sp);
+
+    unsigned long ss = ctx->ss;
+    bpf_printk("ss: %lld", ss);
+
     return 0;
 }

tests/c-form/requests.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_core_read.h>
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
+
+SEC("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+int example(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    u64 a = ctx->r15;
+    struct request *req = (struct request *)(ctx->di);
+    unsigned int something_ns = BPF_CORE_READ(req, timeout);
+    unsigned int data_len = BPF_CORE_READ(req, __data_len);
+    bpf_printk("data length %lld %ld %ld\n", data_len,  something_ns, a);
+
+    return 0;
+}

tests/c-form/requests2.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_core_read.h>
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
+
+SEC("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+int example(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    u64 a = ctx->r15;
+    struct request *req = (struct request *)(ctx->di);
+    unsigned int something_ns = req->timeout;
+    unsigned int data_len = req->__data_len;
+    bpf_printk("data length %lld %ld %ld\n", data_len,  something_ns, a);
+
+    return 0;
+}

tests/c-form/struct_field_tests.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+
+/*
+Information gained from reversing this (multiple kernel versions):
+There is no point of
+```llvm
+ tail call void @llvm.dbg.value(metadata ptr %0, metadata !60, metadata !DIExpression()), !dbg !70
+ ```
+ and the first argument of passthrough is fucking useless. It just needs to be a distinct integer:
+ ```llvm
+   %9 = tail call ptr @llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0(i32 3, ptr %8)
+ ```
+*/
+
+SEC("tp/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+int handle_setuid_entry(struct trace_event_raw_sys_enter *ctx) {
+  // Access each argument separately with clear variable assignments
+  long int id = ctx->id;
+  bpf_printk("This is context field %d", id);
+  /*
+   * the IR to aim for is
+   * %2 = alloca ptr, align 8
+   * store ptr %0, ptr %2, align 8
+   * Above, %0 is the arg pointer
+   * %5 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+   * %6 = getelementptr inbounds %struct.trace_event_raw_sys_enter, ptr %5, i32 0, i32 2
+   * %7 = load i64, ptr @"llvm.trace_event_raw_sys_enter:0:16$0:2:0", align 8
+   * %8 = bitcast ptr %5 to ptr
+   * %9 = getelementptr i8, ptr %8, i64 %7
+   * %10 = bitcast ptr %9 to ptr
+   * %11 = call ptr @llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0(i32 0, ptr %10)
+   * %12 = load i64, ptr %11, align 8, !dbg !101
+   *
+   */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/c-form/xdp_modify.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// xdp_rewrite.c
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <linux/if_ether.h>
+
+SEC("xdp")
+int xdp_rewrite_mac(struct xdp_md *ctx)
+{
+    void *data_end = (void *)(long)ctx->data_end;
+    void *data     = (void *)(long)ctx->data;
+
+    struct ethhdr *eth = data;
+    if ((void*)(eth + 1) > data_end)
+        return XDP_PASS;
+    __u8 new_src[ETH_ALEN] = {0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x02};
+    for (int i = 0; i < ETH_ALEN; i++) eth->h_source[i] = new_src[i];
+
+    return XDP_PASS;
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/failing_tests/vmlinux/args_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import logging
+
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
+from pythonbpf import compile  # noqa: F401
+from vmlinux import TASK_COMM_LEN  # noqa: F401
+from vmlinux import struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter  # noqa: F401
+from ctypes import c_int64, c_int32, c_void_p  # noqa: F401
+
+
+# from vmlinux import struct_uinput_device
+# from vmlinux import struct_blk_integrity_iter
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter) -> c_int64:
+    b = ctx.args
+    c = b[0]
+    print(f"This is context args field {c}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("args_test.py", "args_test.ll", loglevel=logging.INFO)
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/vmlinux/assignment_handling.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from vmlinux import XDP_PASS
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
+import logging
+from ctypes import c_int64, c_void_p
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+def example(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    d = XDP_PASS  # This gives an error, but
+    e = XDP_PASS + 0  # this does not
+    print(f"test1 {e} test2 {d}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("assignment_handling.py", "assignment_handling.ll", loglevel=logging.INFO)

tests/passing_tests/assign/comprehensive.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile, struct
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile, struct, compile_to_ir
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32, c_uint64
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
@@ -71,4 +71,5 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
     return "GPL"
 
 
+compile_to_ir("comprehensive.py", "comprehensive.ll")
 compile()

tests/passing_tests/hash_map_struct.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, struct, bpfglobal, compile, map
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from pythonbpf.helper import pid
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class val_type:
+    counter: c_int64
+    shizzle: c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=val_type, value=c_int64, max_entries=16)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    obj = val_type()
+    obj.counter, obj.shizzle = 42, 96
+    t = last.lookup(obj)
+    if t:
+        print(f"Found existing entry: counter={obj.counter}, pid={t}")
+        last.delete(obj)
+        return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+    val = pid()
+    last.update(obj, val)
+    print(f"Map updated!, {obj.counter}, {obj.shizzle}, {val}")
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/helpers/bpf_probe_read.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile, struct
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_uint32
+from pythonbpf.helper import probe_read
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint32
+    value: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def test_probe_read(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    """Test bpf_probe_read helper function"""
+    data = data_t()
+    probe_read(data.value, 8, ctx)
+    probe_read(data.pid, 4, ctx)
+    return 0
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/helpers/prandom.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, bpfglobal, section, BPF, trace_pipe
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+from pythonbpf.helper import random
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    r = random()
+    print(f"Hello, World!, {r}")
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+trace_pipe()

tests/passing_tests/helpers/smp_processor_id.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile, struct
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint32, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.helper import smp_processor_id, ktime
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class cpu_event_t:
+    cpu_id: c_uint32
+    timestamp: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def trace_with_cpu(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    """Test bpf_get_smp_processor_id helper function"""
+
+    # Get the current CPU ID
+    cpu = smp_processor_id()
+
+    # Print it
+    print(f"Running on CPU {cpu}")
+
+    # Use it in a struct
+    event = cpu_event_t()
+    event.cpu_id = smp_processor_id()
+    event.timestamp = ktime()
+
+    print(f"Event on CPU {event.cpu_id} at time {event.timestamp}")
+
+    return 0
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/helpers/uid_gid.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+from pythonbpf.helper import uid, pid
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def filter_by_user(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    """Filter events by specific user ID"""
+
+    current_uid = uid()
+
+    # Only trace root user (UID 0)
+    if current_uid == 0:
+        process_id = pid()
+        print(f"Root process {process_id} executed")
+
+    # Or trace specific user (e.g., UID 1000)
+    if current_uid == 1002:
+        print("User 1002 executed something")
+
+    return 0
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/i32_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from ctypes import c_int64, c_void_p
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir, compile
+from vmlinux import struct_xdp_md
+from vmlinux import XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def print_xdp_dat2a(ct2x: struct_xdp_md) -> c_int64:
+    data = ct2x.data  # 32-bit field: packet start pointer
+    print(f"ct2x->data = {data}")
+    return c_int64(XDP_PASS)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def print_xdp_data(ctx: struct_xdp_md) -> c_int64:
+    data = ctx.data  # 32-bit field: packet start pointer
+    something = c_void_p(data)
+    print(f"ctx->data = {something}")
+    return c_int64(XDP_PASS)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("i32_test.py", "i32_test.ll")
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/i32_test_fail_1.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from ctypes import c_int64
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from vmlinux import struct_xdp_md
+from vmlinux import XDP_PASS
+import logging
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def print_xdp_data(ctx: struct_xdp_md) -> c_int64:
+    data = 0
+    data = ctx.data  # 32-bit field: packet start pointer
+    something = 2 + data
+    print(f"ctx->data = {something}")
+    return c_int64(XDP_PASS)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile(logging.INFO)

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/i32_test_fail_2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from ctypes import c_int64
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile, compile_to_ir
+from vmlinux import struct_xdp_md
+from vmlinux import XDP_PASS
+import logging
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def print_xdp_data(ctx: struct_xdp_md) -> c_int64:
+    data = c_int64(ctx.data)  # 32-bit field: packet start pointer
+    something = 2 + data
+    print(f"ctx->data = {something}")
+    return c_int64(XDP_PASS)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("i32_test_fail_2.py", "i32_test_fail_2.ll")
+compile(logging.INFO)

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/register_state_dump.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
+from pythonbpf import compile  # noqa: F401
+from vmlinux import struct_pt_regs
+from ctypes import c_int64, c_int32, c_void_p  # noqa: F401
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/do_unlinkat")
+def kprobe_execve(ctx: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int64:
+    r15 = ctx.r15
+    r14 = ctx.r14
+    r13 = ctx.r13
+    r12 = ctx.r12
+    bp = ctx.bp
+    bx = ctx.bx
+    r11 = ctx.r11
+    r10 = ctx.r10
+    r9 = ctx.r9
+    r8 = ctx.r8
+    ax = ctx.ax
+    cx = ctx.cx
+    dx = ctx.dx
+    si = ctx.si
+    di = ctx.di
+    orig_ax = ctx.orig_ax
+    ip = ctx.ip
+    cs = ctx.cs
+    flags = ctx.flags
+    sp = ctx.sp
+    ss = ctx.ss
+
+    print(f"r15={r15} r14={r14} r13={r13}")
+    print(f"r12={r12} rbp={bp} rbx={bx}")
+    print(f"r11={r11} r10={r10} r9={r9}")
+    print(f"r8={r8} rax={ax} rcx={cx}")
+    print(f"rdx={dx} rsi={si} rdi={di}")
+    print(f"orig_rax={orig_ax} rip={ip} cs={cs}")
+    print(f"eflags={flags} rsp={sp} ss={ss}")
+
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+trace_pipe()

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/requests.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from vmlinux import struct_request, struct_pt_regs
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir, compile
+import logging
+from ctypes import c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+def example(ctx: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int64:
+    a = ctx.r15
+    req = struct_request(ctx.di)
+    d = req.__data_len
+    b = ctx.r12
+    c = req.timeout
+    print(f"data length {d} and {c} and {a}")
+    print(f"ctx arg {b}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("requests.py", "requests.ll", loglevel=logging.INFO)
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/requests2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from vmlinux import struct_pt_regs
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
+import logging
+from ctypes import c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+def example(ctx: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int64:
+    req = ctx.di
+    print(f"data length {req}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("requests2.py", "requests2.ll", loglevel=logging.INFO)

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/simple_struct_test.py

@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
 
 
 compile_to_ir("simple_struct_test.py", "simple_struct_test.ll", loglevel=logging.DEBUG)
-# compile()
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/vmlinux/struct_field_access.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import logging
+
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
+from pythonbpf import compile  # noqa: F401
+from vmlinux import TASK_COMM_LEN  # noqa: F401
+from vmlinux import struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter  # noqa: F401
+from ctypes import c_int64, c_int32, c_void_p  # noqa: F401
+
+
+# from vmlinux import struct_uinput_device
+# from vmlinux import struct_blk_integrity_iter
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter) -> c_int64:
+    b = ctx.id
+    print(f"This is context field {b}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("struct_field_access.py", "struct_field_access.ll", loglevel=logging.INFO)
+compile()

tools/setup.sh

@@ -144,7 +144,8 @@ mkdir -p examples
 cd examples || exit 1
 
 echo "Fetching example files list..."
-FILES=$(curl -s "https://api.github.com/repos/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/contents/examples" | grep -o '"path": "examples/[^"]*"' | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
+FILES=$(curl -s "https://api.github.com/repos/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/contents/examples" | grep -E -o '"path": "examples/[^"]*(\.md|\.ipynb|\.py)"' | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
+BCC_EXAMPLES=$(curl -s "https://api.github.com/repos/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/contents/BCC-Examples" | grep -E -o '"path": "BCC-Examples/[^"]*(\.md|\.ipynb|\.py)"' | awk -F'"' '{print $4}')
 
 if [ -z "$FILES" ]; then
     echo "Failed to fetch file list from repository. Using fallback method..."
@@ -166,11 +167,20 @@ if [ -z "$FILES" ]; then
         curl -s -O "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/master/examples/$example"
     done
 else
+    mkdir examples && cd examples
     for file in $FILES; do
         filename=$(basename "$file")
         echo "Downloading: $filename"
         curl -s -o "$filename" "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/master/$file"
     done
+    cd ..
+    mkdir BCC-Examples && cd BCC-Examples
+    for file in $BCC_EXAMPLES; do
+        filename=$(basename "$file")
+        echo "Downloading: $filename"
+        curl -s -o "$filename" "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/master/$file"
+    done
+    cd ..
 fi
 
 cd "$WORK_DIR" || exit 1