move examples to examples folder

Signed-off-by: varun-r-mallya <varunrmallya@gmail.com>

.gitattributes

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
 tests/c-form/vmlinux.h linguist-vendored
+examples/ linguist-vendored
+BCC-Examples/ linguist-vendored

.github/workflows/format.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Format
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"

.github/workflows/python-publish.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
           python -m build
 
       - name: Upload distributions
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: release-dists
           path: dist/
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Retrieve release distributions
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: release-dists
           path: dist/

.gitignore

@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ __pycache__/
 *.ll
 *.o
 .ipynb_checkpoints/
+vmlinux.py
+~*
+vmlinux.h

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #
 # See https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit
 
-exclude: 'vmlinux.*\.py$'
+exclude: 'vmlinux.py'
 
 ci:
   autoupdate_commit_msg: "chore: update pre-commit hooks"
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ repos:
     - id: ruff
       args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
     - id: ruff-format
-      exclude: ^(docs)|^(tests)|^(examples)
+#      exclude: ^(docs)|^(tests)|^(examples)
 
 # Checking static types
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy

BCC-Examples/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+## BCC examples ported to PythonBPF
+
+This folder contains examples of BCC tutorial examples that have been ported to use **PythonBPF**.
+
+## Requirements
+- install `pythonbpf` and `pylibbpf` using pip.
+- You will also need `matplotlib` for vfsreadlat.py example.
+- You will also need `rich` for vfsreadlat_rich.py example.
+- You will also need `plotly` and `dash` for vfsreadlat_plotly.py example.
+- All of these are added to `requirements.txt` file. You can install them using the following command:
+  ```bash
+  pip install -r requirements.txt
+  ```
+
+## Usage
+- You'll need root privileges to run these examples. If you are using a virtualenv, use the following command to run the scripts:
+  ```bash
+  sudo <path_to_virtualenv>/bin/python3 <script_name>.py
+  ```
+- For the disksnoop and container-monitor examples, you need to generate the vmlinux.py file first. Follow the instructions in the [main README](https://github.com/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/tree/master?tab=readme-ov-file#first-generate-the-vmlinuxpy-file-for-your-kernel) to generate the vmlinux.py file.
+- For vfsreadlat_plotly.py, run the following command to start the Dash server:
+  ```bash
+  sudo <path_to_virtualenv>/bin/python3 vfsreadlat_plotly/bpf_program.py
+  ```
+  Then open your web browser and navigate to the given URL.
+- For container-monitor, you need to first copy the vmlinux.py to `container-monitor/` directory.
+  Then run the following command to run the example:
+  ```bash
+    cp vmlinux.py container-monitor/
+    sudo <path_to_virtualenv>/bin/python3 container-monitor/container_monitor.py
+  ```

BCC-Examples/disksnoop.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "c3520e58-e50f-4bc1-8f9d-a6fecbf6e9f0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from vmlinux import struct_request, struct_pt_regs\n",
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, map, BPF\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32\n",
+    "\n",
+    "REQ_WRITE = 1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def start() -> HashMap:\n",
+    "    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=10240)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"kprobe/blk_mq_end_request\")\n",
+    "def trace_completion(ctx: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    # Get request pointer from first argument\n",
+    "    req_ptr = ctx.di\n",
+    "    req = struct_request(ctx.di)\n",
+    "    # Print: data_len, cmd_flags, latency_us\n",
+    "    data_len = req.__data_len\n",
+    "    cmd_flags = req.cmd_flags\n",
+    "    # Lookup start timestamp\n",
+    "    req_tsp = start.lookup(req_ptr)\n",
+    "    if req_tsp:\n",
+    "        # Calculate delta in nanoseconds\n",
+    "        delta = ktime() - req_tsp\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        # Convert to microseconds for printing\n",
+    "        delta_us = delta // 1000\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        print(f\"{data_len} {cmd_flags:x} {delta_us}\\n\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        # Delete the entry\n",
+    "        start.delete(req_ptr)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    return c_int64(0)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"kprobe/blk_mq_start_request\")\n",
+    "def trace_start(ctx1: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int32:\n",
+    "    req = ctx1.di\n",
+    "    ts = ktime()\n",
+    "    start.update(req, ts)\n",
+    "    return c_int32(0)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "b = BPF()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "97040f73-98e0-4993-94c6-125d1b42d931",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "b1bd4f51-fa25-42e1-877c-e48a2605189f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import trace_pipe"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "96b4b59b-b0db-4952-9534-7a714f685089",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "trace_pipe()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.12.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/disksnoop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from ctypes import c_int32, c_int64, c_uint64
+
+from vmlinux import struct_pt_regs, struct_request
+
+from pythonbpf import bpf, bpfglobal, compile, map, section
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def start() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=10240)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/blk_mq_end_request")
+def trace_completion(ctx: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int64:
+    req_ptr = ctx.di
+    req = struct_request(ctx.di)
+    data_len = req.__data_len
+    cmd_flags = req.cmd_flags
+    req_tsp = start.lookup(req_ptr)
+    if req_tsp:
+        delta = ktime() - req_tsp
+        delta_us = delta // 1000
+        print(f"{data_len} {cmd_flags:x} {delta_us}\n")
+        start.delete(req_ptr)
+
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+def trace_start(ctx1: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int32:
+    req = ctx1.di
+    ts = ktime()
+    start.update(req, ts)
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

BCC-Examples/hello_fields.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "28cf2e27-41e2-461c-a39c-147417141a4e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "133190e5-5a99-4585-b6e1-91224ed973c2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone\")\n",
+    "def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    print(\"Hello, World!\")\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "d3934efb-4043-4545-ae4c-c50ec40a24fd",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# header\n",
+    "print(f\"{'TIME(s)':<18} {'COMM':<16} {'PID':<6} {'MESSAGE'}\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "while True:\n",
+    "    try:\n",
+    "        (task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg) = trace_fields()\n",
+    "    except ValueError:\n",
+    "        continue\n",
+    "    except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "        exit()\n",
+    "    print(f\"{ts:<18} {task:<16} {pid:<6} {msg}\")"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/hello_fields.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+# header
+print(f"{'TIME(s)':<18} {'COMM':<16} {'PID':<6} {'MESSAGE'}")
+
+# format output
+while True:
+    try:
+        (task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg) = trace_fields()
+    except ValueError:
+        continue
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        exit()
+    print(f"{ts:<18} {task:<16} {pid:<6} {msg}")

BCC-Examples/hello_perf_output.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "79b74928-f4b4-4320-96e3-d973997de2f4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid, comm\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "5bdb0329-ae2d-45e8-808e-5ed5b1374204",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@struct\n",
+    "class data_t:\n",
+    "    pid: c_int64\n",
+    "    ts: c_int64\n",
+    "    comm: str(16)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def events() -> PerfEventArray:\n",
+    "    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone\")\n",
+    "def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    dataobj = data_t()\n",
+    "    dataobj.pid, dataobj.ts = pid(), ktime()\n",
+    "    comm(dataobj.comm)\n",
+    "    events.output(dataobj)\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "4bcc7d57-6cc4-48a3-bbd2-42ad6263afdf",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def callback(cpu, event):\n",
+    "    global start\n",
+    "    if start == 0:\n",
+    "        start = event.ts\n",
+    "    ts = (event.ts - start) / 1e9\n",
+    "    print(f\"[CPU {cpu}] PID: {event.pid}, TS: {ts}, COMM: {event.comm.decode()}\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "perf = b[\"events\"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name=\"data_t\")\n",
+    "print(\"Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)\")\n",
+    "print(\"Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "try:\n",
+    "    while True:\n",
+    "        b[\"events\"].poll(1000)\n",
+    "except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "    print(\"Stopping...\")"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/hello_perf_output.py

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid, comm
+from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_int64
+    ts: c_int64
+    comm: str(16)  # type: ignore [valid-type]
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def events() -> PerfEventArray:
+    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dataobj = data_t()
+    dataobj.pid, dataobj.ts = pid(), ktime()
+    comm(dataobj.comm)
+    events.output(dataobj)
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+start = 0
+
+
+def callback(cpu, event):
+    global start
+    if start == 0:
+        start = event.ts
+    ts = (event.ts - start) / 1e9
+    print(f"[CPU {cpu}] PID: {event.pid}, TS: {ts}, COMM: {event.comm.decode()}")
+
+
+perf = b["events"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name="data_t")
+print("Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)")
+print("Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events")
+
+try:
+    while True:
+        b["events"].poll(1000)
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    print("Stopping...")

BCC-Examples/hello_world.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "id": "7d5d3cfb-39ba-4516-9856-b3bed47a0cef",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "id": "cf1c87aa-e173-4156-8f2d-762225bc6d19",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone\")\n",
+    "def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    print(\"Hello, World!\")\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "b = BPF()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "bd81383d-f75a-4269-8451-3d985d85b124",
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "      Cache2 I/O-4716    [003] ...21  8218.000492: bpf_trace_printk: count: 11 with 4716\n",
+      "\n",
+      "      Cache2 I/O-4716    [003] ...21  8218.000499: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "   WebExtensions-5168    [002] ...21  8219.320392: bpf_trace_printk: count: 13 with 5168\n",
+      "\n",
+      "   WebExtensions-5168    [002] ...21  8219.320399: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [001] ...21  8220.933716: bpf_trace_printk: count: 5 with 21155\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [001] ...21  8220.933721: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [002] ...21  8221.341290: bpf_trace_printk: count: 6 with 21155\n",
+      "\n",
+      "          python-21155   [002] ...21  8221.341295: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-5462    [000] ...21  8223.095033: bpf_trace_printk: count: 7 with 5462\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-5462    [000] ...21  8223.095043: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      "         firefox-4542    [000] ...21  8227.760067: bpf_trace_printk: count: 8 with 4542\n",
+      "\n",
+      "         firefox-4542    [000] ...21  8227.760080: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-12404   [003] ...21  8227.917086: bpf_trace_printk: count: 7 with 12404\n",
+      "\n",
+      " Isolated Web Co-12404   [003] ...21  8227.917095: bpf_trace_printk: Hello, World!\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()\n",
+    "trace_pipe()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "01e1f25b-decc-425b-a1aa-a5e701082574",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/hello_world.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+trace_pipe()

BCC-Examples/requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# =============================================================================
+# Requirements for PythonBPF BCC-Examples
+# =============================================================================
+
+dash
+matplotlib
+numpy
+plotly
+rich

BCC-Examples/sync_count.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "dcab010c-f5e9-446f-9f9f-056cc794ad14",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "720797e8-9c81-4af6-a385-80f1ec4c0f15",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def last() -> HashMap:\n",
+    "    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=2)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    ts_key, cnt_key = 0, 1\n",
+    "    tsp, cntp = last.lookup(ts_key), last.lookup(cnt_key)\n",
+    "    if not cntp:\n",
+    "        last.update(cnt_key, 0)\n",
+    "        cntp = last.lookup(cnt_key)\n",
+    "    if tsp:\n",
+    "        delta = ktime() - tsp\n",
+    "        if delta < 1000000000:\n",
+    "            time_ms = delta // 1000000\n",
+    "            print(f\"{time_ms} {cntp}\")\n",
+    "        last.delete(ts_key)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        last.update(ts_key, ktime())\n",
+    "    last.update(cnt_key, cntp + 1)\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "78a8b82c-7c5f-43c1-9de1-cd982a0f345b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "while True:\n",
+    "    try:\n",
+    "        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg = trace_fields()\n",
+    "        if start == 0:\n",
+    "            start = ts\n",
+    "        ts -= start\n",
+    "        ms, cnt = msg.split()\n",
+    "        print(f\"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago. Count {cnt}\")\n",
+    "    except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "        exit()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sync_count.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=2)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
+def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    ts_key, cnt_key = 0, 1
+    tsp, cntp = last.lookup(ts_key), last.lookup(cnt_key)
+    if not cntp:
+        last.update(cnt_key, 0)
+        cntp = last.lookup(cnt_key)
+    if tsp:
+        delta = ktime() - tsp
+        if delta < 1000000000:
+            time_ms = delta // 1000000
+            print(f"{time_ms} {cntp}")
+        last.delete(ts_key)
+    else:
+        last.update(ts_key, ktime())
+    last.update(cnt_key, cntp + 1)
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+print("Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end")
+
+# format output
+start = 0
+while True:
+    try:
+        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg = trace_fields()
+        if start == 0:
+            start = ts
+        ts -= start
+        ms, cnt = msg.split()
+        print(f"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago. Count {cnt}")
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        exit()

BCC-Examples/sync_perf_output.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "b0d1ab05-0c1f-4578-9c1b-568202b95a5c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "85e50d0a-f9d8-468f-8e03-f5f7128f05d8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@struct\n",
+    "class data_t:\n",
+    "    ts: c_int64\n",
+    "    ms: c_int64\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def events() -> PerfEventArray:\n",
+    "    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def last() -> HashMap:\n",
+    "    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    dat, dat.ts, key = data_t(), ktime(), 0\n",
+    "    tsp = last.lookup(key)\n",
+    "    if tsp:\n",
+    "        delta = ktime() - tsp\n",
+    "        if delta < 1000000000:\n",
+    "            dat.ms = delta // 1000000\n",
+    "            events.output(dat)\n",
+    "        last.delete(key)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        last.update(key, ktime())\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "40bb1107-369f-4be7-9f10-37201900c16b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def callback(cpu, event):\n",
+    "    global start\n",
+    "    if start == 0:\n",
+    "        start = event.ts\n",
+    "    event.ts -= start\n",
+    "    print(\n",
+    "        f\"At time {event.ts / 1e9} s: Multiple sync detected, Last sync: {event.ms} ms ago\"\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "perf = b[\"events\"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name=\"data_t\")\n",
+    "print(\"Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)\")\n",
+    "print(\"Try running: fork() or clone() system calls to trigger events\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "try:\n",
+    "    while True:\n",
+    "        b[\"events\"].poll(1000)\n",
+    "except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "    print(\"Stopping...\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "94a588d9-3a40-437c-a35b-fc40410f3eb7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sync_perf_output.py

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    ts: c_int64
+    ms: c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def events() -> PerfEventArray:
+    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_int64, value_size=c_int64)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
+def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dat, dat.ts, key = data_t(), ktime(), 0
+    tsp = last.lookup(key)
+    if tsp:
+        delta = ktime() - tsp
+        if delta < 1000000000:
+            dat.ms = delta // 1000000
+            events.output(dat)
+        last.delete(key)
+    else:
+        last.update(key, ktime())
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+print("Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end")
+
+# format output
+start = 0
+
+
+def callback(cpu, event):
+    global start
+    if start == 0:
+        start = event.ts
+    event.ts -= start
+    print(
+        f"At time {event.ts / 1e9} s: Multiple sync detected, Last sync: {event.ms} ms ago"
+    )
+
+
+perf = b["events"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name="data_t")
+print("Starting to poll... (Ctrl+C to stop)")
+try:
+    while True:
+        b["events"].poll(1000)
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    print("Stopping...")

BCC-Examples/sync_timing.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "bfe01ceb-2f27-41b3-b3ba-50ec65cfddda",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.helper import ktime\n",
+    "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "ddb115f4-20a7-43bc-bb5b-ccbfd6031fc2",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@map\n",
+    "def last() -> HashMap:\n",
+    "    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    key = 0\n",
+    "    tsp = last.lookup(key)\n",
+    "    if tsp:\n",
+    "        delta = ktime() - tsp\n",
+    "        if delta < 1000000000:\n",
+    "            time_ms = delta // 1000000\n",
+    "            print(f\"{time_ms}\")\n",
+    "        last.delete(key)\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        last.update(key, ktime())\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e4f46574-9fd8-46e7-9c7b-27a36d07f200",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# format output\n",
+    "start = 0\n",
+    "while True:\n",
+    "    try:\n",
+    "        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, ms = trace_fields()\n",
+    "        if start == 0:\n",
+    "            start = ts\n",
+    "        ts -= start\n",
+    "        print(f\"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago\")\n",
+    "    except KeyboardInterrupt:\n",
+    "        exit()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sync_timing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_fields
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
+def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    key = 0
+    tsp = last.lookup(key)
+    if tsp:
+        delta = ktime() - tsp
+        if delta < 1000000000:
+            time_ms = delta // 1000000
+            print(f"{time_ms}")
+        last.delete(key)
+    else:
+        last.update(key, ktime())
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+print("Tracing for quick sync's... Ctrl-C to end")
+
+# format output
+start = 0
+while True:
+    try:
+        task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, ms = trace_fields()
+        if start == 0:
+            start = ts
+        ts -= start
+        print(f"At time {ts} s: Multiple syncs detected, last {ms} ms ago")
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        exit()

BCC-Examples/sys_sync.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "bb49598f-b9cc-4ea8-8391-923cad513711",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe\n",
+    "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "5da237b0-1c7d-4ec5-8c24-696b1c1d97fa",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync\")\n",
+    "def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
+    "    print(\"sys_sync() called\")\n",
+    "    return 0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "@bpf\n",
+    "@bpfglobal\n",
+    "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
+    "    return \"GPL\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Compile and load\n",
+    "b = BPF()\n",
+    "b.load()\n",
+    "b.attach_all()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e4c218ac-fe47-4fd1-a27b-c07e02f3cd05",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Tracing sys_sync()... Ctrl-C to end.\")\n",
+    "trace_pipe()"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.3"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

BCC-Examples/sys_sync.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("sys_sync() called")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Compile and load
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+print("Tracing sys_sync()... Ctrl-C to end.")
+trace_pipe()

BCC-Examples/vfsreadlat.py

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_uint64
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class latency_event:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    delta_us: c_uint64  # Latency in microseconds
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def start() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=10240)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def events() -> PerfEventArray:
+    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_uint64, value_size=c_uint64)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/vfs_read")
+def do_entry(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_uint64:
+    p, ts = pid(), ktime()
+    start.update(p, ts)
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kretprobe/vfs_read")
+def do_return(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_uint64:
+    p = pid()
+    tsp = start.lookup(p)
+
+    if tsp:
+        delta_ns = ktime() - tsp
+
+        # Only track if latency > 1 microsecond
+        if delta_ns > 1000:
+            evt = latency_event()
+            evt.pid, evt.delta_us = p, delta_ns // 1000
+            events.output(evt)
+
+        start.delete(p)
+
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# Load BPF
+print("Loading BPF program...")
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+# Collect latencies
+latencies = []
+
+
+def callback(cpu, event):
+    latencies.append(event.delta_us)
+
+
+b["events"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name="latency_event")
+
+print("Tracing vfs_read latency... Hit Ctrl-C to end.")
+
+try:
+    while True:
+        b["events"].poll(1000)
+        if len(latencies) > 0 and len(latencies) % 1000 == 0:
+            print(f"Collected {len(latencies)} samples...")
+
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    print(f"Collected {len(latencies)} samples. Generating histogram...")
+
+# Create histogram with matplotlib
+if latencies:
+    # Use log scale for better visualization
+    log_latencies = np.log2(latencies)
+
+    plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
+
+    # Plot 1: Linear histogram
+    plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
+    plt.hist(latencies, bins=50, edgecolor="black", alpha=0.7)
+    plt.xlabel("Latency (microseconds)")
+    plt.ylabel("Count")
+    plt.title("VFS Read Latency Distribution (Linear)")
+    plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+    # Plot 2: Log2 histogram (like BCC)
+    plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
+    plt.hist(log_latencies, bins=50, edgecolor="black", alpha=0.7, color="orange")
+    plt.xlabel("log2(Latency in µs)")
+    plt.ylabel("Count")
+    plt.title("VFS Read Latency Distribution (Log2)")
+    plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+    # Add statistics
+    print("Statistics:")
+    print(f"  Count:  {len(latencies)}")
+    print(f"  Min:    {min(latencies)} µs")
+    print(f"  Max:    {max(latencies)} µs")
+    print(f"  Mean:   {np.mean(latencies):.2f} µs")
+    print(f"  Median: {np.median(latencies):.2f} µs")
+    print(f"  P95:    {np.percentile(latencies, 95):.2f} µs")
+    print(f"  P99:    {np.percentile(latencies, 99):.2f} µs")
+
+    plt.tight_layout()
+    plt.savefig("vfs_read_latency.png", dpi=150)
+    print("Histogram saved to vfs_read_latency.png")
+    plt.show()
+else:
+    print("No samples collected!")

BCC-Examples/vfsreadlat_plotly/bpf_program.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+"""BPF program for tracing VFS read latency."""
+
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_uint64
+import argparse
+from data_collector import LatencyCollector
+from dashboard import LatencyDashboard
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class latency_event:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    delta_us: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def start() -> HashMap:
+    """Map to store start timestamps by PID."""
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=10240)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def events() -> PerfEventArray:
+    """Perf event array for sending latency events to userspace."""
+    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_uint64, value_size=c_uint64)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/vfs_read")
+def do_entry(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_uint64:
+    """Record start time when vfs_read is called."""
+    p, ts = pid(), ktime()
+    start.update(p, ts)
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kretprobe/vfs_read")
+def do_return(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_uint64:
+    """Calculate and record latency when vfs_read returns."""
+    p = pid()
+    tsp = start.lookup(p)
+
+    if tsp:
+        delta_ns = ktime() - tsp
+
+        # Only track latencies > 1 microsecond
+        if delta_ns > 1000:
+            evt = latency_event()
+            evt.pid, evt.delta_us = p, delta_ns // 1000
+            events.output(evt)
+
+        start.delete(p)
+
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    """Parse command line arguments."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Monitor VFS read latency with live dashboard"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--host", default="0.0.0.0", help="Dashboard host (default: 0.0.0.0)"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--port", type=int, default=8050, help="Dashboard port (default: 8050)"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--buffer", type=int, default=10000, help="Recent data buffer size"
+    )
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+args = parse_args()
+
+# Load BPF program
+print("Loading BPF program...")
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+print("✅ BPF program loaded and attached")
+
+# Setup data collector
+collector = LatencyCollector(b, buffer_size=args.buffer)
+collector.start()
+
+# Create and run dashboard
+dashboard = LatencyDashboard(collector)
+dashboard.run(host=args.host, port=args.port)

BCC-Examples/vfsreadlat_plotly/dashboard.py

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+"""Plotly Dash dashboard for visualizing latency data."""
+
+import dash
+from dash import dcc, html
+from dash.dependencies import Input, Output
+import plotly.graph_objects as go
+from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
+import numpy as np
+
+
+class LatencyDashboard:
+    """Interactive dashboard for latency visualization."""
+
+    def __init__(self, collector, title: str = "VFS Read Latency Monitor"):
+        self.collector = collector
+        self.app = dash.Dash(__name__)
+        self.app.title = title
+        self._setup_layout()
+        self._setup_callbacks()
+
+    def _setup_layout(self):
+        """Create dashboard layout."""
+        self.app.layout = html.Div(
+            [
+                html.H1(
+                    "🔥 VFS Read Latency Dashboard",
+                    style={
+                        "textAlign": "center",
+                        "color": "#2c3e50",
+                        "marginBottom": 20,
+                    },
+                ),
+                # Stats cards
+                html.Div(
+                    [
+                        self._create_stat_card(
+                            "total-samples", "📊 Total Samples", "#3498db"
+                        ),
+                        self._create_stat_card(
+                            "mean-latency", "⚡ Mean Latency", "#e74c3c"
+                        ),
+                        self._create_stat_card(
+                            "p99-latency", "🔥 P99 Latency", "#f39c12"
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    style={
+                        "display": "flex",
+                        "justifyContent": "space-around",
+                        "marginBottom": 30,
+                    },
+                ),
+                # Graphs - ✅ Make sure these IDs match the callback outputs
+                dcc.Graph(id="dual-histogram", style={"height": "450px"}),
+                dcc.Graph(id="log2-buckets", style={"height": "350px"}),
+                dcc.Graph(id="timeseries-graph", style={"height": "300px"}),
+                # Auto-update
+                dcc.Interval(id="interval-component", interval=1000, n_intervals=0),
+            ],
+            style={"padding": 20, "fontFamily": "Arial, sans-serif"},
+        )
+
+    def _create_stat_card(self, id_name: str, title: str, color: str):
+        """Create a statistics card."""
+        return html.Div(
+            [
+                html.H3(title, style={"color": color}),
+                html.H2(id=id_name, style={"fontSize": 48, "color": "#2c3e50"}),
+            ],
+            className="stat-box",
+            style={
+                "background": "white",
+                "padding": 20,
+                "borderRadius": 10,
+                "boxShadow": "0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)",
+                "textAlign": "center",
+                "flex": 1,
+                "margin": "0 10px",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _setup_callbacks(self):
+        """Setup dashboard callbacks."""
+
+        @self.app.callback(
+            [
+                Output("total-samples", "children"),
+                Output("mean-latency", "children"),
+                Output("p99-latency", "children"),
+                Output("dual-histogram", "figure"),  # ✅ Match layout IDs
+                Output("log2-buckets", "figure"),  # ✅ Match layout IDs
+                Output("timeseries-graph", "figure"),  # ✅ Match layout IDs
+            ],
+            [Input("interval-component", "n_intervals")],
+        )
+        def update_dashboard(n):
+            stats = self.collector.get_stats()
+
+            if stats.total == 0:
+                return self._empty_state()
+
+            return (
+                f"{stats.total:,}",
+                f"{stats.mean:.1f} µs",
+                f"{stats.p99:.1f} µs",
+                self._create_dual_histogram(),
+                self._create_log2_buckets(),
+                self._create_timeseries(),
+            )
+
+    def _empty_state(self):
+        """Return empty state for dashboard."""
+        empty_fig = go.Figure()
+        empty_fig.update_layout(
+            title="Waiting for data... Generate some disk I/O!", template="plotly_white"
+        )
+        # ✅ Return 6 values (3 stats + 3 figures)
+        return "0", "0 µs", "0 µs", empty_fig, empty_fig, empty_fig
+
+    def _create_dual_histogram(self) -> go.Figure:
+        """Create side-by-side linear and log2 histograms."""
+        latencies = self.collector.get_all_latencies()
+
+        # Create subplots
+        fig = make_subplots(
+            rows=1,
+            cols=2,
+            subplot_titles=("Linear Scale", "Log2 Scale"),
+            horizontal_spacing=0.12,
+        )
+
+        # Linear histogram
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Histogram(
+                x=latencies,
+                nbinsx=50,
+                marker_color="rgb(55, 83, 109)",
+                opacity=0.75,
+                name="Linear",
+            ),
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
+        )
+
+        # Log2 histogram
+        log2_latencies = np.log2(latencies + 1)  # +1 to avoid log2(0)
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Histogram(
+                x=log2_latencies,
+                nbinsx=30,
+                marker_color="rgb(243, 156, 18)",
+                opacity=0.75,
+                name="Log2",
+            ),
+            row=1,
+            col=2,
+        )
+
+        # Update axes
+        fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Latency (µs)", row=1, col=1)
+        fig.update_xaxes(title_text="log2(Latency in µs)", row=1, col=2)
+        fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Count", row=1, col=1)
+        fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Count", row=1, col=2)
+
+        fig.update_layout(
+            title_text="📊 Latency Distribution (Linear vs Log2)",
+            template="plotly_white",
+            showlegend=False,
+            height=450,
+        )
+
+        return fig
+
+    def _create_log2_buckets(self) -> go.Figure:
+        """Create bar chart of log2 buckets (like BCC histogram)."""
+        buckets = self.collector.get_histogram_buckets()
+
+        if not buckets:
+            fig = go.Figure()
+            fig.update_layout(
+                title="🔥 Log2 Histogram - Waiting for data...", template="plotly_white"
+            )
+            return fig
+
+        # Sort buckets
+        sorted_buckets = sorted(buckets.keys())
+        counts = [buckets[b] for b in sorted_buckets]
+
+        # Create labels (e.g., "8-16µs", "16-32µs")
+        labels = []
+        hover_text = []
+        for bucket in sorted_buckets:
+            lower = 2**bucket
+            upper = 2 ** (bucket + 1)
+            labels.append(f"{lower}-{upper}")
+
+            # Calculate percentage
+            total = sum(counts)
+            pct = (buckets[bucket] / total) * 100 if total > 0 else 0
+            hover_text.append(
+                f"Range: {lower}-{upper} µs<br>"
+                f"Count: {buckets[bucket]:,}<br>"
+                f"Percentage: {pct:.2f}%"
+            )
+
+        # Create bar chart
+        fig = go.Figure()
+
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Bar(
+                x=labels,
+                y=counts,
+                marker=dict(
+                    color=counts,
+                    colorscale="YlOrRd",
+                    showscale=True,
+                    colorbar=dict(title="Count"),
+                ),
+                text=counts,
+                textposition="outside",
+                hovertext=hover_text,
+                hoverinfo="text",
+            )
+        )
+
+        fig.update_layout(
+            title="🔥 Log2 Histogram (BCC-style buckets)",
+            xaxis_title="Latency Range (µs)",
+            yaxis_title="Count",
+            template="plotly_white",
+            height=350,
+            xaxis=dict(tickangle=-45),
+        )
+
+        return fig
+
+    def _create_timeseries(self) -> go.Figure:
+        """Create time series figure."""
+        recent = self.collector.get_recent_latencies()
+
+        if not recent:
+            fig = go.Figure()
+            fig.update_layout(
+                title="⏱️ Real-time Latency - Waiting for data...",
+                template="plotly_white",
+            )
+            return fig
+
+        times = [d["time"] for d in recent]
+        lats = [d["latency"] for d in recent]
+
+        fig = go.Figure()
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=lats,
+                mode="lines",
+                line=dict(color="rgb(231, 76, 60)", width=2),
+                fill="tozeroy",
+                fillcolor="rgba(231, 76, 60, 0.2)",
+            )
+        )
+
+        fig.update_layout(
+            title="⏱️ Real-time Latency (Last 10,000 samples)",
+            xaxis_title="Time (seconds)",
+            yaxis_title="Latency (µs)",
+            template="plotly_white",
+            height=300,
+        )
+
+        return fig
+
+    def run(self, host: str = "0.0.0.0", port: int = 8050, debug: bool = False):
+        """Run the dashboard server."""
+        print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+        print(f"🚀 Dashboard running at: http://{host}:{port}")
+        print("   Access from your browser to see live graphs")
+        print(
+            "   Generate disk I/O to see data: dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test bs=1M count=100"
+        )
+        print(f"{'=' * 60}\n")
+        self.app.run(debug=debug, host=host, port=port)

BCC-Examples/vfsreadlat_plotly/data_collector.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Data collection and management."""
+
+import threading
+import time
+import numpy as np
+from collections import deque
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import List, Dict
+
+
+@dataclass
+class LatencyStats:
+    """Statistics computed from latency data."""
+
+    total: int = 0
+    mean: float = 0.0
+    median: float = 0.0
+    min: float = 0.0
+    max: float = 0.0
+    p95: float = 0.0
+    p99: float = 0.0
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_array(cls, data: np.ndarray) -> "LatencyStats":
+        """Compute stats from numpy array."""
+        if len(data) == 0:
+            return cls()
+
+        return cls(
+            total=len(data),
+            mean=float(np.mean(data)),
+            median=float(np.median(data)),
+            min=float(np.min(data)),
+            max=float(np.max(data)),
+            p95=float(np.percentile(data, 95)),
+            p99=float(np.percentile(data, 99)),
+        )
+
+
+class LatencyCollector:
+    """Collects and manages latency data from BPF."""
+
+    def __init__(self, bpf_object, buffer_size: int = 10000):
+        self.bpf = bpf_object
+        self.all_latencies: List[float] = []
+        self.recent_latencies = deque(maxlen=buffer_size)  # type: ignore [var-annotated]
+        self.start_time = time.time()
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._poll_thread = None
+
+    def callback(self, cpu: int, event):
+        """Callback for BPF events."""
+        with self._lock:
+            self.all_latencies.append(event.delta_us)
+            self.recent_latencies.append(
+                {"time": time.time() - self.start_time, "latency": event.delta_us}
+            )
+
+    def start(self):
+        """Start collecting data."""
+        self.bpf["events"].open_perf_buffer(self.callback, struct_name="latency_event")
+
+        def poll_loop():
+            while True:
+                self.bpf["events"].poll(100)
+
+        self._poll_thread = threading.Thread(target=poll_loop, daemon=True)
+        self._poll_thread.start()
+        print("✅ Data collection started")
+
+    def get_all_latencies(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Get all latencies as numpy array."""
+        with self._lock:
+            return np.array(self.all_latencies) if self.all_latencies else np.array([])
+
+    def get_recent_latencies(self) -> List[Dict]:
+        """Get recent latencies with timestamps."""
+        with self._lock:
+            return list(self.recent_latencies)
+
+    def get_stats(self) -> LatencyStats:
+        """Compute current statistics."""
+        return LatencyStats.from_array(self.get_all_latencies())
+
+    def get_histogram_buckets(self) -> Dict[int, int]:
+        """Get log2 histogram buckets."""
+        latencies = self.get_all_latencies()
+        if len(latencies) == 0:
+            return {}
+
+        log_buckets = np.floor(np.log2(latencies + 1)).astype(int)
+        buckets = {}  # type: ignore [var-annotated]
+        for bucket in log_buckets:
+            buckets[bucket] = buckets.get(bucket, 0) + 1
+
+        return buckets

BCC-Examples/vfsreadlat_rich.py

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_uint64
+
+from rich.console import Console
+from rich.live import Live
+from rich.table import Table
+from rich.panel import Panel
+from rich.layout import Layout
+import numpy as np
+import threading
+import time
+from collections import Counter
+
+# ==================== BPF Setup ====================
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class latency_event:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    delta_us: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def start() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=10240)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def events() -> PerfEventArray:
+    return PerfEventArray(key_size=c_uint64, value_size=c_uint64)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/vfs_read")
+def do_entry(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_uint64:
+    p, ts = pid(), ktime()
+    start.update(p, ts)
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kretprobe/vfs_read")
+def do_return(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_uint64:
+    p = pid()
+    tsp = start.lookup(p)
+
+    if tsp:
+        delta_ns = ktime() - tsp
+
+        if delta_ns > 1000:
+            evt = latency_event()
+            evt.pid, evt.delta_us = p, delta_ns // 1000
+            events.output(evt)
+
+        start.delete(p)
+
+    return 0  # type: ignore [return-value]
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+console = Console()
+console.print("[bold green]Loading BPF program...[/]")
+
+b = BPF()
+b.load()
+b.attach_all()
+
+# ==================== Data Collection ====================
+
+all_latencies = []
+histogram_buckets = Counter()  # type: ignore [var-annotated]
+
+
+def callback(cpu, event):
+    all_latencies.append(event.delta_us)
+    # Create log2 bucket
+    bucket = int(np.floor(np.log2(event.delta_us + 1)))
+    histogram_buckets[bucket] += 1
+
+
+b["events"].open_perf_buffer(callback, struct_name="latency_event")
+
+
+def poll_events():
+    while True:
+        b["events"].poll(100)
+
+
+poll_thread = threading.Thread(target=poll_events, daemon=True)
+poll_thread.start()
+
+# ==================== Live Display ====================
+
+
+def generate_display():
+    layout = Layout()
+    layout.split_column(
+        Layout(name="header", size=3),
+        Layout(name="stats", size=8),
+        Layout(name="histogram", size=20),
+    )
+
+    # Header
+    layout["header"].update(
+        Panel("[bold cyan]🔥 VFS Read Latency Monitor[/]", style="bold white on blue")
+    )
+
+    # Stats
+    if len(all_latencies) > 0:
+        lats = np.array(all_latencies)
+        stats_table = Table(show_header=False, box=None, padding=(0, 2))
+        stats_table.add_column(style="bold cyan")
+        stats_table.add_column(style="bold yellow")
+
+        stats_table.add_row("📊 Total Samples:", f"{len(lats):,}")
+        stats_table.add_row("⚡ Mean Latency:", f"{np.mean(lats):.2f} µs")
+        stats_table.add_row("📉 Min Latency:", f"{np.min(lats):.2f} µs")
+        stats_table.add_row("📈 Max Latency:", f"{np.max(lats):.2f} µs")
+        stats_table.add_row("🎯 P95 Latency:", f"{np.percentile(lats, 95):.2f} µs")
+        stats_table.add_row("🔥 P99 Latency:", f"{np.percentile(lats, 99):.2f} µs")
+
+        layout["stats"].update(
+            Panel(stats_table, title="Statistics", border_style="green")
+        )
+    else:
+        layout["stats"].update(
+            Panel("[yellow]Waiting for data...[/]", border_style="yellow")
+        )
+
+    # Histogram
+    if histogram_buckets:
+        hist_table = Table(title="Latency Distribution", box=None)
+        hist_table.add_column("Range", style="cyan", no_wrap=True)
+        hist_table.add_column("Count", justify="right", style="yellow")
+        hist_table.add_column("Distribution", style="green")
+
+        max_count = max(histogram_buckets.values())
+
+        for bucket in sorted(histogram_buckets.keys()):
+            count = histogram_buckets[bucket]
+            lower = 2**bucket
+            upper = 2 ** (bucket + 1)
+
+            # Create bar
+            bar_width = int((count / max_count) * 40)
+            bar = "█" * bar_width
+
+            hist_table.add_row(
+                f"{lower:5d}-{upper:5d} µs",
+                f"{count:6d}",
+                f"[green]{bar}[/] {count / len(all_latencies) * 100:.1f}%",
+            )
+
+        layout["histogram"].update(Panel(hist_table, border_style="green"))
+
+    return layout
+
+
+try:
+    with Live(generate_display(), refresh_per_second=2, console=console) as live:
+        while True:
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+            live.update(generate_display())
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    console.print("\n[bold red]Stopping...[/]")
+
+    if all_latencies:
+        console.print(f"\n[bold green]✅ Collected {len(all_latencies):,} samples[/]")

README.md

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ Python-BPF is an LLVM IR generator for eBPF programs written in Python. It uses
 
 Dependencies:
 
+* `bpftool`
 * `clang`
 * Python ≥ 3.8
 
@@ -55,6 +56,38 @@ pip install pythonbpf pylibbpf
 
 ---
 
+## Try It Out!
+
+#### First, generate the vmlinux.py file for your kernel:
+- Install the required dependencies:
+- On Ubuntu:
+```bash
+sudo apt-get install bpftool clang
+pip install pythonbpf pylibbpf ctypeslib2
+```
+- Generate the `vmlinux.py` using:
+```bash
+sudo tools/vmlinux-gen.py
+```
+- Copy this file to `BCC-Examples/`
+
+#### Next, install requirements for BCC-Examples:
+- These requirements are only required for the python notebooks, vfsreadlat and container-monitor examples.
+```bash
+pip install -r BCC-Examples/requirements.txt
+```
+- Now, follow the instructions in the [BCC-Examples/README.md](https://github.com/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/blob/master/BCC-Examples/README.md) to run the examples.
+
+
+#### To spin up jupyter notebook examples:
+- Run and follow the instructions on screen
+```bash
+curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/refs/heads/master/tools/setup.sh | sudo bash
+```
+- Check the jupyter server on the web browser and run the notebooks in the `BCC-Examples/` folder.
+
+---
+
 ## Example Usage
 
 ```python
@@ -82,16 +115,15 @@ def hist() -> HashMap:
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
 def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     process_id = pid()
-    one = 1
+    prev = hist.lookup(process_id)
-    prev = hist().lookup(process_id)
     if prev:
         previous_value = prev + 1
         print(f"count: {previous_value} with {process_id}")
-        hist().update(process_id, previous_value)
+        hist.update(process_id, previous_value)
-        return c_int64(0)
+        return 0
     else:
-        hist().update(process_id, one)
+        hist.update(process_id, 1)
-    return c_int64(0)
+    return 0
 
 
 @bpf

TODO.md

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-## Short term
-
-- Implement enough functionality to port the BCC tutorial examples in PythonBPF
-- Add all maps
-- XDP support in pylibbpf
-- ringbuf support
-- Add oneline IfExpr conditionals (wishlist)
-
-## Long term
-
-- Refactor the codebase to be better than a hackathon project
-- Port to C++ and use actual LLVM?
-- Fix struct_kioctx issue in the vmlinux transpiler

examples/anomaly-detection/lib/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""
+Process Anomaly Detection - Constants and Utilities
+"""
+
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+MAX_SYSCALLS = 548
+
+
+def comm_for_pid(pid: int) -> bytes | None:
+    """Get process name from /proc."""
+    try:
+        with open(f"/proc/{pid}/comm", "rb") as f:
+            return f.read().strip()
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        logger.warning(f"Process with PID {pid} not found.")
+    except PermissionError:
+        logger.warning(f"Permission denied when accessing /proc/{pid}/comm.")
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(f"Error reading /proc/{pid}/comm: {e}")
+    return None

examples/anomaly-detection/lib/ml.py

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+"""
+Autoencoder for Process Behavior Anomaly Detection
+
+Uses Keras/TensorFlow to train an autoencoder on syscall patterns.
+Anomalies are detected when reconstruction error exceeds threshold.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
+from tensorflow import keras
+
+from lib import MAX_SYSCALLS
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def create_autoencoder(n_inputs: int = MAX_SYSCALLS) -> keras.Model:
+    """
+    Create the autoencoder architecture.
+
+    Architecture: input → encoder → bottleneck → decoder → output
+    """
+    inp = keras.Input(shape=(n_inputs,))
+
+    # Encoder
+    encoder = keras.layers.Dense(n_inputs)(inp)
+    encoder = keras.layers.ReLU()(encoder)
+
+    # Bottleneck (compressed representation)
+    bottleneck = keras.layers.Dense(n_inputs // 2)(encoder)
+
+    # Decoder
+    decoder = keras.layers.Dense(n_inputs)(bottleneck)
+    decoder = keras.layers.ReLU()(decoder)
+    output = keras.layers.Dense(n_inputs, activation="linear")(decoder)
+
+    model = keras.Model(inp, output)
+    model.compile(optimizer="adam", loss="mse")
+
+    return model
+
+
+class AutoEncoder:
+    """
+    Autoencoder for syscall pattern anomaly detection.
+
+    Usage:
+        # Training
+        ae = AutoEncoder('model.keras')
+        model, threshold = ae.train('data.csv', epochs=200)
+
+        # Inference
+        ae = AutoEncoder('model.keras', load=True)
+        _, errors, total_error = ae.predict([features])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename: str, load: bool = False):
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.model = None
+
+        if load:
+            self._load_model()
+
+    def _load_model(self) -> None:
+        """Load a trained model from disk."""
+        if not os.path.exists(self.filename):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Model file not found: {self.filename}")
+
+        logger.info(f"Loading model from {self.filename}")
+        self.model = keras.models.load_model(self.filename)
+
+    def train(
+        self,
+        datafile: str,
+        epochs: int,
+        batch_size: int,
+        test_size: float = 0.1,
+    ) -> tuple[keras.Model, float]:
+        """
+        Train the autoencoder on collected data.
+
+        Args:
+            datafile: Path to CSV file with training data
+            epochs: Number of training epochs
+            batch_size: Training batch size
+            test_size: Fraction of data to use for validation
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (trained model, error threshold)
+        """
+        if not os.path.exists(datafile):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Data file not found: {datafile}")
+
+        logger.info(f"Loading training data from {datafile}")
+
+        # Load and prepare data
+        df = pd.read_csv(datafile)
+        features = df.drop(["sample_time"], axis=1).values
+
+        logger.info(f"Loaded {len(features)} samples with {features.shape[1]} features")
+
+        # Split train/test
+        train_data, test_data = train_test_split(
+            features,
+            test_size=test_size,
+            random_state=42,
+        )
+
+        logger.info(f"Training set: {len(train_data)} samples")
+        logger.info(f"Test set: {len(test_data)} samples")
+
+        # Create and train model
+        self.model = create_autoencoder()
+
+        if self.model is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Failed to create the autoencoder model.")
+
+        logger.info("Training autoencoder...")
+        self.model.fit(
+            train_data,
+            train_data,
+            validation_data=(test_data, test_data),
+            epochs=epochs,
+            batch_size=batch_size,
+            verbose=1,
+        )
+
+        # Save model (use .keras format for Keras 3.x compatibility)
+        self.model.save(self.filename)
+        logger.info(f"Model saved to {self.filename}")
+
+        # Calculate error threshold from test data
+        threshold = self._calculate_threshold(test_data)
+
+        return self.model, threshold
+
+    def _calculate_threshold(self, test_data: np.ndarray) -> float:
+        """Calculate error threshold from test data."""
+        logger.info(f"Calculating error threshold from {len(test_data)} test samples")
+
+        if self.model is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Model not loaded. Use load=True or train first.")
+
+        predictions = self.model.predict(test_data, verbose=0)
+        errors = np.abs(test_data - predictions).sum(axis=1)
+
+        return float(errors.max())
+
+    def predict(self, X: list | np.ndarray) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, float]:
+        """
+        Run prediction and return reconstruction error.
+
+        Args:
+            X: Input data (list of feature vectors)
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (reconstructed, per_feature_errors, total_error)
+        """
+        if self.model is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Model not loaded. Use load=True or train first.")
+
+        X = np.asarray(X, dtype=np.float32)
+        y = self.model.predict(X, verbose=0)
+
+        # Per-feature reconstruction error
+        errors = np.abs(X[0] - y[0])
+        total_error = float(errors.sum())
+
+        return y, errors, total_error

examples/anomaly-detection/lib/platform.py

@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+# Copyright 2017 Sasha Goldshtein
+# Copyright 2018 Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+syscall.py contains functions useful for mapping between syscall names and numbers
+"""
+
+# Syscall table for Linux x86_64, not very recent. Automatically generated from
+# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/tree/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl?h=linux-6.17.y
+# using the following command:
+#
+# cat arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl \
+#     | awk 'BEGIN    { print "syscalls = {"         }
+#            /^[0-9]/ { print "    "$1": b\""$3"\"," }
+#            END      { print "}"                    }'
+
+SYSCALLS = {
+    0: b"read",
+    1: b"write",
+    2: b"open",
+    3: b"close",
+    4: b"stat",
+    5: b"fstat",
+    6: b"lstat",
+    7: b"poll",
+    8: b"lseek",
+    9: b"mmap",
+    10: b"mprotect",
+    11: b"munmap",
+    12: b"brk",
+    13: b"rt_sigaction",
+    14: b"rt_sigprocmask",
+    15: b"rt_sigreturn",
+    16: b"ioctl",
+    17: b"pread64",
+    18: b"pwrite64",
+    19: b"readv",
+    20: b"writev",
+    21: b"access",
+    22: b"pipe",
+    23: b"select",
+    24: b"sched_yield",
+    25: b"mremap",
+    26: b"msync",
+    27: b"mincore",
+    28: b"madvise",
+    29: b"shmget",
+    30: b"shmat",
+    31: b"shmctl",
+    32: b"dup",
+    33: b"dup2",
+    34: b"pause",
+    35: b"nanosleep",
+    36: b"getitimer",
+    37: b"alarm",
+    38: b"setitimer",
+    39: b"getpid",
+    40: b"sendfile",
+    41: b"socket",
+    42: b"connect",
+    43: b"accept",
+    44: b"sendto",
+    45: b"recvfrom",
+    46: b"sendmsg",
+    47: b"recvmsg",
+    48: b"shutdown",
+    49: b"bind",
+    50: b"listen",
+    51: b"getsockname",
+    52: b"getpeername",
+    53: b"socketpair",
+    54: b"setsockopt",
+    55: b"getsockopt",
+    56: b"clone",
+    57: b"fork",
+    58: b"vfork",
+    59: b"execve",
+    60: b"exit",
+    61: b"wait4",
+    62: b"kill",
+    63: b"uname",
+    64: b"semget",
+    65: b"semop",
+    66: b"semctl",
+    67: b"shmdt",
+    68: b"msgget",
+    69: b"msgsnd",
+    70: b"msgrcv",
+    71: b"msgctl",
+    72: b"fcntl",
+    73: b"flock",
+    74: b"fsync",
+    75: b"fdatasync",
+    76: b"truncate",
+    77: b"ftruncate",
+    78: b"getdents",
+    79: b"getcwd",
+    80: b"chdir",
+    81: b"fchdir",
+    82: b"rename",
+    83: b"mkdir",
+    84: b"rmdir",
+    85: b"creat",
+    86: b"link",
+    87: b"unlink",
+    88: b"symlink",
+    89: b"readlink",
+    90: b"chmod",
+    91: b"fchmod",
+    92: b"chown",
+    93: b"fchown",
+    94: b"lchown",
+    95: b"umask",
+    96: b"gettimeofday",
+    97: b"getrlimit",
+    98: b"getrusage",
+    99: b"sysinfo",
+    100: b"times",
+    101: b"ptrace",
+    102: b"getuid",
+    103: b"syslog",
+    104: b"getgid",
+    105: b"setuid",
+    106: b"setgid",
+    107: b"geteuid",
+    108: b"getegid",
+    109: b"setpgid",
+    110: b"getppid",
+    111: b"getpgrp",
+    112: b"setsid",
+    113: b"setreuid",
+    114: b"setregid",
+    115: b"getgroups",
+    116: b"setgroups",
+    117: b"setresuid",
+    118: b"getresuid",
+    119: b"setresgid",
+    120: b"getresgid",
+    121: b"getpgid",
+    122: b"setfsuid",
+    123: b"setfsgid",
+    124: b"getsid",
+    125: b"capget",
+    126: b"capset",
+    127: b"rt_sigpending",
+    128: b"rt_sigtimedwait",
+    129: b"rt_sigqueueinfo",
+    130: b"rt_sigsuspend",
+    131: b"sigaltstack",
+    132: b"utime",
+    133: b"mknod",
+    134: b"uselib",
+    135: b"personality",
+    136: b"ustat",
+    137: b"statfs",
+    138: b"fstatfs",
+    139: b"sysfs",
+    140: b"getpriority",
+    141: b"setpriority",
+    142: b"sched_setparam",
+    143: b"sched_getparam",
+    144: b"sched_setscheduler",
+    145: b"sched_getscheduler",
+    146: b"sched_get_priority_max",
+    147: b"sched_get_priority_min",
+    148: b"sched_rr_get_interval",
+    149: b"mlock",
+    150: b"munlock",
+    151: b"mlockall",
+    152: b"munlockall",
+    153: b"vhangup",
+    154: b"modify_ldt",
+    155: b"pivot_root",
+    156: b"_sysctl",
+    157: b"prctl",
+    158: b"arch_prctl",
+    159: b"adjtimex",
+    160: b"setrlimit",
+    161: b"chroot",
+    162: b"sync",
+    163: b"acct",
+    164: b"settimeofday",
+    165: b"mount",
+    166: b"umount2",
+    167: b"swapon",
+    168: b"swapoff",
+    169: b"reboot",
+    170: b"sethostname",
+    171: b"setdomainname",
+    172: b"iopl",
+    173: b"ioperm",
+    174: b"create_module",
+    175: b"init_module",
+    176: b"delete_module",
+    177: b"get_kernel_syms",
+    178: b"query_module",
+    179: b"quotactl",
+    180: b"nfsservctl",
+    181: b"getpmsg",
+    182: b"putpmsg",
+    183: b"afs_syscall",
+    184: b"tuxcall",
+    185: b"security",
+    186: b"gettid",
+    187: b"readahead",
+    188: b"setxattr",
+    189: b"lsetxattr",
+    190: b"fsetxattr",
+    191: b"getxattr",
+    192: b"lgetxattr",
+    193: b"fgetxattr",
+    194: b"listxattr",
+    195: b"llistxattr",
+    196: b"flistxattr",
+    197: b"removexattr",
+    198: b"lremovexattr",
+    199: b"fremovexattr",
+    200: b"tkill",
+    201: b"time",
+    202: b"futex",
+    203: b"sched_setaffinity",
+    204: b"sched_getaffinity",
+    205: b"set_thread_area",
+    206: b"io_setup",
+    207: b"io_destroy",
+    208: b"io_getevents",
+    209: b"io_submit",
+    210: b"io_cancel",
+    211: b"get_thread_area",
+    212: b"lookup_dcookie",
+    213: b"epoll_create",
+    214: b"epoll_ctl_old",
+    215: b"epoll_wait_old",
+    216: b"remap_file_pages",
+    217: b"getdents64",
+    218: b"set_tid_address",
+    219: b"restart_syscall",
+    220: b"semtimedop",
+    221: b"fadvise64",
+    222: b"timer_create",
+    223: b"timer_settime",
+    224: b"timer_gettime",
+    225: b"timer_getoverrun",
+    226: b"timer_delete",
+    227: b"clock_settime",
+    228: b"clock_gettime",
+    229: b"clock_getres",
+    230: b"clock_nanosleep",
+    231: b"exit_group",
+    232: b"epoll_wait",
+    233: b"epoll_ctl",
+    234: b"tgkill",
+    235: b"utimes",
+    236: b"vserver",
+    237: b"mbind",
+    238: b"set_mempolicy",
+    239: b"get_mempolicy",
+    240: b"mq_open",
+    241: b"mq_unlink",
+    242: b"mq_timedsend",
+    243: b"mq_timedreceive",
+    244: b"mq_notify",
+    245: b"mq_getsetattr",
+    246: b"kexec_load",
+    247: b"waitid",
+    248: b"add_key",
+    249: b"request_key",
+    250: b"keyctl",
+    251: b"ioprio_set",
+    252: b"ioprio_get",
+    253: b"inotify_init",
+    254: b"inotify_add_watch",
+    255: b"inotify_rm_watch",
+    256: b"migrate_pages",
+    257: b"openat",
+    258: b"mkdirat",
+    259: b"mknodat",
+    260: b"fchownat",
+    261: b"futimesat",
+    262: b"newfstatat",
+    263: b"unlinkat",
+    264: b"renameat",
+    265: b"linkat",
+    266: b"symlinkat",
+    267: b"readlinkat",
+    268: b"fchmodat",
+    269: b"faccessat",
+    270: b"pselect6",
+    271: b"ppoll",
+    272: b"unshare",
+    273: b"set_robust_list",
+    274: b"get_robust_list",
+    275: b"splice",
+    276: b"tee",
+    277: b"sync_file_range",
+    278: b"vmsplice",
+    279: b"move_pages",
+    280: b"utimensat",
+    281: b"epoll_pwait",
+    282: b"signalfd",
+    283: b"timerfd_create",
+    284: b"eventfd",
+    285: b"fallocate",
+    286: b"timerfd_settime",
+    287: b"timerfd_gettime",
+    288: b"accept4",
+    289: b"signalfd4",
+    290: b"eventfd2",
+    291: b"epoll_create1",
+    292: b"dup3",
+    293: b"pipe2",
+    294: b"inotify_init1",
+    295: b"preadv",
+    296: b"pwritev",
+    297: b"rt_tgsigqueueinfo",
+    298: b"perf_event_open",
+    299: b"recvmmsg",
+    300: b"fanotify_init",
+    301: b"fanotify_mark",
+    302: b"prlimit64",
+    303: b"name_to_handle_at",
+    304: b"open_by_handle_at",
+    305: b"clock_adjtime",
+    306: b"syncfs",
+    307: b"sendmmsg",
+    308: b"setns",
+    309: b"getcpu",
+    310: b"process_vm_readv",
+    311: b"process_vm_writev",
+    312: b"kcmp",
+    313: b"finit_module",
+    314: b"sched_setattr",
+    315: b"sched_getattr",
+    316: b"renameat2",
+    317: b"seccomp",
+    318: b"getrandom",
+    319: b"memfd_create",
+    320: b"kexec_file_load",
+    321: b"bpf",
+    322: b"execveat",
+    323: b"userfaultfd",
+    324: b"membarrier",
+    325: b"mlock2",
+    326: b"copy_file_range",
+    327: b"preadv2",
+    328: b"pwritev2",
+    329: b"pkey_mprotect",
+    330: b"pkey_alloc",
+    331: b"pkey_free",
+    332: b"statx",
+    333: b"io_pgetevents",
+    334: b"rseq",
+    335: b"uretprobe",
+    424: b"pidfd_send_signal",
+    425: b"io_uring_setup",
+    426: b"io_uring_enter",
+    427: b"io_uring_register",
+    428: b"open_tree",
+    429: b"move_mount",
+    430: b"fsopen",
+    431: b"fsconfig",
+    432: b"fsmount",
+    433: b"fspick",
+    434: b"pidfd_open",
+    435: b"clone3",
+    436: b"close_range",
+    437: b"openat2",
+    438: b"pidfd_getfd",
+    439: b"faccessat2",
+    440: b"process_madvise",
+    441: b"epoll_pwait2",
+    442: b"mount_setattr",
+    443: b"quotactl_fd",
+    444: b"landlock_create_ruleset",
+    445: b"landlock_add_rule",
+    446: b"landlock_restrict_self",
+    447: b"memfd_secret",
+    448: b"process_mrelease",
+    449: b"futex_waitv",
+    450: b"set_mempolicy_home_node",
+    451: b"cachestat",
+    452: b"fchmodat2",
+    453: b"map_shadow_stack",
+    454: b"futex_wake",
+    455: b"futex_wait",
+    456: b"futex_requeue",
+    457: b"statmount",
+    458: b"listmount",
+    459: b"lsm_get_self_attr",
+    460: b"lsm_set_self_attr",
+    461: b"lsm_list_modules",
+    462: b"mseal",
+    463: b"setxattrat",
+    464: b"getxattrat",
+    465: b"listxattrat",
+    466: b"removexattrat",
+    467: b"open_tree_attr",
+    468: b"file_getattr",
+    469: b"file_setattr",
+    512: b"rt_sigaction",
+    513: b"rt_sigreturn",
+    514: b"ioctl",
+    515: b"readv",
+    516: b"writev",
+    517: b"recvfrom",
+    518: b"sendmsg",
+    519: b"recvmsg",
+    520: b"execve",
+    521: b"ptrace",
+    522: b"rt_sigpending",
+    523: b"rt_sigtimedwait",
+    524: b"rt_sigqueueinfo",
+    525: b"sigaltstack",
+    526: b"timer_create",
+    527: b"mq_notify",
+    528: b"kexec_load",
+    529: b"waitid",
+    530: b"set_robust_list",
+    531: b"get_robust_list",
+    532: b"vmsplice",
+    533: b"move_pages",
+    534: b"preadv",
+    535: b"pwritev",
+    536: b"rt_tgsigqueueinfo",
+    537: b"recvmmsg",
+    538: b"sendmmsg",
+    539: b"process_vm_readv",
+    540: b"process_vm_writev",
+    541: b"setsockopt",
+    542: b"getsockopt",
+    543: b"io_setup",
+    544: b"io_submit",
+    545: b"execveat",
+    546: b"preadv2",
+    547: b"pwritev2",
+}

examples/anomaly-detection/lib/probe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""
+PythonBPF eBPF Probe for Syscall Histogram Collection
+"""
+
+from vmlinux import struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf.helper import pid
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from ctypes import c_int64
+from lib import MAX_SYSCALLS, comm_for_pid
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def histogram() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1024)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def target_pid_map() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/raw_syscalls/sys_enter")
+def trace_syscall(ctx: struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter) -> c_int64:
+    syscall_id = ctx.id
+    current_pid = pid()
+    target = target_pid_map.lookup(0)
+    if target:
+        if current_pid != target:
+            return 0  # type: ignore
+    if syscall_id < 0 or syscall_id >= 548:
+        return 0  # type: ignore
+    count = histogram.lookup(syscall_id)
+    if count:
+        histogram.update(syscall_id, count + 1)
+    else:
+        histogram.update(syscall_id, 1)
+    return 0  # type: ignore
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+ebpf_prog = BPF()
+
+
+class Probe:
+    """
+    Syscall histogram probe for a target process.
+
+    Usage:
+        probe = Probe(target_pid=1234)
+        probe.start()
+        histogram = probe.get_histogram()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target_pid: int, max_syscalls: int = MAX_SYSCALLS):
+        self.target_pid = target_pid
+        self.max_syscalls = max_syscalls
+        self.comm = comm_for_pid(target_pid)
+
+        if self.comm is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot find process with PID {target_pid}")
+
+        self._bpf = None
+        self._histogram_map = None
+        self._target_map = None
+
+    def start(self):
+        """Compile, load, and attach the BPF probe."""
+        # Compile and load
+        self._bpf = ebpf_prog
+        self._bpf.load()
+        self._bpf.attach_all()
+
+        # Get map references
+        self._histogram_map = self._bpf["histogram"]
+        self._target_map = self._bpf["target_pid_map"]
+
+        # Set target PID in the map
+        self._target_map.update(0, self.target_pid)
+
+        return self
+
+    def get_histogram(self) -> list:
+        """Read current histogram values as a list."""
+        if self._histogram_map is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Probe not started.  Call start() first.")
+
+        result = [0] * self.max_syscalls
+
+        for syscall_id in range(self.max_syscalls):
+            try:
+                count = self._histogram_map.lookup(syscall_id)
+                if count is not None:
+                    result[syscall_id] = int(count)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        return result
+
+    def __getitem__(self, syscall_id: int) -> int:
+        """Allow indexing: probe[syscall_id]"""
+        if self._histogram_map is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Probe not started")
+
+        try:
+            count = self._histogram_map.lookup(syscall_id)
+            return int(count) if count is not None else 0
+        except Exception:
+            return 0

examples/anomaly-detection/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Process Behavior Anomaly Detection using PythonBPF and Autoencoders
+
+Ported from evilsocket's BCC implementation to PythonBPF.
+https://github.com/evilsocket/ebpf-process-anomaly-detection
+
+Usage:
+    # 1.Learn normal behavior from a process
+    sudo python main.py --learn --pid 1234 --data normal.csv
+
+    # 2.Train the autoencoder (no sudo needed)
+    python main.py --train --data normal.csv --model model.h5
+
+    # 3.Monitor for anomalies
+    sudo python main.py --run --pid 1234 --model model.h5
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+from collections import Counter
+
+from lib import MAX_SYSCALLS
+from lib.ml import AutoEncoder
+from lib.platform import SYSCALLS
+from lib.probe import Probe
+
+logging.basicConfig(
+    level=logging.INFO,
+    format="%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(name)s: %(message)s",
+    datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def learn(pid: int, data_path: str, poll_interval_ms: int) -> None:
+    """
+    Capture syscall patterns from target process.
+
+    Args:
+        pid: Target process ID
+        data_path: Path to save CSV data
+        poll_interval_ms: Polling interval in milliseconds
+    """
+    if os.path.exists(data_path):
+        logger.error(
+            f"{data_path} already exists.Delete it or use a different filename."
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    try:
+        probe = Probe(pid)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        logger.error(str(e))
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    probe_comm = probe.comm.decode() if probe.comm else "unknown"
+
+    print(f"📊 Learning from process {pid} ({probe_comm})")
+    print(f"📁 Saving data to {data_path}")
+    print(f"⏱️  Polling interval: {poll_interval_ms}ms")
+    print("Press Ctrl+C to stop...\n")
+
+    probe.start()
+
+    prev_histogram = [0.0] * MAX_SYSCALLS
+    prev_report_time = time.time()
+    sample_count = 0
+    poll_interval_sec = poll_interval_ms / 1000.0
+
+    header = "sample_time," + ",".join(f"sys_{i}" for i in range(MAX_SYSCALLS))
+
+    with open(data_path, "w") as fp:
+        fp.write(header + "\n")
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                histogram = [float(x) for x in probe.get_histogram()]
+
+                if histogram != prev_histogram:
+                    deltas = _compute_deltas(prev_histogram, histogram)
+                    prev_histogram = histogram.copy()
+
+                    row = f"{time.time()},{','.join(map(str, deltas))}"
+                    fp.write(row + "\n")
+                    fp.flush()
+                    sample_count += 1
+
+                now = time.time()
+                if now - prev_report_time >= 1.0:
+                    print(f"  {sample_count} samples saved...")
+                    prev_report_time = now
+
+                time.sleep(poll_interval_sec)
+
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            print(f"\n✅ Stopped. Saved {sample_count} samples to {data_path}")
+
+
+def train(data_path: str, model_path: str, epochs: int, batch_size: int) -> None:
+    """
+    Train autoencoder on captured data.
+
+    Args:
+        data_path: Path to training CSV data
+        model_path: Path to save trained model
+        epochs: Number of training epochs
+        batch_size: Training batch size
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(data_path):
+        logger.error(f"Data file {data_path} not found.Run --learn first.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print(f"🧠 Training autoencoder on {data_path}")
+    print(f"   Epochs: {epochs}")
+    print(f"   Batch size: {batch_size}")
+    print()
+
+    ae = AutoEncoder(model_path)
+    _, threshold = ae.train(data_path, epochs, batch_size)
+
+    print()
+    print("=" * 50)
+    print("✅ Training complete!")
+    print(f"   Model saved to: {model_path}")
+    print(f"   Error threshold: {threshold:.6f}")
+    print()
+    print(f"💡 Use --max-error {threshold:.4f} when running detection")
+    print("=" * 50)
+
+
+def run(pid: int, model_path: str, max_error: float, poll_interval_ms: int) -> None:
+    """
+    Monitor process and detect anomalies.
+
+    Args:
+        pid: Target process ID
+        model_path: Path to trained model
+        max_error: Anomaly detection threshold
+        poll_interval_ms: Polling interval in milliseconds
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(model_path):
+        logger.error(f"Model file {model_path} not found. Run --train first.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    try:
+        probe = Probe(pid)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        logger.error(str(e))
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    ae = AutoEncoder(model_path, load=True)
+    probe_comm = probe.comm.decode() if probe.comm else "unknown"
+
+    print(f"🔍 Monitoring process {pid} ({probe_comm}) for anomalies")
+    print(f"   Error threshold: {max_error}")
+    print(f"   Polling interval: {poll_interval_ms}ms")
+    print("Press Ctrl+C to stop...\n")
+
+    probe.start()
+
+    prev_histogram = [0.0] * MAX_SYSCALLS
+    anomaly_count = 0
+    check_count = 0
+    poll_interval_sec = poll_interval_ms / 1000.0
+
+    try:
+        while True:
+            histogram = [float(x) for x in probe.get_histogram()]
+
+            if histogram != prev_histogram:
+                deltas = _compute_deltas(prev_histogram, histogram)
+                prev_histogram = histogram.copy()
+                check_count += 1
+
+                _, feat_errors, total_error = ae.predict([deltas])
+
+                if total_error > max_error:
+                    anomaly_count += 1
+                    _report_anomaly(anomaly_count, total_error, max_error, feat_errors)
+
+            time.sleep(poll_interval_sec)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("\n✅ Stopped.")
+        print(f"   Checks performed: {check_count}")
+        print(f"   Anomalies detected: {anomaly_count}")
+
+
+def _compute_deltas(prev: list[float], current: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+    """Compute rate of change between two histograms."""
+    deltas = []
+    for p, c in zip(prev, current):
+        if c != 0.0:
+            delta = 1.0 - (p / c)
+        else:
+            delta = 0.0
+        deltas.append(delta)
+    return deltas
+
+
+def _report_anomaly(
+    count: int,
+    total_error: float,
+    threshold: float,
+    feat_errors: list[float],
+) -> None:
+    """Print anomaly report with top offending syscalls."""
+    print(f"🚨 ANOMALY #{count} detected!")
+    print(f"   Total error: {total_error:.4f} (threshold: {threshold})")
+
+    errors_by_syscall = {idx: err for idx, err in enumerate(feat_errors)}
+    top3 = Counter(errors_by_syscall).most_common(3)
+
+    print("   Top anomalous syscalls:")
+    for idx, err in top3:
+        name = SYSCALLS.get(idx, f"syscall_{idx}")
+        print(f"     • {name!r}: {err:.4f}")
+    print()
+
+
+def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
+    """Parse command line arguments."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Process anomaly detection with PythonBPF and Autoencoders",
+        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+        epilog="""
+Examples:
+  # Learn from a process (e.g., Firefox) for a few minutes
+  sudo python main.py --learn --pid $(pgrep -o firefox) --data firefox.csv
+
+  # Train the model (no sudo needed)
+  python main.py --train --data firefox.csv --model firefox.h5
+
+  # Monitor the same process for anomalies
+  sudo python main.py --run --pid $(pgrep -o firefox) --model firefox.h5
+
+  # Full workflow for nginx:
+  sudo python main.py --learn --pid $(pgrep -o nginx) --data nginx_normal.csv
+  python main.py --train --data nginx_normal.csv --model nginx.h5 --epochs 100
+  sudo python main.py --run --pid $(pgrep -o nginx) --model nginx.h5 --max-error 0.05
+        """,
+    )
+
+    actions = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    actions.add_argument(
+        "--learn",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Capture syscall patterns from a process",
+    )
+    actions.add_argument(
+        "--train",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Train autoencoder on captured data",
+    )
+    actions.add_argument(
+        "--run",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Monitor process for anomalies",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pid",
+        type=int,
+        default=0,
+        help="Target process ID",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--data",
+        default="data.csv",
+        help="CSV file for training data (default: data.csv)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--model",
+        default="model.keras",
+        help="Model file path (default: model.h5)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--time",
+        type=int,
+        default=100,
+        help="Polling interval in milliseconds (default: 100)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--epochs",
+        type=int,
+        default=200,
+        help="Training epochs (default: 200)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--batch-size",
+        type=int,
+        default=16,
+        help="Training batch size (default: 16)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--max-error",
+        type=float,
+        default=0.09,
+        help="Anomaly detection threshold (default: 0.09)",
+    )
+
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Main entry point."""
+    args = parse_args()
+
+    if not any([args.learn, args.train, args.run]):
+        print("No action specified.Use --learn, --train, or --run.")
+        print("Run with --help for usage information.")
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+    if args.learn:
+        if args.pid == 0:
+            logger.error("--pid required for --learn")
+            sys.exit(1)
+        learn(args.pid, args.data, args.time)
+
+    elif args.train:
+        train(args.data, args.model, args.epochs, args.batch_size)
+
+    elif args.run:
+        if args.pid == 0:
+            logger.error("--pid required for --run")
+            sys.exit(1)
+        run(args.pid, args.model, args.max_error, args.time)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

examples/binops_demo.py

@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ def last() -> HashMap:
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
 def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     key = 0
-    tsp = last().lookup(key)
+    tsp = last.lookup(key)
     if tsp:
         kt = ktime()
         delta = kt - tsp
         if delta < 1000000000:
             time_ms = delta // 1000000
             print(f"Execve syscall entered within last second, last {time_ms} ms ago")
-        last().delete(key)
+        last.delete(key)
     else:
         kt = ktime()
-        last().update(key, kt)
+        last.update(key, kt)
     return c_int64(0)
 
 

examples/clone_plot.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import time
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF
 from pythonbpf.helper import pid
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
-from pylibbpf import BpfMap
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
@@ -26,14 +25,14 @@ def hist() -> HashMap:
 def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     process_id = pid()
     one = 1
-    prev = hist().lookup(process_id)
+    prev = hist.lookup(process_id)
     if prev:
         previous_value = prev + 1
         print(f"count: {previous_value} with {process_id}")
-        hist().update(process_id, previous_value)
+        hist.update(process_id, previous_value)
         return c_int64(0)
     else:
-        hist().update(process_id, one)
+        hist.update(process_id, one)
     return c_int64(0)
 
 
@@ -44,12 +43,12 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
 
 
 b = BPF()
-b.load_and_attach()
+b.load()
-hist = BpfMap(b, hist)
+b.attach_all()
 print("Recording")
 time.sleep(10)
 
-counts = list(hist.values())
+counts = list(b["hist"].values())
 
 plt.hist(counts, bins=20)
 plt.xlabel("Clone calls per PID")

examples/container-monitor/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Container Monitor TUI
+
+A beautiful terminal-based container monitoring tool that combines syscall tracking, file I/O monitoring, and network traffic analysis using eBPF.
+
+## Features
+
+- 🎯 **Interactive Cgroup Selection** - Navigate and select cgroups with arrow keys
+- 📊 **Real-time Monitoring** - Live graphs and statistics
+- 🔥 **Syscall Tracking** - Total syscall count per cgroup
+- 💾 **File I/O Monitoring** - Read/write operations and bytes with graphs
+- 🌐 **Network Traffic** - RX/TX packets and bytes with live graphs
+- ⚡ **Efficient Caching** - Reduced /proc lookups for better performance
+- 🎨 **Beautiful TUI** - Clean, colorful terminal interface
+
+## Requirements
+
+- Python 3.7+
+- pythonbpf
+- Root privileges (for eBPF)
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+# Ensure you have pythonbpf installed
+pip install pythonbpf
+
+# Run the monitor
+sudo $(which python) container_monitor.py
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+1. **Selection Screen**: Use ↑↓ arrow keys to navigate through cgroups, press ENTER to select
+2. **Monitoring Screen**: View real-time graphs and statistics, press ESC or 'b' to go back
+3. **Exit**: Press 'q' at any time to quit
+
+## Architecture
+
+- `container_monitor.py` - Main BPF program combining all three tracers
+- `data_collector.py` - Data collection, caching, and history management
+- `tui. py` - Terminal user interface with selection and monitoring screens
+
+## BPF Programs
+
+- **vfs_read/vfs_write** - Track file I/O operations
+- **__netif_receive_skb/__dev_queue_xmit** - Track network traffic
+- **raw_syscalls/sys_enter** - Count all syscalls
+
+All programs filter by cgroup ID for per-container monitoring.

examples/container-monitor/container_monitor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+"""Container Monitor - TUI-based cgroup monitoring combining syscall, file I/O, and network tracking."""
+
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, struct, BPF
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from pythonbpf.helper import get_current_cgroup_id
+from ctypes import c_int32, c_uint64, c_void_p
+from vmlinux import struct_pt_regs, struct_sk_buff
+
+from data_collection import ContainerDataCollector
+from tui import ContainerMonitorTUI
+
+
+# ==================== BPF Structs ====================
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class read_stats:
+    bytes: c_uint64
+    ops: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class write_stats:
+    bytes: c_uint64
+    ops: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class net_stats:
+    rx_packets: c_uint64
+    tx_packets: c_uint64
+    rx_bytes: c_uint64
+    tx_bytes: c_uint64
+
+
+# ==================== BPF Maps ====================
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def read_map() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=read_stats, max_entries=1024)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def write_map() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=write_stats, max_entries=1024)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def net_stats_map() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=net_stats, max_entries=1024)
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def syscall_count() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=1024)
+
+
+# ==================== File I/O Tracing ====================
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/vfs_read")
+def trace_read(ctx: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int32:
+    cg = get_current_cgroup_id()
+    count = c_uint64(ctx.dx)
+    ptr = read_map.lookup(cg)
+    if ptr:
+        s = read_stats()
+        s.bytes = ptr.bytes + count
+        s.ops = ptr.ops + 1
+        read_map.update(cg, s)
+    else:
+        s = read_stats()
+        s.bytes = count
+        s.ops = c_uint64(1)
+        read_map.update(cg, s)
+
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/vfs_write")
+def trace_write(ctx1: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int32:
+    cg = get_current_cgroup_id()
+    count = c_uint64(ctx1.dx)
+    ptr = write_map.lookup(cg)
+
+    if ptr:
+        s = write_stats()
+        s.bytes = ptr.bytes + count
+        s.ops = ptr.ops + 1
+        write_map.update(cg, s)
+    else:
+        s = write_stats()
+        s.bytes = count
+        s.ops = c_uint64(1)
+        write_map.update(cg, s)
+
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+# ==================== Network I/O Tracing ====================
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/__netif_receive_skb")
+def trace_netif_rx(ctx2: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int32:
+    cgroup_id = get_current_cgroup_id()
+    skb = struct_sk_buff(ctx2.di)
+    pkt_len = c_uint64(skb.len)
+
+    stats_ptr = net_stats_map.lookup(cgroup_id)
+
+    if stats_ptr:
+        stats = net_stats()
+        stats.rx_packets = stats_ptr.rx_packets + 1
+        stats.tx_packets = stats_ptr.tx_packets
+        stats.rx_bytes = stats_ptr.rx_bytes + pkt_len
+        stats.tx_bytes = stats_ptr.tx_bytes
+        net_stats_map.update(cgroup_id, stats)
+    else:
+        stats = net_stats()
+        stats.rx_packets = c_uint64(1)
+        stats.tx_packets = c_uint64(0)
+        stats.rx_bytes = pkt_len
+        stats.tx_bytes = c_uint64(0)
+        net_stats_map.update(cgroup_id, stats)
+
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/__dev_queue_xmit")
+def trace_dev_xmit(ctx3: struct_pt_regs) -> c_int32:
+    cgroup_id = get_current_cgroup_id()
+    skb = struct_sk_buff(ctx3.di)
+    pkt_len = c_uint64(skb.len)
+
+    stats_ptr = net_stats_map.lookup(cgroup_id)
+
+    if stats_ptr:
+        stats = net_stats()
+        stats.rx_packets = stats_ptr.rx_packets
+        stats.tx_packets = stats_ptr.tx_packets + 1
+        stats.rx_bytes = stats_ptr.rx_bytes
+        stats.tx_bytes = stats_ptr.tx_bytes + pkt_len
+        net_stats_map.update(cgroup_id, stats)
+    else:
+        stats = net_stats()
+        stats.rx_packets = c_uint64(0)
+        stats.tx_packets = c_uint64(1)
+        stats.rx_bytes = c_uint64(0)
+        stats.tx_bytes = pkt_len
+        net_stats_map.update(cgroup_id, stats)
+
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+# ==================== Syscall Tracing ====================
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/raw_syscalls/sys_enter")
+def count_syscalls(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    cgroup_id = get_current_cgroup_id()
+    count_ptr = syscall_count.lookup(cgroup_id)
+
+    if count_ptr:
+        new_count = count_ptr + c_uint64(1)
+        syscall_count.update(cgroup_id, new_count)
+    else:
+        syscall_count.update(cgroup_id, c_uint64(1))
+
+    return c_int32(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+# ==================== Main ====================
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("🔥 Loading BPF programs...")
+
+    # Load and attach BPF program
+    b = BPF()
+    b.load()
+    b.attach_all()
+
+    # Get map references and enable struct deserialization
+    read_map_ref = b["read_map"]
+    write_map_ref = b["write_map"]
+    net_stats_map_ref = b["net_stats_map"]
+    syscall_count_ref = b["syscall_count"]
+
+    read_map_ref.set_value_struct("read_stats")
+    write_map_ref.set_value_struct("write_stats")
+    net_stats_map_ref.set_value_struct("net_stats")
+
+    print("✅ BPF programs loaded and attached")
+
+    # Setup data collector
+    collector = ContainerDataCollector(
+        read_map_ref, write_map_ref, net_stats_map_ref, syscall_count_ref
+    )
+
+    # Create and run TUI
+    tui = ContainerMonitorTUI(collector)
+    tui.run()

examples/container-monitor/data_collection.py

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+"""Data collection and management for container monitoring."""
+
+import os
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, Set, Optional
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from collections import deque, defaultdict
+
+
+@dataclass
+class CgroupInfo:
+    """Information about a cgroup."""
+
+    id: int
+    name: str
+    path: str
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ContainerStats:
+    """Statistics for a container/cgroup."""
+
+    cgroup_id: int
+    cgroup_name: str
+
+    # File I/O
+    read_ops: int = 0
+    read_bytes: int = 0
+    write_ops: int = 0
+    write_bytes: int = 0
+
+    # Network I/O
+    rx_packets: int = 0
+    rx_bytes: int = 0
+    tx_packets: int = 0
+    tx_bytes: int = 0
+
+    # Syscalls
+    syscall_count: int = 0
+
+    # Timestamp
+    timestamp: float = 0.0
+
+
+class ContainerDataCollector:
+    """Collects and manages container monitoring data from BPF."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, read_map, write_map, net_stats_map, syscall_map, history_size: int = 100
+    ):
+        self.read_map = read_map
+        self.write_map = write_map
+        self.net_stats_map = net_stats_map
+        self.syscall_map = syscall_map
+
+        # Caching
+        self._cgroup_cache: Dict[int, CgroupInfo] = {}
+        self._cgroup_cache_time = 0
+        self._cache_ttl = 5.0
+        0  # Refresh cache every 5 seconds
+
+        # Historical data for graphing
+        self._history_size = history_size
+        self._history: Dict[int, deque] = defaultdict(
+            lambda: deque(maxlen=history_size)
+        )
+
+    def get_all_cgroups(self) -> List[CgroupInfo]:
+        """Get all cgroups with caching."""
+        current_time = time.time()
+
+        # Use cached data if still valid
+        if current_time - self._cgroup_cache_time < self._cache_ttl:
+            return list(self._cgroup_cache.values())
+
+        # Refresh cache
+        self._refresh_cgroup_cache()
+        return list(self._cgroup_cache.values())
+
+    def _refresh_cgroup_cache(self):
+        """Refresh the cgroup cache from /proc."""
+        cgroup_map: Dict[int, Set[str]] = defaultdict(set)
+
+        # Scan /proc to find all cgroups
+        for proc_dir in Path("/proc").glob("[0-9]*"):
+            try:
+                cgroup_file = proc_dir / "cgroup"
+                if not cgroup_file.exists():
+                    continue
+
+                with open(cgroup_file) as f:
+                    for line in f:
+                        parts = line.strip().split(":")
+                        if len(parts) >= 3:
+                            cgroup_path = parts[2]
+                            cgroup_mount = f"/sys/fs/cgroup{cgroup_path}"
+
+                            if os.path.exists(cgroup_mount):
+                                stat_info = os.stat(cgroup_mount)
+                                cgroup_id = stat_info.st_ino
+                                cgroup_map[cgroup_id].add(cgroup_path)
+
+            except (PermissionError, FileNotFoundError, OSError):
+                continue
+
+        # Update cache with best names
+        new_cache = {}
+        for cgroup_id, paths in cgroup_map.items():
+            # Pick the most descriptive path
+            best_path = self._get_best_cgroup_path(paths)
+            name = self._get_cgroup_name(best_path)
+
+            new_cache[cgroup_id] = CgroupInfo(id=cgroup_id, name=name, path=best_path)
+
+        self._cgroup_cache = new_cache
+        self._cgroup_cache_time = time.time()
+
+    def _get_best_cgroup_path(self, paths: Set[str]) -> str:
+        """Select the most descriptive cgroup path."""
+        path_list = list(paths)
+
+        # Prefer paths with more components (more specific)
+        # Prefer paths containing docker, podman, etc.
+        for keyword in ["docker", "podman", "kubernetes", "k8s", "systemd"]:
+            for path in path_list:
+                if keyword in path.lower():
+                    return path
+
+        # Return longest path (most specific)
+        return max(path_list, key=lambda p: (len(p.split("/")), len(p)))
+
+    def _get_cgroup_name(self, path: str) -> str:
+        """Extract a friendly name from cgroup path."""
+        if not path or path == "/":
+            return "root"
+
+        # Remove leading/trailing slashes
+        path = path.strip("/")
+
+        # Try to extract container ID or service name
+        parts = path.split("/")
+
+        # For Docker: /docker/<container_id>
+        if "docker" in path.lower():
+            for i, part in enumerate(parts):
+                if part.lower() == "docker" and i + 1 < len(parts):
+                    container_id = parts[i + 1][:12]  # Short ID
+                    return f"docker:{container_id}"
+
+        # For systemd services
+        if "system.slice" in path:
+            for part in parts:
+                if part.endswith(".service"):
+                    return part.replace(".service", "")
+
+        # For user slices
+        if "user.slice" in path:
+            return f"user:{parts[-1]}" if parts else "user"
+
+        # Default: use last component
+        return parts[-1] if parts else path
+
+    def get_stats_for_cgroup(self, cgroup_id: int) -> ContainerStats:
+        """Get current statistics for a specific cgroup."""
+        cgroup_info = self._cgroup_cache.get(cgroup_id)
+        cgroup_name = cgroup_info.name if cgroup_info else f"cgroup-{cgroup_id}"
+
+        stats = ContainerStats(
+            cgroup_id=cgroup_id, cgroup_name=cgroup_name, timestamp=time.time()
+        )
+
+        # Get file I/O stats
+        read_stat = self.read_map.lookup(cgroup_id)
+        if read_stat:
+            stats.read_ops = int(read_stat.ops)
+            stats.read_bytes = int(read_stat.bytes)
+
+        write_stat = self.write_map.lookup(cgroup_id)
+        if write_stat:
+            stats.write_ops = int(write_stat.ops)
+            stats.write_bytes = int(write_stat.bytes)
+
+        # Get network stats
+        net_stat = self.net_stats_map.lookup(cgroup_id)
+        if net_stat:
+            stats.rx_packets = int(net_stat.rx_packets)
+            stats.rx_bytes = int(net_stat.rx_bytes)
+            stats.tx_packets = int(net_stat.tx_packets)
+            stats.tx_bytes = int(net_stat.tx_bytes)
+
+        # Get syscall count
+        syscall_cnt = self.syscall_map.lookup(cgroup_id)
+        if syscall_cnt is not None:
+            stats.syscall_count = int(syscall_cnt)
+
+        # Add to history
+        self._history[cgroup_id].append(stats)
+
+        return stats
+
+    def get_history(self, cgroup_id: int) -> List[ContainerStats]:
+        """Get historical statistics for graphing."""
+        return list(self._history[cgroup_id])
+
+    def get_cgroup_info(self, cgroup_id: int) -> Optional[CgroupInfo]:
+        """Get cached cgroup information."""
+        return self._cgroup_cache.get(cgroup_id)

examples/container-monitor/tui.py

@@ -0,0 +1,752 @@
+"""Terminal User Interface for container monitoring."""
+
+import time
+import curses
+import threading
+from typing import Optional, List
+from data_collection import ContainerDataCollector
+from web_dashboard import WebDashboard
+
+
+def _safe_addstr(stdscr, y: int, x: int, text: str, *args):
+    """Safely add string to screen with bounds checking."""
+    try:
+        height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+        if 0 <= y < height and 0 <= x < width:
+            # Truncate text to fit
+            max_len = width - x - 1
+            if max_len > 0:
+                stdscr.addstr(y, x, text[:max_len], *args)
+    except curses.error:
+        pass
+
+
+def _draw_fancy_header(stdscr, title: str, subtitle: str):
+    """Draw a fancy header with title and subtitle."""
+    height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+    # Top border
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, 0, 0, "═" * width, curses.color_pair(6) | curses.A_BOLD)
+
+    # Title
+    _safe_addstr(
+        stdscr,
+        0,
+        max(0, (width - len(title)) // 2),
+        f" {title} ",
+        curses.color_pair(6) | curses.A_BOLD,
+    )
+
+    # Subtitle
+    _safe_addstr(
+        stdscr,
+        1,
+        max(0, (width - len(subtitle)) // 2),
+        subtitle,
+        curses.color_pair(1),
+    )
+
+    # Bottom border
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, 2, 0, "═" * width, curses.color_pair(6))
+
+
+def _draw_metric_box(
+    stdscr,
+    y: int,
+    x: int,
+    width: int,
+    label: str,
+    value: str,
+    detail: str,
+    color_pair: int,
+):
+    """Draw a fancy box for displaying a metric."""
+    height, _ = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+    if y + 4 >= height:
+        return
+
+    # Top border
+    _safe_addstr(
+        stdscr, y, x, "┌" + "─" * (width - 2) + "┐", color_pair | curses.A_BOLD
+    )
+
+    # Label
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + 1, x, "│", color_pair | curses.A_BOLD)
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + 1, x + 2, label, color_pair | curses.A_BOLD)
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + 1, x + width - 1, "│", color_pair | curses.A_BOLD)
+
+    # Value
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + 2, x, "│", color_pair | curses.A_BOLD)
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + 2, x + 4, value, curses.color_pair(2) | curses.A_BOLD)
+    _safe_addstr(
+        stdscr,
+        y + 2,
+        min(x + width - len(detail) - 3, x + width - 2),
+        detail,
+        color_pair | curses.A_BOLD,
+    )
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + 2, x + width - 1, "│", color_pair | curses.A_BOLD)
+
+    # Bottom border
+    _safe_addstr(
+        stdscr, y + 3, x, "└" + "─" * (width - 2) + "┘", color_pair | curses.A_BOLD
+    )
+
+
+def _draw_section_header(stdscr, y: int, title: str, color_pair: int):
+    """Draw a section header."""
+    height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+    if y >= height:
+        return
+
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y, 2, title, curses.color_pair(color_pair) | curses.A_BOLD)
+    _safe_addstr(
+        stdscr,
+        y,
+        len(title) + 3,
+        "─" * (width - len(title) - 5),
+        curses.color_pair(color_pair) | curses.A_BOLD,
+    )
+
+
+def _calculate_rates(history: List) -> dict:
+    """Calculate per-second rates from history."""
+    if len(history) < 2:
+        return {
+            "syscalls_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "rx_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "tx_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "rx_pkts_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "tx_pkts_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "read_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "write_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "read_ops_per_sec": 0.0,
+            "write_ops_per_sec": 0.0,
+        }
+
+    # Calculate delta between last two samples
+    recent = history[-1]
+    previous = history[-2]
+    time_delta = recent.timestamp - previous.timestamp
+
+    if time_delta <= 0:
+        time_delta = 1.0
+
+    return {
+        "syscalls_per_sec": (recent.syscall_count - previous.syscall_count)
+        / time_delta,
+        "rx_bytes_per_sec": (recent.rx_bytes - previous.rx_bytes) / time_delta,
+        "tx_bytes_per_sec": (recent.tx_bytes - previous.tx_bytes) / time_delta,
+        "rx_pkts_per_sec": (recent.rx_packets - previous.rx_packets) / time_delta,
+        "tx_pkts_per_sec": (recent.tx_packets - previous.tx_packets) / time_delta,
+        "read_bytes_per_sec": (recent.read_bytes - previous.read_bytes) / time_delta,
+        "write_bytes_per_sec": (recent.write_bytes - previous.write_bytes) / time_delta,
+        "read_ops_per_sec": (recent.read_ops - previous.read_ops) / time_delta,
+        "write_ops_per_sec": (recent.write_ops - previous.write_ops) / time_delta,
+    }
+
+
+def _format_bytes(bytes_val: float) -> str:
+    """Format bytes into human-readable string."""
+    if bytes_val < 0:
+        bytes_val = 0
+    for unit in ["B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB"]:
+        if bytes_val < 1024.0:
+            return f"{bytes_val:.1f}{unit}"
+        bytes_val /= 1024.0
+    return f"{bytes_val:.1f}PB"
+
+
+def _draw_bar_graph_enhanced(
+    stdscr,
+    y: int,
+    x: int,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    data: List[float],
+    color_pair: int,
+):
+    """Draw an enhanced bar graph with axis and scale."""
+    screen_height, screen_width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+    if not data or width < 2 or y + height >= screen_height:
+        return
+
+    # Calculate statistics
+    max_val = max(data) if max(data) > 0 else 1
+    min_val = min(data)
+    avg_val = sum(data) / len(data)
+
+    # Take last 'width - 12' data points (leave room for Y-axis)
+    graph_width = max(1, width - 12)
+    recent_data = data[-graph_width:] if len(data) > graph_width else data
+
+    # Draw Y-axis labels (with bounds checking)
+    if y < screen_height:
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr, y, x, f"│{_format_bytes(max_val):>9}", curses.color_pair(7)
+        )
+    if y + height // 2 < screen_height:
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            y + height // 2,
+            x,
+            f"│{_format_bytes(avg_val):>9}",
+            curses.color_pair(7),
+        )
+    if y + height - 1 < screen_height:
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            y + height - 1,
+            x,
+            f"│{_format_bytes(min_val):>9}",
+            curses.color_pair(7),
+        )
+
+    # Draw bars
+    for row in range(height):
+        if y + row >= screen_height:
+            break
+
+        threshold = (height - row) / height
+        bar_line = ""
+
+        for val in recent_data:
+            normalized = val / max_val if max_val > 0 else 0
+            if normalized >= threshold:
+                bar_line += "█"
+            elif normalized >= threshold - 0.15:
+                bar_line += "▓"
+            elif normalized >= threshold - 0.35:
+                bar_line += "▒"
+            elif normalized >= threshold - 0.5:
+                bar_line += "░"
+            else:
+                bar_line += " "
+
+        _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + row, x + 11, bar_line, color_pair)
+
+    # Draw X-axis
+    if y + height < screen_height:
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            y + height,
+            x + 10,
+            "├" + "─" * len(recent_data),
+            curses.color_pair(7),
+        )
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            y + height,
+            x + 10 + len(recent_data),
+            "→ time",
+            curses.color_pair(7),
+        )
+
+
+def _draw_labeled_graph(
+    stdscr,
+    y: int,
+    x: int,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    label: str,
+    rate: str,
+    detail: str,
+    data: List[float],
+    color_pair: int,
+    description: str,
+):
+    """Draw a graph with labels and legend."""
+    screen_height, screen_width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+    if y >= screen_height or y + height + 2 >= screen_height:
+        return
+
+    # Header with metrics
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y, x, label, curses.color_pair(1) | curses.A_BOLD)
+    _safe_addstr(stdscr, y, x + len(label) + 2, rate, curses.color_pair(2))
+    _safe_addstr(
+        stdscr, y, x + len(label) + len(rate) + 4, detail, curses.color_pair(7)
+    )
+
+    # Draw the graph
+    if len(data) > 1:
+        _draw_bar_graph_enhanced(stdscr, y + 1, x, width, height, data, color_pair)
+    else:
+        _safe_addstr(stdscr, y + 2, x + 2, "Collecting data...", curses.color_pair(7))
+
+    # Graph legend
+    if y + height + 1 < screen_height:
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr, y + height + 1, x, f"└─ {description}", curses.color_pair(7)
+        )
+
+
+class ContainerMonitorTUI:
+    """TUI for container monitoring with cgroup selection and live graphs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, collector: ContainerDataCollector):
+        self.collector = collector
+        self.selected_cgroup: Optional[int] = None
+        self.current_screen = "selection"  # "selection" or "monitoring"
+        self.selected_index = 0
+        self.scroll_offset = 0
+        self.web_dashboard = None
+        self.web_thread = None
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Run the TUI application."""
+        curses.wrapper(self._main_loop)
+
+    def _main_loop(self, stdscr):
+        """Main curses loop."""
+        # Configure curses
+        curses.curs_set(0)  # Hide cursor
+        stdscr.nodelay(True)  # Non-blocking input
+        stdscr.timeout(100)  # Refresh every 100ms
+
+        # Initialize colors
+        curses.start_color()
+        curses.init_pair(1, curses.COLOR_CYAN, curses.COLOR_BLACK)
+        curses.init_pair(2, curses.COLOR_GREEN, curses.COLOR_BLACK)
+        curses.init_pair(3, curses.COLOR_YELLOW, curses.COLOR_BLACK)
+        curses.init_pair(4, curses.COLOR_RED, curses.COLOR_BLACK)
+        curses.init_pair(5, curses.COLOR_MAGENTA, curses.COLOR_BLACK)
+        curses.init_pair(6, curses.COLOR_WHITE, curses.COLOR_BLUE)
+        curses.init_pair(7, curses.COLOR_BLUE, curses.COLOR_BLACK)
+        curses.init_pair(8, curses.COLOR_WHITE, curses.COLOR_CYAN)
+
+        while True:
+            stdscr.clear()
+
+            try:
+                height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+                # Check minimum terminal size
+                if height < 25 or width < 80:
+                    msg = "Terminal too small!   Minimum: 80x25"
+                    stdscr.attron(curses.color_pair(4) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                    stdscr.addstr(
+                        height // 2, max(0, (width - len(msg)) // 2), msg[: width - 1]
+                    )
+                    stdscr.attroff(curses.color_pair(4) | curses.A_BOLD)
+                    stdscr.refresh()
+                    key = stdscr.getch()
+                    if key == ord("q") or key == ord("Q"):
+                        break
+                    continue
+
+                if self.current_screen == "selection":
+                    self._draw_selection_screen(stdscr)
+                elif self.current_screen == "monitoring":
+                    self._draw_monitoring_screen(stdscr)
+
+                stdscr.refresh()
+
+                # Handle input
+                key = stdscr.getch()
+                if key != -1:
+                    if not self._handle_input(key, stdscr):
+                        break  # Exit requested
+
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                break
+            except curses.error:
+                # Curses error - likely terminal too small, just continue
+                pass
+            except Exception as e:
+                # Show error briefly
+                height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+                error_msg = f"Error: {str(e)[: width - 10]}"
+                stdscr.addstr(0, 0, error_msg[: width - 1])
+                stdscr.refresh()
+                time.sleep(1)
+
+    def _draw_selection_screen(self, stdscr):
+        """Draw the cgroup selection screen."""
+        height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+        # Draw fancy header box
+        _draw_fancy_header(stdscr, "🐳 CONTAINER MONITOR", "Select a Cgroup to Monitor")
+
+        # Instructions
+        instructions = (
+            "↑↓: Navigate | ENTER: Select | w: Web Mode | q: Quit | r: Refresh"
+        )
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            3,
+            max(0, (width - len(instructions)) // 2),
+            instructions,
+            curses.color_pair(3),
+        )
+
+        # Get cgroups
+        cgroups = self.collector.get_all_cgroups()
+
+        if not cgroups:
+            msg = "No cgroups found. Waiting for activity..."
+            _safe_addstr(
+                stdscr,
+                height // 2,
+                max(0, (width - len(msg)) // 2),
+                msg,
+                curses.color_pair(4),
+            )
+            return
+
+        # Sort cgroups by name
+        cgroups.sort(key=lambda c: c.name)
+
+        # Adjust selection bounds
+        if self.selected_index >= len(cgroups):
+            self.selected_index = len(cgroups) - 1
+        if self.selected_index < 0:
+            self.selected_index = 0
+
+        # Calculate visible range
+        list_height = max(1, height - 8)
+        if self.selected_index < self.scroll_offset:
+            self.scroll_offset = self.selected_index
+        elif self.selected_index >= self.scroll_offset + list_height:
+            self.scroll_offset = self.selected_index - list_height + 1
+
+        # Calculate max name length and ID width for alignment
+        max_name_len = min(50, max(len(cg.name) for cg in cgroups))
+        max_id_len = max(len(str(cg.id)) for cg in cgroups)
+
+        # Draw cgroup list with fancy borders
+        start_y = 5
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr, start_y, 2, "╔" + "═" * (width - 6) + "╗", curses.color_pair(1)
+        )
+
+        # Header row
+        header = f"   {'CGROUP NAME':<{max_name_len}} │ {'ID':>{max_id_len}} "
+        _safe_addstr(stdscr, start_y + 1, 2, "║", curses.color_pair(1))
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr, start_y + 1, 3, header, curses.color_pair(1) | curses.A_BOLD
+        )
+        _safe_addstr(stdscr, start_y + 1, width - 3, "║", curses.color_pair(1))
+
+        # Separator
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr, start_y + 2, 2, "╟" + "─" * (width - 6) + "╢", curses.color_pair(1)
+        )
+
+        for i in range(list_height):
+            idx = self.scroll_offset + i
+            y = start_y + 3 + i
+
+            if y >= height - 2:
+                break
+
+            _safe_addstr(stdscr, y, 2, "║", curses.color_pair(1))
+            _safe_addstr(stdscr, y, width - 3, "║", curses.color_pair(1))
+
+            if idx >= len(cgroups):
+                continue
+
+            cgroup = cgroups[idx]
+
+            # Truncate name if too long
+            display_name = (
+                cgroup.name
+                if len(cgroup.name) <= max_name_len
+                else cgroup.name[: max_name_len - 3] + "..."
+            )
+
+            if idx == self.selected_index:
+                # Highlight selected with proper alignment
+                line = f" ► {display_name:<{max_name_len}} │ {cgroup.id:>{max_id_len}} "
+                _safe_addstr(stdscr, y, 3, line, curses.color_pair(8) | curses.A_BOLD)
+            else:
+                line = f"   {display_name:<{max_name_len}} │ {cgroup.id:>{max_id_len}} "
+                _safe_addstr(stdscr, y, 3, line, curses.color_pair(7))
+
+        # Bottom border
+        bottom_y = min(start_y + 3 + list_height, height - 3)
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr, bottom_y, 2, "╚" + "═" * (width - 6) + "╝", curses.color_pair(1)
+        )
+
+        # Footer
+        footer = f"Total: {len(cgroups)} cgroups"
+        if len(cgroups) > list_height:
+            footer += f" │ Showing {self.scroll_offset + 1}-{min(self.scroll_offset + list_height, len(cgroups))}"
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            height - 2,
+            max(0, (width - len(footer)) // 2),
+            footer,
+            curses.color_pair(1),
+        )
+
+    def _draw_monitoring_screen(self, stdscr):
+        """Draw the monitoring screen for selected cgroup."""
+        height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+        if self.selected_cgroup is None:
+            return
+
+        # Get current stats
+        stats = self.collector.get_stats_for_cgroup(self.selected_cgroup)
+        history = self.collector.get_history(self.selected_cgroup)
+
+        # Draw fancy header
+        _draw_fancy_header(
+            stdscr, f"📊 {stats.cgroup_name[:40]}", "Live Performance Metrics"
+        )
+
+        # Instructions
+        instructions = "ESC/b: Back to List | w: Web Mode | q: Quit"
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            3,
+            max(0, (width - len(instructions)) // 2),
+            instructions,
+            curses.color_pair(3),
+        )
+
+        # Calculate metrics for rate display
+        rates = _calculate_rates(history)
+
+        y = 5
+
+        # Syscall count in a fancy box
+        if y + 4 < height:
+            _draw_metric_box(
+                stdscr,
+                y,
+                2,
+                min(width - 4, 80),
+                "⚡ SYSTEM CALLS",
+                f"{stats.syscall_count:,}",
+                f"Rate: {rates['syscalls_per_sec']:.1f}/sec",
+                curses.color_pair(5),
+            )
+        y += 4
+
+        # Network I/O Section
+        if y + 8 < height:
+            _draw_section_header(stdscr, y, "🌐 NETWORK I/O", 1)
+            y += 1
+
+            # RX graph
+            rx_label = f"RX: {_format_bytes(stats.rx_bytes)}"
+            rx_rate = f"{_format_bytes(rates['rx_bytes_per_sec'])}/s"
+            rx_pkts = f"{stats.rx_packets:,} pkts ({rates['rx_pkts_per_sec']:.1f}/s)"
+
+            _draw_labeled_graph(
+                stdscr,
+                y,
+                2,
+                width - 4,
+                4,
+                rx_label,
+                rx_rate,
+                rx_pkts,
+                [s.rx_bytes for s in history],
+                curses.color_pair(2),
+                "Received Traffic (last 100 samples)",
+            )
+            y += 6
+
+        # TX graph
+        if y + 8 < height:
+            tx_label = f"TX: {_format_bytes(stats.tx_bytes)}"
+            tx_rate = f"{_format_bytes(rates['tx_bytes_per_sec'])}/s"
+            tx_pkts = f"{stats.tx_packets:,} pkts ({rates['tx_pkts_per_sec']:.1f}/s)"
+
+            _draw_labeled_graph(
+                stdscr,
+                y,
+                2,
+                width - 4,
+                4,
+                tx_label,
+                tx_rate,
+                tx_pkts,
+                [s.tx_bytes for s in history],
+                curses.color_pair(3),
+                "Transmitted Traffic (last 100 samples)",
+            )
+            y += 6
+
+        # File I/O Section
+        if y + 8 < height:
+            _draw_section_header(stdscr, y, "💾 FILE I/O", 1)
+            y += 1
+
+            # Read graph
+            read_label = f"READ: {_format_bytes(stats.read_bytes)}"
+            read_rate = f"{_format_bytes(rates['read_bytes_per_sec'])}/s"
+            read_ops = f"{stats.read_ops:,} ops ({rates['read_ops_per_sec']:.1f}/s)"
+
+            _draw_labeled_graph(
+                stdscr,
+                y,
+                2,
+                width - 4,
+                4,
+                read_label,
+                read_rate,
+                read_ops,
+                [s.read_bytes for s in history],
+                curses.color_pair(4),
+                "Read Operations (last 100 samples)",
+            )
+            y += 6
+
+        # Write graph
+        if y + 8 < height:
+            write_label = f"WRITE: {_format_bytes(stats.write_bytes)}"
+            write_rate = f"{_format_bytes(rates['write_bytes_per_sec'])}/s"
+            write_ops = f"{stats.write_ops:,} ops ({rates['write_ops_per_sec']:.1f}/s)"
+
+            _draw_labeled_graph(
+                stdscr,
+                y,
+                2,
+                width - 4,
+                4,
+                write_label,
+                write_rate,
+                write_ops,
+                [s.write_bytes for s in history],
+                curses.color_pair(5),
+                "Write Operations (last 100 samples)",
+            )
+
+    def _launch_web_mode(self, stdscr):
+        """Launch web dashboard mode."""
+        height, width = stdscr.getmaxyx()
+
+        # Show transition message
+        stdscr.clear()
+
+        msg1 = "🌐 LAUNCHING WEB DASHBOARD"
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            height // 2 - 2,
+            max(0, (width - len(msg1)) // 2),
+            msg1,
+            curses.color_pair(6) | curses.A_BOLD,
+        )
+
+        msg2 = "Server starting at http://localhost:8050"
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            height // 2,
+            max(0, (width - len(msg2)) // 2),
+            msg2,
+            curses.color_pair(2),
+        )
+
+        msg3 = "Press 'q' to stop web server and return to TUI"
+        _safe_addstr(
+            stdscr,
+            height // 2 + 2,
+            max(0, (width - len(msg3)) // 2),
+            msg3,
+            curses.color_pair(3),
+        )
+
+        stdscr.refresh()
+        time.sleep(1)
+
+        try:
+            # Create and start web dashboard
+            self.web_dashboard = WebDashboard(
+                self.collector, selected_cgroup=self.selected_cgroup
+            )
+
+            # Start in background thread
+            self.web_thread = threading.Thread(
+                target=self.web_dashboard.run, daemon=True
+            )
+            self.web_thread.start()
+
+            time.sleep(2)  # Give server time to start
+
+            # Wait for user to press 'q' to return
+            msg4 = "Web dashboard running at http://localhost:8050"
+            msg5 = "Press 'q' to return to TUI"
+            _safe_addstr(
+                stdscr,
+                height // 2 + 4,
+                max(0, (width - len(msg4)) // 2),
+                msg4,
+                curses.color_pair(1) | curses.A_BOLD,
+            )
+            _safe_addstr(
+                stdscr,
+                height // 2 + 5,
+                max(0, (width - len(msg5)) // 2),
+                msg5,
+                curses.color_pair(3) | curses.A_BOLD,
+            )
+            stdscr.refresh()
+
+            stdscr.nodelay(False)  # Blocking mode
+            while True:
+                key = stdscr.getch()
+                if key == ord("q") or key == ord("Q"):
+                    break
+
+            # Stop web server
+            if self.web_dashboard:
+                self.web_dashboard.stop()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            error_msg = f"Error starting web dashboard: {str(e)}"
+            _safe_addstr(
+                stdscr,
+                height // 2 + 4,
+                max(0, (width - len(error_msg)) // 2),
+                error_msg,
+                curses.color_pair(4),
+            )
+            stdscr.refresh()
+            time.sleep(3)
+
+        # Restore TUI settings
+        stdscr.nodelay(True)
+        stdscr.timeout(100)
+
+    def _handle_input(self, key: int, stdscr) -> bool:
+        """Handle keyboard input. Returns False to exit."""
+        if key == ord("q") or key == ord("Q"):
+            return False  # Exit
+
+        if key == ord("w") or key == ord("W"):
+            # Launch web mode
+            self._launch_web_mode(stdscr)
+            return True
+
+        if self.current_screen == "selection":
+            if key == curses.KEY_UP:
+                self.selected_index = max(0, self.selected_index - 1)
+            elif key == curses.KEY_DOWN:
+                cgroups = self.collector.get_all_cgroups()
+                self.selected_index = min(len(cgroups) - 1, self.selected_index + 1)
+            elif key == ord("\n") or key == curses.KEY_ENTER or key == 10:
+                # Select cgroup
+                cgroups = self.collector.get_all_cgroups()
+                if cgroups and 0 <= self.selected_index < len(cgroups):
+                    cgroups.sort(key=lambda c: c.name)
+                    self.selected_cgroup = cgroups[self.selected_index].id
+                    self.current_screen = "monitoring"
+            elif key == ord("r") or key == ord("R"):
+                # Force refresh cache
+                self.collector._cgroup_cache_time = 0
+
+        elif self.current_screen == "monitoring":
+            if key == 27 or key == ord("b") or key == ord("B"):  # ESC or 'b'
+                self.current_screen = "selection"
+                self.selected_cgroup = None
+
+        return True  # Continue running

examples/container-monitor/web_dashboard.py

@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+"""Beautiful web dashboard for container monitoring using Plotly Dash."""
+
+import dash
+from dash import dcc, html
+from dash.dependencies import Input, Output
+import plotly.graph_objects as go
+from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
+from typing import Optional
+from data_collection import ContainerDataCollector
+
+
+class WebDashboard:
+    """Beautiful web dashboard for container monitoring."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        collector: ContainerDataCollector,
+        selected_cgroup: Optional[int] = None,
+        host: str = "0.0.0.0",
+        port: int = 8050,
+    ):
+        self.collector = collector
+        self.selected_cgroup = selected_cgroup
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+        # Suppress Dash dev tools and debug output
+        self.app = dash.Dash(
+            __name__,
+            title="pythonBPF Container Monitor",
+            suppress_callback_exceptions=True,
+        )
+
+        self._setup_layout()
+        self._setup_callbacks()
+        self._running = False
+
+    def _setup_layout(self):
+        """Create the dashboard layout."""
+        self.app.layout = html.Div(
+            [
+                # Futuristic Header with pythonBPF branding
+                html.Div(
+                    [
+                        html.Div(
+                            [
+                                html.Div(
+                                    [
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            "python",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontSize": "52px",
+                                                "fontWeight": "300",
+                                                "color": "#00ff88",
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "textShadow": "0 0 20px rgba(0,255,136,0.5)",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            "BPF",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontSize": "52px",
+                                                "fontWeight": "900",
+                                                "color": "#00d4ff",
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "textShadow": "0 0 20px rgba(0,212,255,0.5)",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    style={"marginBottom": "5px"},
+                                ),
+                                html.Div(
+                                    "CONTAINER PERFORMANCE MONITOR",
+                                    style={
+                                        "fontSize": "16px",
+                                        "letterSpacing": "8px",
+                                        "color": "#8899ff",
+                                        "fontWeight": "300",
+                                        "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                    },
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            style={
+                                "textAlign": "center",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        html.Div(
+                            id="cgroup-name",
+                            style={
+                                "textAlign": "center",
+                                "color": "#00ff88",
+                                "fontSize": "20px",
+                                "marginTop": "15px",
+                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                "fontWeight": "bold",
+                                "textShadow": "0 0 10px rgba(0,255,136,0.3)",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    style={
+                        "background": "linear-gradient(135deg, #0a0e27 0%, #1a1f3a 50%, #0a0e27 100%)",
+                        "padding": "40px 20px",
+                        "borderRadius": "0",
+                        "marginBottom": "0",
+                        "boxShadow": "0 10px 40px rgba(0,212,255,0.2)",
+                        "border": "1px solid rgba(0,212,255,0.3)",
+                        "borderTop": "3px solid #00d4ff",
+                        "borderBottom": "3px solid #00ff88",
+                        "position": "relative",
+                        "overflow": "hidden",
+                    },
+                ),
+                # Cgroup selector (if no cgroup selected)
+                html.Div(
+                    [
+                        html.Label(
+                            "SELECT CGROUP:",
+                            style={
+                                "fontSize": "14px",
+                                "fontWeight": "bold",
+                                "color": "#00d4ff",
+                                "marginRight": "15px",
+                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                "letterSpacing": "2px",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        dcc.Dropdown(
+                            id="cgroup-selector",
+                            style={
+                                "width": "600px",
+                                "display": "inline-block",
+                                "background": "#1a1f3a",
+                                "border": "1px solid #00d4ff",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    id="selector-container",
+                    style={
+                        "textAlign": "center",
+                        "marginTop": "30px",
+                        "marginBottom": "30px",
+                        "padding": "20px",
+                        "background": "rgba(26,31,58,0.5)",
+                        "borderRadius": "10px",
+                        "border": "1px solid rgba(0,212,255,0.2)",
+                        "display": "block" if self.selected_cgroup is None else "none",
+                    },
+                ),
+                # Stats cards row
+                html.Div(
+                    [
+                        self._create_stat_card(
+                            "syscall-card", "⚡ SYSCALLS", "#00ff88"
+                        ),
+                        self._create_stat_card("network-card", "🌐 NETWORK", "#00d4ff"),
+                        self._create_stat_card("file-card", "💾 FILE I/O", "#ff0088"),
+                    ],
+                    style={
+                        "display": "flex",
+                        "justifyContent": "space-around",
+                        "marginBottom": "30px",
+                        "marginTop": "30px",
+                        "gap": "25px",
+                        "flexWrap": "wrap",
+                        "padding": "0 20px",
+                    },
+                ),
+                # Graphs container
+                html.Div(
+                    [
+                        # Network graphs
+                        html.Div(
+                            [
+                                html.Div(
+                                    [
+                                        html.Span("🌐 ", style={"fontSize": "24px"}),
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            "NETWORK",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "letterSpacing": "3px",
+                                                "fontWeight": "bold",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            " I/O",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "letterSpacing": "3px",
+                                                "color": "#00d4ff",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    style={
+                                        "color": "#ffffff",
+                                        "fontSize": "20px",
+                                        "borderBottom": "2px solid #00d4ff",
+                                        "paddingBottom": "15px",
+                                        "marginBottom": "25px",
+                                        "textShadow": "0 0 10px rgba(0,212,255,0.3)",
+                                    },
+                                ),
+                                dcc.Graph(
+                                    id="network-graph", style={"height": "400px"}
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            style={
+                                "background": "linear-gradient(135deg, #0a0e27 0%, #1a1f3a 100%)",
+                                "padding": "30px",
+                                "borderRadius": "15px",
+                                "boxShadow": "0 8px 32px rgba(0,212,255,0.15)",
+                                "marginBottom": "30px",
+                                "border": "1px solid rgba(0,212,255,0.2)",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        # File I/O graphs
+                        html.Div(
+                            [
+                                html.Div(
+                                    [
+                                        html.Span("💾 ", style={"fontSize": "24px"}),
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            "FILE",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "letterSpacing": "3px",
+                                                "fontWeight": "bold",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            " I/O",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "letterSpacing": "3px",
+                                                "color": "#ff0088",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    style={
+                                        "color": "#ffffff",
+                                        "fontSize": "20px",
+                                        "borderBottom": "2px solid #ff0088",
+                                        "paddingBottom": "15px",
+                                        "marginBottom": "25px",
+                                        "textShadow": "0 0 10px rgba(255,0,136,0.3)",
+                                    },
+                                ),
+                                dcc.Graph(
+                                    id="file-io-graph", style={"height": "400px"}
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            style={
+                                "background": "linear-gradient(135deg, #0a0e27 0%, #1a1f3a 100%)",
+                                "padding": "30px",
+                                "borderRadius": "15px",
+                                "boxShadow": "0 8px 32px rgba(255,0,136,0.15)",
+                                "marginBottom": "30px",
+                                "border": "1px solid rgba(255,0,136,0.2)",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        # Combined time series
+                        html.Div(
+                            [
+                                html.Div(
+                                    [
+                                        html.Span("📈 ", style={"fontSize": "24px"}),
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            "REAL-TIME",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "letterSpacing": "3px",
+                                                "fontWeight": "bold",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                        html.Span(
+                                            " METRICS",
+                                            style={
+                                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                                "letterSpacing": "3px",
+                                                "color": "#00ff88",
+                                            },
+                                        ),
+                                    ],
+                                    style={
+                                        "color": "#ffffff",
+                                        "fontSize": "20px",
+                                        "borderBottom": "2px solid #00ff88",
+                                        "paddingBottom": "15px",
+                                        "marginBottom": "25px",
+                                        "textShadow": "0 0 10px rgba(0,255,136,0.3)",
+                                    },
+                                ),
+                                dcc.Graph(
+                                    id="timeseries-graph", style={"height": "500px"}
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                            style={
+                                "background": "linear-gradient(135deg, #0a0e27 0%, #1a1f3a 100%)",
+                                "padding": "30px",
+                                "borderRadius": "15px",
+                                "boxShadow": "0 8px 32px rgba(0,255,136,0.15)",
+                                "border": "1px solid rgba(0,255,136,0.2)",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    style={"padding": "0 20px"},
+                ),
+                # Footer with pythonBPF branding
+                html.Div(
+                    [
+                        html.Div(
+                            [
+                                html.Span(
+                                    "Powered by ",
+                                    style={"color": "#8899ff", "fontSize": "12px"},
+                                ),
+                                html.Span(
+                                    "pythonBPF",
+                                    style={
+                                        "color": "#00d4ff",
+                                        "fontSize": "14px",
+                                        "fontWeight": "bold",
+                                        "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                    },
+                                ),
+                                html.Span(
+                                    " | eBPF Container Monitoring",
+                                    style={
+                                        "color": "#8899ff",
+                                        "fontSize": "12px",
+                                        "marginLeft": "10px",
+                                    },
+                                ),
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    ],
+                    style={
+                        "textAlign": "center",
+                        "padding": "20px",
+                        "marginTop": "40px",
+                        "background": "linear-gradient(135deg, #0a0e27 0%, #1a1f3a 100%)",
+                        "borderTop": "1px solid rgba(0,212,255,0.2)",
+                    },
+                ),
+                # Auto-update interval
+                dcc.Interval(id="interval-component", interval=1000, n_intervals=0),
+            ],
+            style={
+                "padding": "0",
+                "fontFamily": "'Segoe UI', 'Courier New', monospace",
+                "background": "linear-gradient(to bottom, #050813 0%, #0a0e27 100%)",
+                "minHeight": "100vh",
+                "margin": "0",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _create_stat_card(self, card_id: str, title: str, color: str):
+        """Create a statistics card with futuristic styling."""
+        return html.Div(
+            [
+                html.H3(
+                    title,
+                    style={
+                        "color": color,
+                        "fontSize": "16px",
+                        "marginBottom": "20px",
+                        "fontWeight": "bold",
+                        "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                        "letterSpacing": "2px",
+                        "textShadow": f"0 0 10px {color}50",
+                    },
+                ),
+                html.Div(
+                    [
+                        html.Div(
+                            id=f"{card_id}-value",
+                            style={
+                                "fontSize": "42px",
+                                "fontWeight": "bold",
+                                "color": "#ffffff",
+                                "marginBottom": "10px",
+                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                                "textShadow": f"0 0 20px {color}40",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        html.Div(
+                            id=f"{card_id}-rate",
+                            style={
+                                "fontSize": "14px",
+                                "color": "#8899ff",
+                                "fontFamily": "'Courier New', monospace",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ]
+                ),
+            ],
+            style={
+                "flex": "1",
+                "minWidth": "280px",
+                "background": "linear-gradient(135deg, #0a0e27 0%, #1a1f3a 100%)",
+                "padding": "30px",
+                "borderRadius": "15px",
+                "boxShadow": f"0 8px 32px {color}20",
+                "border": f"1px solid {color}40",
+                "borderLeft": f"4px solid {color}",
+                "transition": "transform 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s",
+                "position": "relative",
+                "overflow": "hidden",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _setup_callbacks(self):
+        """Setup dashboard callbacks."""
+
+        @self.app.callback(
+            [Output("cgroup-selector", "options"), Output("cgroup-selector", "value")],
+            [Input("interval-component", "n_intervals")],
+        )
+        def update_cgroup_selector(n):
+            if self.selected_cgroup is not None:
+                return [], self.selected_cgroup
+
+            cgroups = self.collector.get_all_cgroups()
+            options = [
+                {"label": f"{cg.name} (ID: {cg.id})", "value": cg.id}
+                for cg in sorted(cgroups, key=lambda c: c.name)
+            ]
+            value = options[0]["value"] if options else None
+
+            if value and self.selected_cgroup is None:
+                self.selected_cgroup = value
+
+            return options, self.selected_cgroup
+
+        @self.app.callback(
+            Output("cgroup-selector", "value", allow_duplicate=True),
+            [Input("cgroup-selector", "value")],
+            prevent_initial_call=True,
+        )
+        def select_cgroup(value):
+            if value:
+                self.selected_cgroup = value
+            return value
+
+        @self.app.callback(
+            [
+                Output("cgroup-name", "children"),
+                Output("syscall-card-value", "children"),
+                Output("syscall-card-rate", "children"),
+                Output("network-card-value", "children"),
+                Output("network-card-rate", "children"),
+                Output("file-card-value", "children"),
+                Output("file-card-rate", "children"),
+                Output("network-graph", "figure"),
+                Output("file-io-graph", "figure"),
+                Output("timeseries-graph", "figure"),
+            ],
+            [Input("interval-component", "n_intervals")],
+        )
+        def update_dashboard(n):
+            if self.selected_cgroup is None:
+                empty_fig = self._create_empty_figure(
+                    "Select a cgroup to begin monitoring"
+                )
+                return (
+                    "SELECT A CGROUP TO START",
+                    "0",
+                    "",
+                    "0 B",
+                    "",
+                    "0 B",
+                    "",
+                    empty_fig,
+                    empty_fig,
+                    empty_fig,
+                )
+
+            try:
+                stats = self.collector.get_stats_for_cgroup(self.selected_cgroup)
+                history = self.collector.get_history(self.selected_cgroup)
+                rates = self._calculate_rates(history)
+
+                return (
+                    f"► {stats.cgroup_name}",
+                    f"{stats.syscall_count:,}",
+                    f"{rates['syscalls_per_sec']:.1f} calls/sec",
+                    f"{self._format_bytes(stats.rx_bytes + stats.tx_bytes)}",
+                    f"↓ {self._format_bytes(rates['rx_bytes_per_sec'])}/s  ↑ {self._format_bytes(rates['tx_bytes_per_sec'])}/s",
+                    f"{self._format_bytes(stats.read_bytes + stats.write_bytes)}",
+                    f"R: {self._format_bytes(rates['read_bytes_per_sec'])}/s  W: {self._format_bytes(rates['write_bytes_per_sec'])}/s",
+                    self._create_network_graph(history),
+                    self._create_file_io_graph(history),
+                    self._create_timeseries_graph(history),
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                empty_fig = self._create_empty_figure(f"Error: {str(e)}")
+                return (
+                    "ERROR",
+                    "0",
+                    str(e),
+                    "0 B",
+                    "",
+                    "0 B",
+                    "",
+                    empty_fig,
+                    empty_fig,
+                    empty_fig,
+                )
+
+    def _create_empty_figure(self, message: str):
+        """Create an empty figure with a message."""
+        fig = go.Figure()
+        fig.update_layout(
+            title=message,
+            template="plotly_dark",
+            paper_bgcolor="#0a0e27",
+            plot_bgcolor="#0a0e27",
+            font=dict(color="#8899ff", family="Courier New, monospace"),
+        )
+        return fig
+
+    def _create_network_graph(self, history):
+        """Create network I/O graph with futuristic styling."""
+        if len(history) < 2:
+            return self._create_empty_figure("Collecting data...")
+
+        times = [i for i in range(len(history))]
+        rx_bytes = [s.rx_bytes for s in history]
+        tx_bytes = [s.tx_bytes for s in history]
+
+        fig = make_subplots(
+            rows=2,
+            cols=1,
+            subplot_titles=("RECEIVED (RX)", "TRANSMITTED (TX)"),
+            vertical_spacing=0.15,
+        )
+
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=rx_bytes,
+                mode="lines",
+                name="RX",
+                fill="tozeroy",
+                line=dict(color="#00d4ff", width=3, shape="spline"),
+                fillcolor="rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.2)",
+            ),
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
+        )
+
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=tx_bytes,
+                mode="lines",
+                name="TX",
+                fill="tozeroy",
+                line=dict(color="#00ff88", width=3, shape="spline"),
+                fillcolor="rgba(0, 255, 136, 0.2)",
+            ),
+            row=2,
+            col=1,
+        )
+
+        fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Time (samples)", row=2, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+        fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Bytes", row=1, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+        fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Bytes", row=2, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+
+        fig.update_layout(
+            height=400,
+            template="plotly_dark",
+            paper_bgcolor="rgba(0,0,0,0)",
+            plot_bgcolor="#0a0e27",
+            showlegend=False,
+            hovermode="x unified",
+            font=dict(family="Courier New, monospace", color="#8899ff"),
+        )
+
+        return fig
+
+    def _create_file_io_graph(self, history):
+        """Create file I/O graph with futuristic styling."""
+        if len(history) < 2:
+            return self._create_empty_figure("Collecting data...")
+
+        times = [i for i in range(len(history))]
+        read_bytes = [s.read_bytes for s in history]
+        write_bytes = [s.write_bytes for s in history]
+
+        fig = make_subplots(
+            rows=2,
+            cols=1,
+            subplot_titles=("READ OPERATIONS", "WRITE OPERATIONS"),
+            vertical_spacing=0.15,
+        )
+
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=read_bytes,
+                mode="lines",
+                name="Read",
+                fill="tozeroy",
+                line=dict(color="#ff0088", width=3, shape="spline"),
+                fillcolor="rgba(255, 0, 136, 0.2)",
+            ),
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
+        )
+
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=write_bytes,
+                mode="lines",
+                name="Write",
+                fill="tozeroy",
+                line=dict(color="#8844ff", width=3, shape="spline"),
+                fillcolor="rgba(136, 68, 255, 0.2)",
+            ),
+            row=2,
+            col=1,
+        )
+
+        fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Time (samples)", row=2, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+        fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Bytes", row=1, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+        fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Bytes", row=2, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+
+        fig.update_layout(
+            height=400,
+            template="plotly_dark",
+            paper_bgcolor="rgba(0,0,0,0)",
+            plot_bgcolor="#0a0e27",
+            showlegend=False,
+            hovermode="x unified",
+            font=dict(family="Courier New, monospace", color="#8899ff"),
+        )
+
+        return fig
+
+    def _create_timeseries_graph(self, history):
+        """Create combined time series graph with futuristic styling."""
+        if len(history) < 2:
+            return self._create_empty_figure("Collecting data...")
+
+        times = [i for i in range(len(history))]
+
+        fig = make_subplots(
+            rows=3,
+            cols=1,
+            subplot_titles=(
+                "SYSTEM CALLS",
+                "NETWORK TRAFFIC (Bytes)",
+                "FILE I/O (Bytes)",
+            ),
+            vertical_spacing=0.1,
+            specs=[
+                [{"secondary_y": False}],
+                [{"secondary_y": True}],
+                [{"secondary_y": True}],
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Syscalls
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=[s.syscall_count for s in history],
+                mode="lines",
+                name="Syscalls",
+                line=dict(color="#00ff88", width=3, shape="spline"),
+            ),
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
+        )
+
+        # Network
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=[s.rx_bytes for s in history],
+                mode="lines",
+                name="RX",
+                line=dict(color="#00d4ff", width=2, shape="spline"),
+            ),
+            row=2,
+            col=1,
+            secondary_y=False,
+        )
+
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=[s.tx_bytes for s in history],
+                mode="lines",
+                name="TX",
+                line=dict(color="#00ff88", width=2, shape="spline", dash="dot"),
+            ),
+            row=2,
+            col=1,
+            secondary_y=True,
+        )
+
+        # File I/O
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=[s.read_bytes for s in history],
+                mode="lines",
+                name="Read",
+                line=dict(color="#ff0088", width=2, shape="spline"),
+            ),
+            row=3,
+            col=1,
+            secondary_y=False,
+        )
+
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
+                x=times,
+                y=[s.write_bytes for s in history],
+                mode="lines",
+                name="Write",
+                line=dict(color="#8844ff", width=2, shape="spline", dash="dot"),
+            ),
+            row=3,
+            col=1,
+            secondary_y=True,
+        )
+
+        fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Time (samples)", row=3, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+        fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Count", row=1, col=1, color="#8899ff")
+        fig.update_yaxes(
+            title_text="RX Bytes", row=2, col=1, secondary_y=False, color="#00d4ff"
+        )
+        fig.update_yaxes(
+            title_text="TX Bytes", row=2, col=1, secondary_y=True, color="#00ff88"
+        )
+        fig.update_yaxes(
+            title_text="Read Bytes", row=3, col=1, secondary_y=False, color="#ff0088"
+        )
+        fig.update_yaxes(
+            title_text="Write Bytes", row=3, col=1, secondary_y=True, color="#8844ff"
+        )
+
+        fig.update_layout(
+            height=500,
+            template="plotly_dark",
+            paper_bgcolor="rgba(0,0,0,0)",
+            plot_bgcolor="#0a0e27",
+            hovermode="x unified",
+            showlegend=True,
+            legend=dict(
+                orientation="h",
+                yanchor="bottom",
+                y=1.02,
+                xanchor="right",
+                x=1,
+                font=dict(color="#8899ff"),
+            ),
+            font=dict(family="Courier New, monospace", color="#8899ff"),
+        )
+
+        return fig
+
+    def _calculate_rates(self, history):
+        """Calculate rates from history."""
+        if len(history) < 2:
+            return {
+                "syscalls_per_sec": 0.0,
+                "rx_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+                "tx_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+                "read_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+                "write_bytes_per_sec": 0.0,
+            }
+
+        recent = history[-1]
+        previous = history[-2]
+        time_delta = recent.timestamp - previous.timestamp
+
+        if time_delta <= 0:
+            time_delta = 1.0
+
+        return {
+            "syscalls_per_sec": max(
+                0, (recent.syscall_count - previous.syscall_count) / time_delta
+            ),
+            "rx_bytes_per_sec": max(
+                0, (recent.rx_bytes - previous.rx_bytes) / time_delta
+            ),
+            "tx_bytes_per_sec": max(
+                0, (recent.tx_bytes - previous.tx_bytes) / time_delta
+            ),
+            "read_bytes_per_sec": max(
+                0, (recent.read_bytes - previous.read_bytes) / time_delta
+            ),
+            "write_bytes_per_sec": max(
+                0, (recent.write_bytes - previous.write_bytes) / time_delta
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _format_bytes(self, bytes_val: float) -> str:
+        """Format bytes into human-readable string."""
+        if bytes_val < 0:
+            bytes_val = 0
+        for unit in ["B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB"]:
+            if bytes_val < 1024.0:
+                return f"{bytes_val:.2f} {unit}"
+            bytes_val /= 1024.0
+        return f"{bytes_val:.2f} PB"
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Run the web dashboard."""
+        self._running = True
+        # Suppress Werkzeug logging
+        import logging
+
+        log = logging.getLogger("werkzeug")
+        log.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+
+        self.app.run(debug=False, host=self.host, port=self.port, use_reloader=False)
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Stop the web dashboard."""
+        self._running = False

examples/hello_world.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 # Instructions to how to run this program
@@ -21,10 +21,6 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
 
 
 b = BPF()
-b.load_and_attach()
+b.load()
-if b.is_loaded() and b.is_attached():
+b.attach_all()
-    print("Successfully loaded and attached")
+trace_pipe()
-else:
-    print("Could not load successfully")
-
-# Now cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe to see results of the execve syscall.

examples/kprobes.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF, trace_pipe
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 
@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     print("Hello, World!")
     return c_int64(0)
 
+
 @bpf
 @section("kprobe/do_unlinkat")
 def hello_world2(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     print("Hello, World!")
     return c_int64(0)
 
+
 @bpf
 @bpfglobal
 def LICENSE() -> str:
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
 
 
 b = BPF()
-b.load_and_attach()
+b.load()
-while True:
+b.attach_all()
-    print("running")
+print("running")
-# Now cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe to see results of unlink kprobe.
+trace_pipe()

examples/struct_and_perf.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
     dataobj.pid = pid()
     dataobj.ts = ktime()
     # dataobj.comm = strobj
-    print(f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid" f"{dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}")
+    print(f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid{dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}")
     events.output(dataobj)
     return c_int32(0)
 

examples/xdp_pass.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile, compile_to_ir
 from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from ctypes import c_int64, c_void_p
 
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 # Instructions to how to run this program
 # 1. Install PythonBPF: pip install pythonbpf
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ def count() -> HashMap:
 def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     key = 0
     one = 1
-    prev = count().lookup(key)
+    prev = count.lookup(key)
     if prev:
         prevval = prev + 1
         print(f"count: {prevval}")
-        count().update(key, prevval)
+        count.update(key, prevval)
         return XDP_PASS
     else:
-        count().update(key, one)
+        count.update(key, one)
 
     return XDP_PASS
 
@@ -41,4 +41,5 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
     return "GPL"
 
 
+compile_to_ir("xdp_pass.py", "xdp_pass.ll")
 compile()

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,18 +4,32 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "pythonbpf"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.8"
 description = "Reduced Python frontend for eBPF"
 authors = [
   { name = "r41k0u", email="pragyanshchaturvedi18@gmail.com" },
   { name = "varun-r-mallya", email="varunrmallya@gmail.com" }
 ]
+classifiers = [
+    "Development Status :: 3 - Alpha",
+    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+    "Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
+    "Topic :: System :: Operating System Kernels :: Linux",
+]
 readme = "README.md"
 license = {text = "Apache-2.0"}
-requires-python = ">=3.8"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 
 dependencies = [
-  "llvmlite",
+  "llvmlite>=0.45",
   "astpretty",
   "pylibbpf"
 ]

pythonbpf/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from .decorators import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, struct
 from .codegen import compile_to_ir, compile, BPF
+from .utils import trace_pipe, trace_fields
 
 __all__ = [
     "bpf",
@@ -10,4 +11,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "compile_to_ir",
     "compile",
     "BPF",
+    "trace_pipe",
+    "trace_fields",
 ]

pythonbpf/allocation_pass.py

@@ -1,88 +1,94 @@
 import ast
 import logging
-
+import ctypes
 from llvmlite import ir
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from .local_symbol import LocalSymbol
-from typing import Any
 from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
+from .expr import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
 from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.maps import BPFMapType
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-@dataclass
+def create_targets_and_rvals(stmt):
-class LocalSymbol:
+    """Create lists of targets and right-hand values from an assignment statement."""
-    var: ir.AllocaInstr
+    if isinstance(stmt.targets[0], ast.Tuple):
-    ir_type: ir.Type
+        if not isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Tuple):
-    metadata: Any = None
+            logger.warning("Mismatched multi-target assignment, skipping allocation")
-
+            return [], []
-    def __iter__(self):
+        targets, rvals = stmt.targets[0].elts, stmt.value.elts
-        yield self.var
+        if len(targets) != len(rvals):
-        yield self.ir_type
+            logger.warning("length of LHS != length of RHS, skipping allocation")
-        yield self.metadata
+            return [], []
+        return targets, rvals
+    return stmt.targets, [stmt.value]
 
 
-def _is_helper_call(call_node):
+def handle_assign_allocation(
-    """Check if a call node is a BPF helper function call."""
+    builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-    if isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Name):
+):
-        # Exclude print from requiring temps (handles f-strings differently)
-        func_name = call_node.func.id
-        return HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(func_name) and func_name != "print"
-
-    elif isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Attribute):
-        return HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.attr)
-
-    return False
-
-
-def handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
     """Handle memory allocation for assignment statements."""
 
-    # Validate assignment
+    logger.info(f"Handling assignment for allocation: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
-    if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
-        logger.warning("Multi-target assignment not supported, skipping allocation")
-        return
 
-    target = stmt.targets[0]
+    # NOTE: Support multi-target assignments (e.g.: a, b = 1, 2)
+    targets, rvals = create_targets_and_rvals(stmt)
 
+    for target, rval in zip(targets, rvals):
         # Skip non-name targets (e.g., struct field assignments)
         if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
-        logger.debug(f"Struct field assignment to {target.attr}, no allocation needed")
+            logger.debug(
-        return
+                f"Struct field assignment to {target.attr}, no allocation needed"
+            )
+            continue
 
         if not isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-        logger.warning(f"Unsupported assignment target type: {type(target).__name__}")
+            logger.warning(
-        return
+                f"Unsupported assignment target type: {type(target).__name__}"
+            )
+            continue
 
         var_name = target.id
-    rval = stmt.value
-
         # Skip if already allocated
         if var_name in local_sym_tab:
             logger.debug(f"Variable {var_name} already allocated, skipping")
-        return
+            continue
 
         # Determine type and allocate based on rval
         if isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
-        _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+            _allocate_for_call(
+                builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+            )
         elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
             _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab)
         elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
             _allocate_for_binop(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        elif isinstance(rval, ast.Name):
+            # Variable-to-variable assignment (b = a)
+            _allocate_for_name(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab)
+        elif isinstance(rval, ast.Attribute):
+            # Struct field-to-variable assignment (a = dat.fld)
+            _allocate_for_attribute(
+                builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+            )
         else:
             logger.warning(
                 f"Unsupported assignment value type for {var_name}: {type(rval).__name__}"
             )
 
 
-def _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+def _allocate_for_call(
+    builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Allocate memory for variable assigned from a call."""
 
     if isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
         call_type = rval.func.id
 
         # C type constructors
-        if call_type in ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64"):
+        if call_type in ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64", "c_void_p"):
             ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
             var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
             var.align = ir_type.width // 8
@@ -108,24 +114,108 @@ def _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
         # Struct constructors
         elif call_type in structs_sym_tab:
             struct_info = structs_sym_tab[call_type]
+            if len(rval.args) == 0:
+                # Zero-arg constructor: allocate the struct itself
                 var = builder.alloca(struct_info.ir_type, name=var_name)
-            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, struct_info.ir_type, call_type)
+                local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(
+                    var, struct_info.ir_type, call_type
+                )
                 logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for struct {call_type}")
+            else:
+                # Pointer cast: allocate as pointer to struct
+                ptr_type = ir.PointerType(struct_info.ir_type)
+                var = builder.alloca(ptr_type, name=var_name)
+                var.align = 8
+                local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ptr_type, call_type)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for struct pointer cast to {call_type}"
+                )
+
+        elif VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(call_type):
+            # When calling struct_name(pointer), we're doing a cast, not construction
+            # So we allocate as a pointer (i64) not as the actual struct
+            var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
+            var.align = 8
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(
+                var, ir.IntType(64), VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_type(call_type)
+            )
+            logger.info(
+                f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for vmlinux struct pointer cast to {call_type}"
+            )
 
         else:
             logger.warning(f"Unknown call type for allocation: {call_type}")
 
     elif isinstance(rval.func, ast.Attribute):
         # Map method calls - need double allocation for ptr handling
-        _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        _allocate_for_map_method(
+            builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
 
     else:
         logger.warning(f"Unsupported call function type for {var_name}")
 
 
-def _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
+def _allocate_for_map_method(
+    builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
     """Allocate memory for variable assigned from map method (double alloc)."""
 
+    map_name = rval.func.value.id
+    method_name = rval.func.attr
+
+    # NOTE: We will have to special case HashMap.lookup which returns a pointer to value type
+    # The value type can be a struct as well, so we need to handle that properly
+    # This special casing is not ideal, as over time other map methods may need similar handling
+    # But for now, we will just handle lookup specifically
+    if map_name not in map_sym_tab:
+        logger.error(f"Map '{map_name}' not found for allocation")
+        return
+
+    if method_name != "lookup":
+        # Fallback allocation for other map methods
+        _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        return
+
+    map_params = map_sym_tab[map_name].params
+    if map_params["type"] != BPFMapType.HASH:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Map method lookup used on non-hash map, using fallback allocation"
+        )
+        _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        return
+
+    value_type = map_params["value"]
+    # Determine IR type for value
+    if isinstance(value_type, str) and value_type in structs_sym_tab:
+        struct_info = structs_sym_tab[value_type]
+        value_ir_type = struct_info.ir_type
+    else:
+        value_ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(value_type)
+
+    if value_ir_type is None:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"Could not determine IR type for map value '{value_type}', using fallback allocation"
+        )
+        _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+        return
+
+    # Main variable (pointer to pointer)
+    ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))
+    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type, value_type)
+    # Temporary variable for computed values
+    tmp_ir_type = value_ir_type
+    var_tmp = builder.alloca(tmp_ir_type, name=f"{var_name}_tmp")
+    local_sym_tab[f"{var_name}_tmp"] = LocalSymbol(var_tmp, tmp_ir_type)
+    logger.info(
+        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} and {var_name}_tmp for map method lookup of type {value_ir_type}"
+    )
+
+
+def _allocate_for_map_method_fallback(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
+    """Fallback allocation for map method variable (i64* and i64**)."""
+
     # Main variable (pointer to pointer)
     ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))
     var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
@@ -136,7 +226,9 @@ def _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
     var_tmp = builder.alloca(tmp_ir_type, name=f"{var_name}_tmp")
     local_sym_tab[f"{var_name}_tmp"] = LocalSymbol(var_tmp, tmp_ir_type)
 
-    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} and {var_name}_tmp for map method")
+    logger.info(
+        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} and {var_name}_tmp for map method (fallback)"
+    )
 
 
 def _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab):
@@ -178,14 +270,205 @@ def _allocate_for_binop(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
     logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for binop result")
 
 
+def _get_type_name(ir_type):
+    """Get a string representation of an IR type."""
+    if isinstance(ir_type, ir.IntType):
+        return f"i{ir_type.width}"
+    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.PointerType):
+        return "ptr"
+    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType):
+        return f"[{ir_type.count}x{_get_type_name(ir_type.element)}]"
+    else:
+        return str(ir_type).replace(" ", "")
+
+
 def allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps, local_sym_tab):
     """Allocate the temporary scratch space pool for helper arguments."""
-    if max_temps == 0:
+    if not max_temps:
+        logger.info("No temp pool allocation needed")
         return
 
-    logger.info(f"Allocating temp pool of {max_temps} variables")
+    for tmp_type, cnt in max_temps.items():
-    for i in range(max_temps):
+        type_name = _get_type_name(tmp_type)
-        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{i}"
+        logger.info(f"Allocating temp pool of {cnt} variables of type {type_name}")
-        temp_var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=temp_name)
+        for i in range(cnt):
-        temp_var.align = 8
+            temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{type_name}_{i}"
-        local_sym_tab[temp_name] = LocalSymbol(temp_var, ir.IntType(64))
+            temp_var = builder.alloca(tmp_type, name=temp_name)
+            temp_var.align = _get_alignment(tmp_type)
+            local_sym_tab[temp_name] = LocalSymbol(temp_var, tmp_type)
+            logger.debug(f"Allocated temp variable: {temp_name}")
+
+
+def _allocate_for_name(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab):
+    """Allocate memory for variable-to-variable assignment (b = a)."""
+    source_var = rval.id
+
+    if source_var not in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.error(f"Source variable '{source_var}' not found in symbol table")
+        return
+
+    # Get type and metadata from source variable
+    source_symbol = local_sym_tab[source_var]
+
+    # Allocate with same type and alignment
+    var = _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, source_symbol.ir_type)
+    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(
+        var, source_symbol.ir_type, source_symbol.metadata
+    )
+
+    logger.info(
+        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} from {source_var} with type {source_symbol.ir_type}"
+    )
+
+
+def _allocate_for_attribute(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Allocate memory for struct field-to-variable assignment (a = dat.fld)."""
+    if not isinstance(rval.value, ast.Name):
+        logger.warning(f"Complex attribute access not supported for {var_name}")
+        return
+
+    struct_var = rval.value.id
+    field_name = rval.attr
+
+    # Validate struct and field
+    if struct_var not in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.error(f"Struct variable '{struct_var}' not found")
+        return
+
+    struct_type: type = local_sym_tab[struct_var].metadata
+    if not struct_type or struct_type not in structs_sym_tab:
+        if VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(struct_type.__name__):
+            # Handle vmlinux struct field access
+            vmlinux_struct_name = struct_type.__name__
+            if not VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.has_field(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Field '{field_name}' not found in vmlinux struct '{vmlinux_struct_name}'"
+                )
+                return
+
+            field_type: tuple[ir.GlobalVariable, Field] = (
+                VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_field_type(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name)
+            )
+            field_ir, field = field_type
+
+            # Determine the actual IR type based on the field's type
+            actual_ir_type = None
+
+            # Check if it's a ctypes primitive
+            if field.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                try:
+                    field_size_bytes = ctypes.sizeof(field.type)
+                    field_size_bits = field_size_bytes * 8
+
+                    if field_size_bits in [8, 16, 32, 64]:
+                        # Special case: struct_xdp_md i32 fields should allocate as i64
+                        # because load_ctx_field will zero-extend them to i64
+                        if (
+                            vmlinux_struct_name == "struct_xdp_md"
+                            and field_size_bits == 32
+                        ):
+                            actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+                            logger.info(
+                                f"Allocating {var_name} as i64 for i32 field from struct_xdp_md.{field_name} "
+                                "(will be zero-extended during load)"
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(field_size_bits)
+                    else:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Unusual field size {field_size_bits} bits for {field_name}"
+                        )
+                        actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Could not determine size for ctypes field {field_name}: {e}"
+                    )
+                    actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+                    field_size_bits = 64
+
+            # Check if it's a nested vmlinux struct or complex type
+            elif field.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                # For pointers to structs, use pointer type (64-bit)
+                if field.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                    field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer
+                ):
+                    actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)  # Pointer is always 64-bit
+                    field_size_bits = 64
+                # For embedded structs, this is more complex - might need different handling
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Field {field_name} is a nested vmlinux struct, using i64 for now"
+                    )
+                    actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+                    field_size_bits = 64
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Unknown field type module {field.type.__module__} for {field_name}"
+                )
+                actual_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+                field_size_bits = 64
+
+            # Pre-allocate the tmp storage used by load_struct_field (so we don't alloca inside handler)
+            tmp_name = f"{struct_var}_{field_name}_tmp"
+            tmp_ir_type = ir.IntType(field_size_bits)
+            tmp_var = builder.alloca(tmp_ir_type, name=tmp_name)
+            tmp_var.align = tmp_ir_type.width // 8
+            local_sym_tab[tmp_name] = LocalSymbol(tmp_var, tmp_ir_type)
+            logger.info(
+                f"Pre-allocated temp {tmp_name} (i{field_size_bits}) for vmlinux field read {vmlinux_struct_name}.{field_name}"
+            )
+
+            # Allocate with the actual IR type for the destination var
+            var = _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, actual_ir_type)
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, actual_ir_type, field)
+
+            logger.info(
+                f"Pre-allocated {var_name} as {actual_ir_type} from vmlinux struct {vmlinux_struct_name}.{field_name}"
+            )
+            return
+        else:
+            logger.error(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
+        return
+
+    struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]
+    if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+        logger.error(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{struct_type}'")
+        return
+
+    # Get field type
+    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+
+    # Special case: char array -> allocate as i8* pointer instead
+    if (
+        isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
+        and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
+        and field_type.element.width == 8
+    ):
+        alloc_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        logger.info(f"Allocating {var_name} as i8* (pointer to char array)")
+    else:
+        alloc_type = field_type
+
+    var = _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, alloc_type)
+    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, alloc_type)
+
+    logger.info(
+        f"Pre-allocated {var_name} from {struct_var}.{field_name} with type {alloc_type}"
+    )
+
+
+def _allocate_with_type(builder, var_name, ir_type):
+    """Allocate variable with appropriate alignment for type."""
+    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+    var.align = _get_alignment(ir_type)
+    return var
+
+
+def _get_alignment(ir_type):
+    """Get appropriate alignment for IR type."""
+    if isinstance(ir_type, ir.IntType):
+        return ir_type.width // 8
+    elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType) and isinstance(ir_type.element, ir.IntType):
+        return ir_type.element.width // 8
+    else:
+        return 8  # Default: pointer size

pythonbpf/assign_pass.py

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 import ast
 import logging
+from inspect import isclass
+
 from llvmlite import ir
 from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr
+from pythonbpf.helper import emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call
+from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -27,27 +32,82 @@ def handle_struct_field_assignment(
 
     # Get field pointer and evaluate value
     field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, local_sym_tab[var_name].var, field_name)
-    val = eval_expr(
+    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+    val_result = eval_expr(
         func, module, builder, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
     )
 
-    if val is None:
+    if val_result is None:
         logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate value for {var_name}.{field_name}")
         return
 
-    # TODO: Handle string assignment to char array (not a priority)
+    val, val_type = val_result
-    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+
-    if isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType) and val[1] == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
+    # Special case: i8* string to [N x i8] char array
-        logger.warning(
+    if _is_char_array(field_type) and _is_i8_ptr(val_type):
-            f"String to char array assignment not implemented for {var_name}.{field_name}"
+        _copy_string_to_char_array(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            val,
+            field_ptr,
+            field_type,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
         )
+        logger.info(f"Copied string to char array {var_name}.{field_name}")
         return
 
-    # Store the value
+    # Regular assignment
-    builder.store(val[0], field_ptr)
+    builder.store(val, field_ptr)
     logger.info(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
 
 
+def _copy_string_to_char_array(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    src_ptr,
+    dst_ptr,
+    array_type,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    struct_sym_tab,
+):
+    """Copy string (i8*) to char array ([N x i8]) using bpf_probe_read_kernel_str"""
+
+    array_size = array_type.count
+
+    # Get pointer to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
+    dst_i8_ptr = builder.gep(
+        dst_ptr,
+        [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
+        inbounds=True,
+    )
+
+    # Use the shared emitter function
+    emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_i8_ptr, array_size, src_ptr)
+
+
+def _is_char_array(ir_type):
+    """Check if type is [N x i8]."""
+    return (
+        isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType)
+        and isinstance(ir_type.element, ir.IntType)
+        and ir_type.element.width == 8
+    )
+
+
+def _is_i8_ptr(ir_type):
+    """Check if type is i8*."""
+    return (
+        isinstance(ir_type, ir.PointerType)
+        and isinstance(ir_type.pointee, ir.IntType)
+        and ir_type.pointee.width == 8
+    )
+
+
 def handle_variable_assignment(
     func, module, builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
 ):
@@ -71,6 +131,17 @@ def handle_variable_assignment(
             logger.info(f"Initialized struct {struct_name} for variable {var_name}")
             return True
 
+    # Special case: struct field char array -> pointer
+    # Handle this before eval_expr to get the pointer, not the value
+    if isinstance(rval, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(rval.value, ast.Name):
+        converted_val = _try_convert_char_array_to_ptr(
+            rval, var_type, builder, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if converted_val is not None:
+            builder.store(converted_val, var_ptr)
+            logger.info(f"Assigned char array pointer to {var_name}")
+            return True
+
     val_result = eval_expr(
         func, module, builder, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
     )
@@ -79,9 +150,74 @@ def handle_variable_assignment(
         return False
 
     val, val_type = val_result
-    logger.info(f"Evaluated value for {var_name}: {val} of type {val_type}, {var_type}")
+    logger.info(
+        f"Evaluated value for {var_name}: {val} of type {val_type}, expected {var_type}"
+    )
+
     if val_type != var_type:
-        if isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType):
+        # Handle vmlinux struct pointers - they're represented as Python classes but are i64 pointers
+        if isclass(val_type) and (val_type.__module__ == "vmlinux"):
+            logger.info("Handling vmlinux struct pointer assignment")
+            # vmlinux struct pointers: val is a pointer, need to convert to i64
+            if isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType) and var_type.width == 64:
+                # Convert pointer to i64 using ptrtoint
+                if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+                    val = builder.ptrtoint(val, ir.IntType(64))
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Converted vmlinux struct pointer to i64 using ptrtoint"
+                    )
+                builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+                logger.info(f"Assigned vmlinux struct pointer to {var_name} (i64)")
+                return True
+            else:
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Type mismatch: vmlinux struct pointer requires i64, got {var_type}"
+                )
+                return False
+        # Handle user-defined struct pointer casts
+        # val_type is a string (struct name), var_type is a pointer to the struct
+        if isinstance(val_type, str) and val_type in structs_sym_tab:
+            struct_info = structs_sym_tab[val_type]
+            expected_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(struct_info.ir_type)
+
+            # Check if var_type matches the expected pointer type
+            if isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType) and var_type == expected_ptr_type:
+                # val is already the correct pointer type from inttoptr/bitcast
+                builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+                logger.info(f"Assigned user-defined struct pointer cast to {var_name}")
+                return True
+            else:
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Type mismatch: user-defined struct pointer cast requires pointer type, got {var_type}"
+                )
+                return False
+        if isinstance(val_type, Field):
+            logger.info("Handling assignment to struct field")
+            # Special handling for struct_xdp_md i32 fields that are zero-extended to i64
+            # The load_ctx_field already extended them, so val is i64 but val_type.type shows c_uint
+            if (
+                hasattr(val_type, "type")
+                and val_type.type.__name__ == "c_uint"
+                and isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType)
+                and var_type.width == 64
+            ):
+                # This is the struct_xdp_md case - value is already i64
+                builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Assigned zero-extended struct_xdp_md i32 field to {var_name} (i64)"
+                )
+                return True
+            # TODO: handling only ctype struct fields for now. Handle other stuff too later.
+            elif var_type == ctypes_to_ir(val_type.type.__name__):
+                builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+                logger.info(f"Assigned ctype struct field to {var_name}")
+                return True
+            else:
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Failed to assign ctype struct field to {var_name}: {val_type} != {var_type}"
+                )
+                return False
+        elif isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType):
             # Allow implicit int widening
             if val_type.width < var_type.width:
                 val = builder.sext(val, var_type)
@@ -106,3 +242,52 @@ def handle_variable_assignment(
     builder.store(val, var_ptr)
     logger.info(f"Assigned value to variable {var_name}")
     return True
+
+
+def _try_convert_char_array_to_ptr(
+    rval, var_type, builder, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Try to convert char array field to i8* pointer"""
+    # Only convert if target is i8*
+    if not (
+        isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType)
+        and isinstance(var_type.pointee, ir.IntType)
+        and var_type.pointee.width == 8
+    ):
+        return None
+
+    struct_var = rval.value.id
+    field_name = rval.attr
+
+    # Validate struct
+    if struct_var not in local_sym_tab:
+        return None
+
+    struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_var].metadata
+    if not struct_type or struct_type not in structs_sym_tab:
+        return None
+
+    struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]
+    if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+        return None
+
+    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+
+    # Check if it's a char array
+    if not (
+        isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
+        and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
+        and field_type.element.width == 8
+    ):
+        return None
+
+    # Get pointer to struct field
+    struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[struct_var].var
+    field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
+
+    # GEP to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
+    return builder.gep(
+        field_ptr,
+        [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
+        inbounds=True,
+    )

pythonbpf/binary_ops.py

@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-import ast
-from llvmlite import ir
-from logging import Logger
-import logging
-
-from pythonbpf.expr import get_base_type_and_depth, deref_to_depth, eval_expr
-
-logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-def get_operand_value(
-    func, module, operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
-):
-    """Extract the value from an operand, handling variables and constants."""
-    logger.info(f"Getting operand value for: {ast.dump(operand)}")
-    if isinstance(operand, ast.Name):
-        if operand.id in local_sym_tab:
-            var = local_sym_tab[operand.id].var
-            var_type = var.type
-            base_type, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(var_type)
-            logger.info(f"var is {var}, base_type is {base_type}, depth is {depth}")
-            val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, var, depth)
-            return val
-        raise ValueError(f"Undefined variable: {operand.id}")
-    elif isinstance(operand, ast.Constant):
-        if isinstance(operand.value, int):
-            cst = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), int(operand.value))
-            return cst
-        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported constant type: {type(operand.value)}")
-    elif isinstance(operand, ast.BinOp):
-        res = handle_binary_op_impl(
-            func, module, operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-        )
-        return res
-    else:
-        res = eval_expr(
-            func, module, builder, operand, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-        )
-        if res is None:
-            raise ValueError(f"Failed to evaluate call expression: {operand}")
-        val, _ = res
-        logger.info(f"Evaluated expr to {val} of type {val.type}")
-        base_type, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
-        if depth > 0:
-            val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
-        return val
-    raise TypeError(f"Unsupported operand type: {type(operand)}")
-
-
-def handle_binary_op_impl(
-    func, module, rval, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
-):
-    op = rval.op
-    left = get_operand_value(
-        func, module, rval.left, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-    )
-    right = get_operand_value(
-        func, module, rval.right, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-    )
-    logger.info(f"left is {left}, right is {right}, op is {op}")
-
-    # NOTE: Before doing the operation, if the operands are integers
-    # we always extend them to i64. The assignment to LHS will take
-    # care of truncation if needed.
-    if isinstance(left.type, ir.IntType) and left.type.width < 64:
-        left = builder.sext(left, ir.IntType(64))
-    if isinstance(right.type, ir.IntType) and right.type.width < 64:
-        right = builder.sext(right, ir.IntType(64))
-
-    # Map AST operation nodes to LLVM IR builder methods
-    op_map = {
-        ast.Add: builder.add,
-        ast.Sub: builder.sub,
-        ast.Mult: builder.mul,
-        ast.Div: builder.sdiv,
-        ast.Mod: builder.srem,
-        ast.LShift: builder.shl,
-        ast.RShift: builder.lshr,
-        ast.BitOr: builder.or_,
-        ast.BitXor: builder.xor,
-        ast.BitAnd: builder.and_,
-        ast.FloorDiv: builder.udiv,
-    }
-
-    if type(op) in op_map:
-        result = op_map[type(op)](left, right)
-        return result
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported binary operation")
-
-
-def handle_binary_op(
-    func,
-    module,
-    rval,
-    builder,
-    var_name,
-    local_sym_tab,
-    map_sym_tab,
-    structs_sym_tab=None,
-):
-    result = handle_binary_op_impl(
-        func, module, rval, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-    )
-    if var_name and var_name in local_sym_tab:
-        logger.info(
-            f"Storing result {result} into variable {local_sym_tab[var_name].var}"
-        )
-        builder.store(result, local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-    return result, result.type

pythonbpf/codegen.py

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ from .license_pass import license_processing
 from .functions import func_proc
 from .maps import maps_proc
 from .structs import structs_proc
+from .vmlinux_parser import vmlinux_proc
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.vmlinux_exports_handler import VmlinuxHandler
+from .expr import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
 from .globals_pass import (
     globals_list_creation,
     globals_processing,
@@ -14,14 +17,42 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 import inspect
 from pathlib import Path
-from pylibbpf import BpfProgram
+from pylibbpf import BpfObject
 import tempfile
 from logging import Logger
 import logging
+import re
 
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-VERSION = "v0.1.4"
+VERSION = "v0.1.8"
+
+
+def finalize_module(original_str):
+    """After all IR generation is complete, we monkey patch btf_ama attribute"""
+
+    # Create a string with applied transformation of btf_ama attribute addition to BTF struct field accesses.
+    pattern = r'(@"llvm\.[^"]+:[^"]*" = external global i64, !llvm\.preserve\.access\.index ![0-9]+)'
+    replacement = r'\1 "btf_ama"'
+    return re.sub(pattern, replacement, original_str)
+
+
+def bpf_passthrough_gen(module):
+    i32_ty = ir.IntType(32)
+    ptr_ty = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+    fnty = ir.FunctionType(ptr_ty, [i32_ty, ptr_ty])
+
+    # Declare the intrinsic
+    passthrough = ir.Function(module, fnty, "llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0")
+
+    # Set function attributes
+    # TODO: the ones commented are supposed to be there but cannot be added due to llvmlite limitations at the moment
+    # passthrough.attributes.add("nofree")
+    # passthrough.attributes.add("nosync")
+    passthrough.attributes.add("nounwind")
+    # passthrough.attributes.add("memory(none)")
+
+    return passthrough
 
 
 def find_bpf_chunks(tree):
@@ -44,15 +75,22 @@ def processor(source_code, filename, module):
     for func_node in bpf_chunks:
         logger.info(f"Found BPF function/struct: {func_node.name}")
 
+    bpf_passthrough_gen(module)
+
+    vmlinux_symtab = vmlinux_proc(tree, module)
+    if vmlinux_symtab:
+        handler = VmlinuxHandler.initialize(vmlinux_symtab)
+        VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.set_handler(handler)
+
     populate_global_symbol_table(tree, module)
     license_processing(tree, module)
     globals_processing(tree, module)
-
     structs_sym_tab = structs_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
-    map_sym_tab = maps_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
+    map_sym_tab = maps_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks, structs_sym_tab)
     func_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
 
     globals_list_creation(tree, module)
+    return structs_sym_tab, map_sym_tab
 
 
 def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
@@ -78,7 +116,7 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
             True,
         )
 
-    processor(source, filename, module)
+    structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab = processor(source, filename, module)
 
     wchar_size = module.add_metadata(
         [
@@ -119,30 +157,22 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
 
     module.add_named_metadata("llvm.ident", [f"PythonBPF {VERSION}"])
 
+    module_string: str = finalize_module(str(module))
+
     logger.info(f"IR written to {output}")
     with open(output, "w") as f:
         f.write(f'source_filename = "{filename}"\n')
-        f.write(str(module))
+        f.write(module_string)
         f.write("\n")
 
-    return output
+    return output, structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab
 
 
-def compile(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> bool:
+def _run_llc(ll_file, obj_file):
-    # Look one level up the stack to the caller of this function
+    """Compile LLVM IR to BPF object file using llc."""
-    caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
-    caller_file = Path(caller_frame.filename).resolve()
 
-    ll_file = Path("/tmp") / caller_file.with_suffix(".ll").name
+    logger.info(f"Compiling IR to object: {ll_file} -> {obj_file}")
-    o_file = caller_file.with_suffix(".o")
+    result = subprocess.run(
-
-    success = True
-    success = (
-        compile_to_ir(str(caller_file), str(ll_file), loglevel=loglevel) and success
-    )
-
-    success = bool(
-        subprocess.run(
         [
             "llc",
             "-march=bpf",
@@ -150,42 +180,55 @@ def compile(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> bool:
             "-O2",
             str(ll_file),
             "-o",
-                str(o_file),
+            str(obj_file),
         ],
         check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
     )
-        and success
+
+    if result.returncode == 0:
+        logger.info(f"Object file written to {obj_file}")
+        return True
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"llc compilation failed: {result.stderr}")
+        return False
+
+
+def compile(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> bool:
+    # Look one level up the stack to the caller of this function
+    caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
+    caller_file = Path(caller_frame.filename).resolve()
+
+    ll_file = Path("/tmp") / caller_file.with_suffix(".ll").name
+    o_file = caller_file.with_suffix(".o")
+
+    _, structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab = compile_to_ir(
+        str(caller_file), str(ll_file), loglevel=loglevel
     )
 
+    if not _run_llc(ll_file, o_file):
+        logger.error("Compilation to object file failed.")
+        return False
+
     logger.info(f"Object written to {o_file}")
-    return success
+    return True
 
 
-def BPF(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> BpfProgram:
+def BPF(loglevel=logging.WARNING) -> BpfObject:
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     src = inspect.getsource(caller_frame.frame)
-    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+    with (
-        mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".py"
+        tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".py") as f,
-    ) as f, tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+        tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".ll") as inter,
-        mode="w+", delete=True, suffix=".ll"
+        tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+", delete=False, suffix=".o") as obj_file,
-    ) as inter, tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+    ):
-        mode="w+", delete=False, suffix=".o"
-    ) as obj_file:
         f.write(src)
         f.flush()
         source = f.name
-        compile_to_ir(source, str(inter.name), loglevel=loglevel)
+        _, structs_sym_tab, maps_sym_tab = compile_to_ir(
-        subprocess.run(
+            source, str(inter.name), loglevel=loglevel
-            [
-                "llc",
-                "-march=bpf",
-                "-filetype=obj",
-                "-O2",
-                str(inter.name),
-                "-o",
-                str(obj_file.name),
-            ],
-            check=True,
         )
+        _run_llc(str(inter.name), str(obj_file.name))
 
-        return BpfProgram(str(obj_file.name))
+        return BpfObject(str(obj_file.name), structs=structs_sym_tab)

pythonbpf/debuginfo/debug_info_generator.py

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
             )
         return self._type_cache[key]
 
+    def get_uint8_type(self) -> Any:
+        """Get debug info for signed 8-bit integer"""
+        return self.get_basic_type("char", 8, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned)
+
     def get_int32_type(self) -> Any:
         """Get debug info for signed 32-bit integer"""
         return self.get_basic_type("int", 32, dc.DW_ATE_signed)
@@ -81,6 +85,20 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
             },
         )
 
+    def create_array_type_vmlinux(self, type_info: Any, count: int) -> Any:
+        """Create an array type of the given base type with specified count"""
+        base_type, type_sizing = type_info
+        subrange = self.module.add_debug_info("DISubrange", {"count": count})
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DICompositeType",
+            {
+                "tag": dc.DW_TAG_array_type,
+                "baseType": base_type,
+                "size": type_sizing,
+                "elements": [subrange],
+            },
+        )
+
     @staticmethod
     def _compute_array_size(base_type: Any, count: int) -> int:
         # Extract size from base_type if possible
@@ -101,6 +119,23 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
             },
         )
 
+    def create_struct_member_vmlinux(
+        self, name: str, base_type_with_size: Any, offset: int
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Create a struct member with the given name, type, and offset"""
+        base_type, type_size = base_type_with_size
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DIDerivedType",
+            {
+                "tag": dc.DW_TAG_member,
+                "name": name,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "baseType": base_type,
+                "size": type_size,
+                "offset": offset,
+            },
+        )
+
     def create_struct_type(
         self, members: List[Any], size: int, is_distinct: bool
     ) -> Any:
@@ -116,6 +151,22 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
             is_distinct=is_distinct,
         )
 
+    def create_struct_type_with_name(
+        self, name: str, members: List[Any], size: int, is_distinct: bool
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Create a struct type with the given members and size"""
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DICompositeType",
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "tag": dc.DW_TAG_structure_type,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "size": size,
+                "elements": members,
+            },
+            is_distinct=is_distinct,
+        )
+
     def create_global_var_debug_info(
         self, name: str, var_type: Any, is_local: bool = False
     ) -> Any:
@@ -137,3 +188,83 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
             "DIGlobalVariableExpression",
             {"var": global_var, "expr": self.module.add_debug_info("DIExpression", {})},
         )
+
+    def get_int64_type(self):
+        return self.get_basic_type("long", 64, dc.DW_ATE_signed)
+
+    def create_subroutine_type(self, return_type, param_types):
+        """
+        Create a DISubroutineType given return type and list of parameter types.
+        Equivalent to: !DISubroutineType(types: !{ret, args...})
+        """
+        type_array = [return_type]
+        if isinstance(param_types, (list, tuple)):
+            type_array.extend(param_types)
+        else:
+            type_array.append(param_types)
+        return self.module.add_debug_info("DISubroutineType", {"types": type_array})
+
+    def create_local_variable_debug_info(
+        self, name: str, arg: int, var_type: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Create debug info for a local variable (DILocalVariable) without scope.
+        Example:
+        !DILocalVariable(name: "ctx", arg: 1, file: !3, line: 20, type: !7)
+        """
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DILocalVariable",
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "arg": arg,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "type": var_type,
+            },
+        )
+
+    def add_scope_to_local_variable(self, local_variable_debug_info, scope_value):
+        """
+        Add scope information to an existing local variable debug info object.
+        """
+        # TODO: this is a workaround a flaw in the debug info generation. Fix this if possible in the future.
+        # We should not be touching llvmlite's internals like this.
+        if hasattr(local_variable_debug_info, "operands"):
+            # LLVM metadata operands is a tuple, so we need to rebuild it
+            existing_operands = local_variable_debug_info.operands
+
+            # Convert tuple to list, add scope, convert back to tuple
+            operands_list = list(existing_operands)
+            operands_list.append(("scope", scope_value))
+
+            # Reassign the new tuple
+            local_variable_debug_info.operands = tuple(operands_list)
+
+    def create_subprogram(
+        self, name: str, subroutine_type: Any, retained_nodes: List[Any]
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Create a DISubprogram for a function.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Function name
+            subroutine_type: DISubroutineType for the function signature
+            retained_nodes: List of DILocalVariable nodes for function parameters/variables
+
+        Returns:
+            DISubprogram metadata
+        """
+        return self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DISubprogram",
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "scope": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,
+                "type": subroutine_type,
+                # TODO: the following flags do not exist at the moment in our dwarf constants file. We need to add them.
+                # "flags": dc.DW_FLAG_Prototyped | dc.DW_FLAG_AllCallsDescribed,
+                # "spFlags": dc.DW_SPFLAG_Definition | dc.DW_SPFLAG_Optimized,
+                "unit": self.module._debug_compile_unit,
+                "retainedNodes": retained_nodes,
+            },
+            is_distinct=True,
+        )

pythonbpf/expr/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-from .expr_pass import eval_expr, handle_expr
+from .expr_pass import eval_expr, handle_expr, get_operand_value
-from .type_normalization import convert_to_bool, get_base_type_and_depth, deref_to_depth
+from .type_normalization import convert_to_bool, get_base_type_and_depth
+from .ir_ops import deref_to_depth, access_struct_field
+from .call_registry import CallHandlerRegistry
+from .vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
 
 __all__ = [
     "eval_expr",
@@ -7,4 +10,8 @@ __all__ = [
     "convert_to_bool",
     "get_base_type_and_depth",
     "deref_to_depth",
+    "access_struct_field",
+    "get_operand_value",
+    "CallHandlerRegistry",
+    "VmlinuxHandlerRegistry",
 ]

pythonbpf/expr/call_registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class CallHandlerRegistry:
+    """Registry for handling different types of calls (helpers, etc.)"""
+
+    _handler = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_handler(cls, handler):
+        """Set the handler for unknown calls"""
+        cls._handler = handler
+
+    @classmethod
+    def handle_call(
+        cls, call, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    ):
+        """Handle a call using the registered handler"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+        return cls._handler(
+            call, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )

pythonbpf/expr/expr_pass.py

@@ -5,10 +5,22 @@ import logging
 from typing import Dict
 
 from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir, is_ctypes
-from .type_normalization import convert_to_bool, handle_comparator
+from .call_registry import CallHandlerRegistry
+from .ir_ops import deref_to_depth, access_struct_field
+from .type_normalization import (
+    convert_to_bool,
+    handle_comparator,
+    get_base_type_and_depth,
+)
+from .vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
+from ..vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
 
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+# ============================================================================
+# Leaf Handlers (No Recursive eval_expr calls)
+# ============================================================================
+
 
 def _handle_name_expr(expr: ast.Name, local_sym_tab: Dict, builder: ir.IRBuilder):
     """Handle ast.Name expressions."""
@@ -17,20 +29,39 @@ def _handle_name_expr(expr: ast.Name, local_sym_tab: Dict, builder: ir.IRBuilder
         val = builder.load(var)
         return val, local_sym_tab[expr.id].ir_type
     else:
-        logger.info(f"Undefined variable {expr.id}")
+        # Check if it's a vmlinux enum/constant
-        return None
+        vmlinux_result = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.handle_name(expr.id)
+        if vmlinux_result is not None:
+            return vmlinux_result
+
+        raise SyntaxError(f"Undefined variable {expr.id}")
 
 
-def _handle_constant_expr(expr: ast.Constant):
+def _handle_constant_expr(module, builder, expr: ast.Constant):
     """Handle ast.Constant expressions."""
     if isinstance(expr.value, int) or isinstance(expr.value, bool):
         return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), int(expr.value)), ir.IntType(64)
+    elif isinstance(expr.value, str):
+        str_name = f".str.{id(expr)}"
+        str_bytes = expr.value.encode("utf-8") + b"\x00"
+        str_type = ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(str_bytes))
+        str_constant = ir.Constant(str_type, bytearray(str_bytes))
+
+        # Create global variable
+        global_str = ir.GlobalVariable(module, str_type, name=str_name)
+        global_str.linkage = "internal"
+        global_str.global_constant = True
+        global_str.initializer = str_constant
+
+        str_ptr = builder.bitcast(global_str, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)))
+        return str_ptr, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
     else:
         logger.error(f"Unsupported constant type {ast.dump(expr)}")
         return None
 
 
 def _handle_attribute_expr(
+    func,
     expr: ast.Attribute,
     local_sym_tab: Dict,
     structs_sym_tab: Dict,
@@ -43,13 +74,46 @@ def _handle_attribute_expr(
         if var_name in local_sym_tab:
             var_ptr, var_type, var_metadata = local_sym_tab[var_name]
             logger.info(f"Loading attribute {attr_name} from variable {var_name}")
-            logger.info(f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}")
+            logger.info(
-            metadata = structs_sym_tab[var_metadata]
+                f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}, Variable Metadata: {var_metadata}"
-            if attr_name in metadata.fields:
+            )
-                gep = metadata.gep(builder, var_ptr, attr_name)
+            if (
-                val = builder.load(gep)
+                hasattr(var_metadata, "__module__")
-                field_type = metadata.field_type(attr_name)
+                and var_metadata.__module__ == "vmlinux"
-                return val, field_type
+            ):
+                # Try vmlinux handler when var_metadata is not a string, but has a module attribute.
+                # This has been done to keep everything separate in vmlinux struct handling.
+                vmlinux_result = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.handle_attribute(
+                    expr, local_sym_tab, None, builder
+                )
+                if vmlinux_result is not None:
+                    return vmlinux_result
+                else:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Vmlinux struct did not process successfully")
+
+            elif isinstance(var_metadata, Field):
+                logger.error(
+                    f"Cannot access field '{attr_name}' on already-loaded field value '{var_name}'"
+                )
+                return None
+
+            if var_metadata in structs_sym_tab:
+                return access_struct_field(
+                    builder,
+                    var_ptr,
+                    var_type,
+                    var_metadata,
+                    expr.attr,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                    func,
+                )
+            else:
+                logger.error(f"Struct metadata for '{var_name}' not found")
+        else:
+            logger.error(f"Undefined variable '{var_name}' for attribute access")
+    else:
+        logger.error("Unsupported attribute base expression type")
+
     return None
 
 
@@ -88,6 +152,127 @@ def _handle_deref_call(expr: ast.Call, local_sym_tab: Dict, builder: ir.IRBuilde
     return val, local_sym_tab[arg.id].ir_type
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# Binary Operations
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def get_operand_value(
+    func, module, operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    """Extract the value from an operand, handling variables and constants."""
+    logger.info(f"Getting operand value for: {ast.dump(operand)}")
+    if isinstance(operand, ast.Name):
+        if operand.id in local_sym_tab:
+            var = local_sym_tab[operand.id].var
+            var_type = var.type
+            base_type, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(var_type)
+            logger.info(f"var is {var}, base_type is {base_type}, depth is {depth}")
+            if depth == 1:
+                val = builder.load(var)
+                return val
+            else:
+                val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, var, depth)
+            return val
+        else:
+            # Check if it's a vmlinux enum/constant
+            vmlinux_result = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.handle_name(operand.id)
+            if vmlinux_result is not None:
+                val, _ = vmlinux_result
+                return val
+    elif isinstance(operand, ast.Constant):
+        if isinstance(operand.value, int):
+            cst = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), int(operand.value))
+            return cst
+        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported constant type: {type(operand.value)}")
+    elif isinstance(operand, ast.BinOp):
+        res = _handle_binary_op_impl(
+            func, module, operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        return res
+    else:
+        res = eval_expr(
+            func, module, builder, operand, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if res is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Failed to evaluate call expression: {operand}")
+        val, _ = res
+        logger.info(f"Evaluated expr to {val} of type {val.type}")
+        base_type, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
+        if depth > 0:
+            val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
+        return val
+    raise TypeError(f"Unsupported operand type: {type(operand)}")
+
+
+def _handle_binary_op_impl(
+    func, module, rval, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    op = rval.op
+    left = get_operand_value(
+        func, module, rval.left, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    right = get_operand_value(
+        func, module, rval.right, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    logger.info(f"left is {left}, right is {right}, op is {op}")
+
+    # NOTE: Before doing the operation, if the operands are integers
+    # we always extend them to i64. The assignment to LHS will take
+    # care of truncation if needed.
+    if isinstance(left.type, ir.IntType) and left.type.width < 64:
+        left = builder.sext(left, ir.IntType(64))
+    if isinstance(right.type, ir.IntType) and right.type.width < 64:
+        right = builder.sext(right, ir.IntType(64))
+
+    # Map AST operation nodes to LLVM IR builder methods
+    op_map = {
+        ast.Add: builder.add,
+        ast.Sub: builder.sub,
+        ast.Mult: builder.mul,
+        ast.Div: builder.sdiv,
+        ast.Mod: builder.srem,
+        ast.LShift: builder.shl,
+        ast.RShift: builder.lshr,
+        ast.BitOr: builder.or_,
+        ast.BitXor: builder.xor,
+        ast.BitAnd: builder.and_,
+        ast.FloorDiv: builder.udiv,
+    }
+
+    if type(op) in op_map:
+        result = op_map[type(op)](left, right)
+        return result
+    else:
+        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported binary operation")
+
+
+def _handle_binary_op(
+    func,
+    module,
+    rval,
+    builder,
+    var_name,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    result = _handle_binary_op_impl(
+        func, module, rval, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    if var_name and var_name in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.info(
+            f"Storing result {result} into variable {local_sym_tab[var_name].var}"
+        )
+        builder.store(result, local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
+    return result, result.type
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Comparison and Unary Operations
+# ============================================================================
+
+
 def _handle_ctypes_call(
     func,
     module,
@@ -118,16 +303,45 @@ def _handle_ctypes_call(
     call_type = expr.func.id
     expected_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
 
-    if val[1] != expected_type:
+    # Extract the actual IR value and type
+    # val could be (value, ir_type) or (value, Field)
+    value, val_type = val
+
+    # If val_type is a Field object (from vmlinux struct), get the actual IR type of the value
+    if isinstance(val_type, Field):
+        # The value is already the correct IR value (potentially zero-extended)
+        # Get the IR type from the value itself
+        actual_ir_type = value.type
+        logger.info(
+            f"Converting vmlinux field {val_type.name} (IR type: {actual_ir_type}) to {call_type}"
+        )
+    else:
+        actual_ir_type = val_type
+
+    if actual_ir_type != expected_type:
         # NOTE: We are only considering casting to and from int types for now
-        if isinstance(val[1], ir.IntType) and isinstance(expected_type, ir.IntType):
+        if isinstance(actual_ir_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(
-            if val[1].width < expected_type.width:
+            expected_type, ir.IntType
-                val = (builder.sext(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+        ):
+            if actual_ir_type.width < expected_type.width:
+                value = builder.sext(value, expected_type)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Sign-extended from i{actual_ir_type.width} to i{expected_type.width}"
+                )
+            elif actual_ir_type.width > expected_type.width:
+                value = builder.trunc(value, expected_type)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Truncated from i{actual_ir_type.width} to i{expected_type.width}"
+                )
             else:
-                val = (builder.trunc(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+                # Same width, just use as-is (e.g., both i64)
+                pass
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f"Type mismatch: expected {expected_type}, got {val[1]}")
+            raise ValueError(
-    return val
+                f"Type mismatch: expected {expected_type}, got {actual_ir_type} (original type: {val_type})"
+            )
+
+    return value, expected_type
 
 
 def _handle_compare(
@@ -180,8 +394,6 @@ def _handle_unary_op(
         logger.error("Only 'not' and '-' unary operators are supported")
         return None
 
-    from pythonbpf.binary_ops import get_operand_value
-
     operand = get_operand_value(
         func, module, expr.operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
     )
@@ -198,6 +410,12 @@ def _handle_unary_op(
         neg_one = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), -1)
         result = builder.mul(operand, neg_one)
         return result, ir.IntType(64)
+    return None
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Boolean Operations
+# ============================================================================
 
 
 def _handle_and_op(func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
@@ -330,6 +548,139 @@ def _handle_boolean_op(
         return None
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# Struct casting (including vmlinux struct casting)
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def _handle_vmlinux_cast(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    # handle expressions such as struct_request(ctx.di) where struct_request is a vmlinux
+    # struct and ctx.di is a pointer to a struct but is actually represented as a c_uint64
+    # which needs to be cast to a pointer. This is also a field of another vmlinux struct
+    """Handle vmlinux struct cast expressions like struct_request(ctx.di)."""
+    if len(expr.args) != 1:
+        logger.info("vmlinux struct cast takes exactly one argument")
+        return None
+
+    # Get the struct name
+    struct_name = expr.func.id
+
+    # Evaluate the argument (e.g., ctx.di which is a c_uint64)
+    arg_result = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        expr.args[0],
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    if arg_result is None:
+        logger.info("Failed to evaluate argument to vmlinux struct cast")
+        return None
+
+    arg_val, arg_type = arg_result
+    # Get the vmlinux struct type
+    vmlinux_struct_type = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_type(struct_name)
+    if vmlinux_struct_type is None:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to get vmlinux struct type for {struct_name}")
+        return None
+    # Cast the integer/value to a pointer to the struct
+    # If arg_val is an integer type, we need to inttoptr it
+    ptr_type = ir.PointerType()
+    # TODO: add a field value type check here
+    # print(arg_type)
+    if isinstance(arg_type, Field):
+        if ctypes_to_ir(arg_type.type.__name__):
+            # Cast integer to pointer
+            casted_ptr = builder.inttoptr(arg_val, ptr_type)
+        else:
+            logger.error(f"Unsupported type for vmlinux cast: {arg_type}")
+            return None
+    else:
+        casted_ptr = builder.inttoptr(arg_val, ptr_type)
+
+    return casted_ptr, vmlinux_struct_type
+
+
+def _handle_user_defined_struct_cast(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab,
+):
+    """Handle user-defined struct cast expressions like iphdr(nh).
+
+    This casts a pointer/integer value to a pointer to the user-defined struct,
+    similar to how vmlinux struct casts work but for user-defined @struct types.
+    """
+    if len(expr.args) != 1:
+        logger.info("User-defined struct cast takes exactly one argument")
+        return None
+
+    # Get the struct name
+    struct_name = expr.func.id
+
+    if struct_name not in structs_sym_tab:
+        logger.error(f"Struct {struct_name} not found in structs_sym_tab")
+        return None
+
+    struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_name]
+
+    # Evaluate the argument (e.g.,
+    # an address/pointer value)
+    arg_result = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        expr.args[0],
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    if arg_result is None:
+        logger.info("Failed to evaluate argument to user-defined struct cast")
+        return None
+
+    arg_val, arg_type = arg_result
+
+    # Cast the integer/pointer value to a pointer to the struct type
+    # The struct pointer type is a pointer to the struct's IR type
+    struct_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(struct_info.ir_type)
+
+    # If arg_val is an integer type (like i64), convert to pointer using inttoptr
+    if isinstance(arg_val.type, ir.IntType):
+        casted_ptr = builder.inttoptr(arg_val, struct_ptr_type)
+        logger.info(f"Cast integer to pointer for struct {struct_name}")
+    elif isinstance(arg_val.type, ir.PointerType):
+        # If already a pointer, bitcast to the struct pointer type
+        casted_ptr = builder.bitcast(arg_val, struct_ptr_type)
+        logger.info(f"Bitcast pointer to struct pointer for {struct_name}")
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"Unsupported type for user-defined struct cast: {arg_val.type}")
+        return None
+
+    return casted_ptr, struct_name
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Expression Dispatcher
+# ============================================================================
+
+
 def eval_expr(
     func,
     module,
@@ -343,8 +694,20 @@ def eval_expr(
     if isinstance(expr, ast.Name):
         return _handle_name_expr(expr, local_sym_tab, builder)
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.Constant):
-        return _handle_constant_expr(expr)
+        return _handle_constant_expr(module, builder, expr)
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.Call):
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(
+            expr.func.id
+        ):
+            return _handle_vmlinux_cast(
+                func,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                expr,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
         if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and expr.func.id == "deref":
             return _handle_deref_call(expr, local_sym_tab, builder)
 
@@ -358,58 +721,31 @@ def eval_expr(
                 map_sym_tab,
                 structs_sym_tab,
             )
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and (expr.func.id in structs_sym_tab):
+            return _handle_user_defined_struct_cast(
+                func,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                expr,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
 
-        # delayed import to avoid circular dependency
+        result = CallHandlerRegistry.handle_call(
-        from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call
+            expr, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if result is not None:
+            return result
 
-        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(
+        logger.warning(f"Unknown call: {ast.dump(expr)}")
-            expr.func.id
+        return None
-        ):
-            return handle_helper_call(
-                expr,
-                module,
-                builder,
-                func,
-                local_sym_tab,
-                map_sym_tab,
-                structs_sym_tab,
-            )
-        elif isinstance(expr.func, ast.Attribute):
-            logger.info(f"Handling method call: {ast.dump(expr.func)}")
-            if isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(
-                expr.func.value.func, ast.Name
-            ):
-                method_name = expr.func.attr
-                if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
-                    return handle_helper_call(
-                        expr,
-                        module,
-                        builder,
-                        func,
-                        local_sym_tab,
-                        map_sym_tab,
-                        structs_sym_tab,
-                    )
-            elif isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Name):
-                obj_name = expr.func.value.id
-                method_name = expr.func.attr
-                if obj_name in map_sym_tab:
-                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
-                        return handle_helper_call(
-                            expr,
-                            module,
-                            builder,
-                            func,
-                            local_sym_tab,
-                            map_sym_tab,
-                            structs_sym_tab,
-                        )
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
-        return _handle_attribute_expr(expr, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, builder)
+        return _handle_attribute_expr(
+            func, expr, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, builder
+        )
     elif isinstance(expr, ast.BinOp):
-        from pythonbpf.binary_ops import handle_binary_op
+        return _handle_binary_op(
-
-        return handle_binary_op(
             func,
             module,
             expr,

pythonbpf/expr/ir_ops.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import logging
+from llvmlite import ir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, target_depth):
+    """Dereference a pointer to a certain depth."""
+
+    cur_val = val
+    cur_type = val.type
+
+    for depth in range(target_depth):
+        if not isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+            logger.error("Cannot dereference further, non-pointer type")
+            return None
+
+        # dereference with null check
+        pointee_type = cur_type.pointee
+
+        def load_op(builder, ptr):
+            return builder.load(ptr)
+
+        cur_val = _null_checked_operation(
+            func, builder, cur_val, load_op, pointee_type, f"deref_{depth}"
+        )
+        cur_type = pointee_type
+        logger.debug(f"Dereferenced to depth {depth}, type: {pointee_type}")
+    return cur_val
+
+
+def _null_checked_operation(func, builder, ptr, operation, result_type, name_prefix):
+    """
+    Generic null-checked operation on a pointer.
+    """
+    curr_block = builder.block
+    not_null_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"{name_prefix}_not_null")
+    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"{name_prefix}_merge")
+
+    null_ptr = ir.Constant(ptr.type, None)
+    is_not_null = builder.icmp_signed("!=", ptr, null_ptr)
+    builder.cbranch(is_not_null, not_null_block, merge_block)
+
+    builder.position_at_end(not_null_block)
+    result = operation(builder, ptr)
+    not_null_after = builder.block
+    builder.branch(merge_block)
+
+    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+    phi = builder.phi(result_type, name=f"{name_prefix}_result")
+
+    if isinstance(result_type, ir.IntType):
+        null_val = ir.Constant(result_type, 0)
+    elif isinstance(result_type, ir.PointerType):
+        null_val = ir.Constant(result_type, None)
+    else:
+        null_val = ir.Constant(result_type, ir.Undefined)
+
+    phi.add_incoming(null_val, curr_block)
+    phi.add_incoming(result, not_null_after)
+
+    return phi
+
+
+def access_struct_field(
+    builder, var_ptr, var_type, var_metadata, field_name, structs_sym_tab, func=None
+):
+    """
+    Access a struct field - automatically returns value or pointer based on field type.
+    """
+    metadata = (
+        structs_sym_tab.get(var_metadata)
+        if isinstance(var_metadata, str)
+        else var_metadata
+    )
+    if not metadata or field_name not in metadata.fields:
+        raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct")
+
+    field_type = metadata.field_type(field_name)
+    is_ptr_to_struct = isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType) and isinstance(
+        var_metadata, str
+    )
+
+    # Get struct pointer
+    struct_ptr = builder.load(var_ptr) if is_ptr_to_struct else var_ptr
+
+    should_load = not isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
+
+    def field_access_op(builder, ptr):
+        typed_ptr = builder.bitcast(ptr, metadata.ir_type.as_pointer())
+        field_ptr = metadata.gep(builder, typed_ptr, field_name)
+        return builder.load(field_ptr) if should_load else field_ptr
+
+    # Handle null check for pointer-to-struct
+    if is_ptr_to_struct:
+        if func is None:
+            raise ValueError("func required for null-safe struct pointer access")
+
+        if should_load:
+            result_type = field_type
+        else:
+            result_type = field_type.as_pointer()
+
+        result = _null_checked_operation(
+            func,
+            builder,
+            struct_ptr,
+            field_access_op,
+            result_type,
+            f"field_{field_name}",
+        )
+        return result, field_type
+
+    field_ptr = metadata.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
+    result = builder.load(field_ptr) if should_load else field_ptr
+    return result, field_type

pythonbpf/expr/type_normalization.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from llvmlite import ir
 import logging
 import ast
+from llvmlite import ir
+from .ir_ops import deref_to_depth
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -26,52 +27,6 @@ def get_base_type_and_depth(ir_type):
     return cur_type, depth
 
 
-def deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, target_depth):
-    """Dereference a pointer to a certain depth."""
-
-    cur_val = val
-    cur_type = val.type
-
-    for depth in range(target_depth):
-        if not isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
-            logger.error("Cannot dereference further, non-pointer type")
-            return None
-
-        # dereference with null check
-        pointee_type = cur_type.pointee
-        null_check_block = builder.block
-        not_null_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"deref_not_null_{depth}")
-        merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"deref_merge_{depth}")
-
-        null_ptr = ir.Constant(cur_type, None)
-        is_not_null = builder.icmp_signed("!=", cur_val, null_ptr)
-        logger.debug(f"Inserted null check for pointer at depth {depth}")
-
-        builder.cbranch(is_not_null, not_null_block, merge_block)
-
-        builder.position_at_end(not_null_block)
-        dereferenced_val = builder.load(cur_val)
-        logger.debug(f"Dereferenced to depth {depth - 1}, type: {pointee_type}")
-        builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-        builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
-        phi = builder.phi(pointee_type, name=f"deref_result_{depth}")
-
-        zero_value = (
-            ir.Constant(pointee_type, 0)
-            if isinstance(pointee_type, ir.IntType)
-            else ir.Constant(pointee_type, None)
-        )
-        phi.add_incoming(zero_value, null_check_block)
-
-        phi.add_incoming(dereferenced_val, not_null_block)
-
-        # Continue with phi result
-        cur_val = phi
-        cur_type = pointee_type
-    return cur_val
-
-
 def _normalize_types(func, builder, lhs, rhs):
     """Normalize types for comparison."""
 

pythonbpf/expr/vmlinux_registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import ast
+
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.vmlinux_exports_handler import VmlinuxHandler
+
+
+class VmlinuxHandlerRegistry:
+    """Registry for vmlinux handler operations"""
+
+    _handler = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_handler(cls, handler: VmlinuxHandler):
+        """Set the vmlinux handler"""
+        cls._handler = handler
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_handler(cls):
+        """Get the vmlinux handler"""
+        return cls._handler
+
+    @classmethod
+    def handle_name(cls, name):
+        """Try to handle a name as vmlinux enum/constant"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+        return cls._handler.handle_vmlinux_enum(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def handle_attribute(cls, expr, local_sym_tab, module, builder):
+        """Try to handle an attribute access as vmlinux struct field"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+
+        if isinstance(expr.value, ast.Name):
+            var_name = expr.value.id
+            field_name = expr.attr
+            return cls._handler.handle_vmlinux_struct_field(
+                var_name, field_name, module, builder, local_sym_tab
+            )
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_struct_debug_info(cls, name):
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return False
+        return cls._handler.get_struct_debug_info(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_vmlinux_struct(cls, name):
+        """Check if a name refers to a vmlinux struct"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return False
+        return cls._handler.is_vmlinux_struct(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_struct_type(cls, name):
+        """Try to handle a struct name as vmlinux struct"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+        return cls._handler.get_vmlinux_struct_type(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_field(cls, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Check if a vmlinux struct has a specific field"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return False
+        return cls._handler.has_field(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_field_type(cls, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Get the type of a field in a vmlinux struct"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+        assert isinstance(cls._handler, VmlinuxHandler)
+        return cls._handler.get_field_type(vmlinux_struct_name, field_name)

pythonbpf/functions/func_registry_handlers.py

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Dict
-
-
-class StatementHandlerRegistry:
-    """Registry for statement handlers."""
-
-    _handlers: Dict = {}
-
-    @classmethod
-    def register(cls, stmt_type):
-        """Register a handler for a specific statement type."""
-
-        def decorator(handler):
-            cls._handlers[stmt_type] = handler
-            return handler
-
-        return decorator
-
-    @classmethod
-    def __getitem__(cls, stmt_type):
-        """Get the handler for a specific statement type."""
-        return cls._handlers.get(stmt_type, None)

pythonbpf/functions/function_debug_info.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import ast
+
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+import logging
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
+from pythonbpf.expr import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
+import ctypes
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def generate_function_debug_info(
+    func_node: ast.FunctionDef, module: ir.Module, func: ir.Function
+):
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+    leading_argument = func_node.args.args[0]
+    leading_argument_name = leading_argument.arg
+    annotation = leading_argument.annotation
+    if func_node.returns is None:
+        # TODO: should check if this logic is consistent with function return type handling elsewhere
+        return_type = ctypes.c_int64()
+    elif hasattr(func_node.returns, "id"):
+        return_type = func_node.returns.id
+        if return_type == "c_int32":
+            return_type = generator.get_int32_type()
+        elif return_type == "c_int64":
+            return_type = generator.get_int64_type()
+        elif return_type == "c_uint32":
+            return_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
+        elif return_type == "c_uint64":
+            return_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Return type should be int32, int64, uint32 or uint64 only. Falling back to int64"
+            )
+            return_type = generator.get_int64_type()
+    else:
+        return_type = ctypes.c_int64()
+    # context processing
+    if annotation is None:
+        logger.warning("Type of context of function not found.")
+        return
+    if hasattr(annotation, "id"):
+        ctype_name = annotation.id
+        if ctype_name == "c_void_p":
+            return
+        elif ctype_name.startswith("ctypes"):
+            raise SyntaxError(
+                "The first argument should always be a pointer to a struct or a void pointer"
+            )
+        context_debug_info = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_debug_info(annotation.id)
+
+        # Create pointer to context this must be created fresh for each function
+        # to avoid circular reference issues when the same struct is used in multiple functions
+        pointer_to_context_debug_info = generator.create_pointer_type(
+            context_debug_info, 64
+        )
+
+        # Create subroutine type - also fresh for each function
+        subroutine_type = generator.create_subroutine_type(
+            return_type, pointer_to_context_debug_info
+        )
+
+        # Create local variable - fresh for each function with unique name
+        context_local_variable = generator.create_local_variable_debug_info(
+            leading_argument_name, 1, pointer_to_context_debug_info
+        )
+
+        retained_nodes = [context_local_variable]
+        logger.info(f"Generating debug info for function {func_node.name}")
+
+        # Create subprogram with is_distinct=True to ensure each function gets unique debug info
+        subprogram_debug_info = generator.create_subprogram(
+            func_node.name, subroutine_type, retained_nodes
+        )
+        generator.add_scope_to_local_variable(
+            context_local_variable, subprogram_debug_info
+        )
+        func.set_metadata("dbg", subprogram_debug_info)
+
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"Invalid annotation type for argument '{leading_argument_name}'")

pythonbpf/functions/function_metadata.py

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import ast
+
+
+def get_probe_string(func_node):
+    """Extract the probe string from the decorator of the function node"""
+    # TODO: right now we have the whole string in the section decorator
+    # But later we can implement typed tuples for tracepoints and kprobes
+    # For helper functions, we return "helper"
+
+    for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
+        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id == "bpfglobal":
+            return None
+        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Call) and isinstance(decorator.func, ast.Name):
+            if decorator.func.id == "section" and len(decorator.args) == 1:
+                arg = decorator.args[0]
+                if isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, str):
+                    return arg.value
+    return "helper"
+
+
+def is_global_function(func_node):
+    """Check if the function is a global"""
+    for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
+        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id in (
+            "map",
+            "bpfglobal",
+            "struct",
+        ):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def infer_return_type(func_node: ast.FunctionDef):
+    if not isinstance(func_node, (ast.FunctionDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef)):
+        raise TypeError("Expected ast.FunctionDef")
+    if func_node.returns is not None:
+        try:
+            return ast.unparse(func_node.returns)
+        except Exception:
+            node = func_node.returns
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
+                return node.id
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute):
+                return getattr(node, "attr", type(node).__name__)
+            try:
+                return str(node)
+            except Exception:
+                return type(node).__name__
+    found_type = None
+
+    def _expr_type(e):
+        if e is None:
+            return "None"
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Constant):
+            return type(e.value).__name__
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Name):
+            return e.id
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Call):
+            f = e.func
+            if isinstance(f, ast.Name):
+                return f.id
+            if isinstance(f, ast.Attribute):
+                try:
+                    return ast.unparse(f)
+                except Exception:
+                    return getattr(f, "attr", type(f).__name__)
+            try:
+                return ast.unparse(f)
+            except Exception:
+                return type(f).__name__
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Attribute):
+            try:
+                return ast.unparse(e)
+            except Exception:
+                return getattr(e, "attr", type(e).__name__)
+        try:
+            return ast.unparse(e)
+        except Exception:
+            return type(e).__name__
+
+    for walked_node in ast.walk(func_node):
+        if isinstance(walked_node, ast.Return):
+            t = _expr_type(walked_node.value)
+            if found_type is None:
+                found_type = t
+            elif found_type != t:
+                raise ValueError(f"Conflicting return types: {found_type} vs {t}")
+    return found_type or "None"

pythonbpf/functions/functions_pass.py

@@ -7,34 +7,158 @@ from pythonbpf.helper import (
     reset_scratch_pool,
 )
 from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
-from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, handle_expr, convert_to_bool
+from pythonbpf.expr import (
+    eval_expr,
+    handle_expr,
+    convert_to_bool,
+    VmlinuxHandlerRegistry,
+)
 from pythonbpf.assign_pass import (
     handle_variable_assignment,
     handle_struct_field_assignment,
 )
-from pythonbpf.allocation_pass import handle_assign_allocation, allocate_temp_pool
+from pythonbpf.allocation_pass import (
-
+    handle_assign_allocation,
-from .return_utils import _handle_none_return, _handle_xdp_return, _is_xdp_name
+    allocate_temp_pool,
+    create_targets_and_rvals,
+    LocalSymbol,
+)
+from .function_debug_info import generate_function_debug_info
+from .return_utils import handle_none_return, handle_xdp_return, is_xdp_name
+from .function_metadata import get_probe_string, is_global_function, infer_return_type
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def get_probe_string(func_node):
+# ============================================================================
-    """Extract the probe string from the decorator of the function node."""
+# SECTION 1: Memory Allocation
-    # TODO: right now we have the whole string in the section decorator
+# ============================================================================
-    # But later we can implement typed tuples for tracepoints and kprobes
-    # For helper functions, we return "helper"
 
-    for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
+
-        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id == "bpfglobal":
+def count_temps_in_call(call_node, local_sym_tab):
-            return None
+    """Count the number of temporary variables needed for a function call."""
-        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Call) and isinstance(decorator.func, ast.Name):
+
-            if decorator.func.id == "section" and len(decorator.args) == 1:
+    count = {}
-                arg = decorator.args[0]
+    is_helper = False
-                if isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, str):
+
-                    return arg.value
+    # NOTE: We exclude print calls for now
-    return "helper"
+    if isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Name):
+        if (
+            HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.id)
+            and call_node.func.id != "print"
+        ):
+            is_helper = True
+            func_name = call_node.func.id
+    elif isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Attribute):
+        if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.attr):
+            is_helper = True
+            func_name = call_node.func.attr
+
+    if not is_helper:
+        return {}  # No temps needed
+
+    for arg_idx in range(len(call_node.args)):
+        # NOTE: Count all non-name arguments
+        # For struct fields, if it is being passed as an argument,
+        # The struct object should already exist in the local_sym_tab
+        arg = call_node.args[arg_idx]
+        if isinstance(arg, ast.Name) or (
+            isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute) and arg.value.id in local_sym_tab
+        ):
+            continue
+        param_type = HelperHandlerRegistry.get_param_type(func_name, arg_idx)
+        if isinstance(param_type, ir.PointerType):
+            pointee_type = param_type.pointee
+            count[pointee_type] = count.get(pointee_type, 0) + 1
+
+    return count
+
+
+def handle_if_allocation(
+    module, builder, stmt, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Recursively handle allocations in if/else branches."""
+    if stmt.body:
+        allocate_mem(
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt.body,
+            func,
+            ret_type,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+    if stmt.orelse:
+        allocate_mem(
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt.orelse,
+            func,
+            ret_type,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+
+
+def allocate_mem(
+    module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    max_temps_needed = {}
+
+    def merge_type_counts(count_dict):
+        nonlocal max_temps_needed
+        for typ, cnt in count_dict.items():
+            max_temps_needed[typ] = max(max_temps_needed.get(typ, 0), cnt)
+
+    def update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt):
+        nonlocal max_temps_needed
+
+        if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
+            for s in stmt.body:
+                update_max_temps_for_stmt(s)
+            for s in stmt.orelse:
+                update_max_temps_for_stmt(s)
+            return
+
+        stmt_temps = {}
+        for node in ast.walk(stmt):
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
+                call_temps = count_temps_in_call(node, local_sym_tab)
+                for typ, cnt in call_temps.items():
+                    stmt_temps[typ] = stmt_temps.get(typ, 0) + cnt
+        merge_type_counts(stmt_temps)
+
+    for stmt in body:
+        update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt)
+
+        # Handle allocations
+        if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
+            handle_if_allocation(
+                module,
+                builder,
+                stmt,
+                func,
+                ret_type,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
+            handle_assign_allocation(
+                builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+            )
+
+    allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps_needed, local_sym_tab)
+
+    return local_sym_tab
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# SECTION 2: Statement Handlers
+# ============================================================================
 
 
 def handle_assign(
@@ -42,15 +166,10 @@ def handle_assign(
 ):
     """Handle assignment statements in the function body."""
 
-    # TODO: Support this later
+    # NOTE: Support multi-target assignments (e.g.: a, b = 1, 2)
-    # GH #37
+    targets, rvals = create_targets_and_rvals(stmt)
-    if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
-        logger.error("Multi-target assignment is not supported for now")
-        return
-
-    target = stmt.targets[0]
-    rval = stmt.value
 
+    for target, rval in zip(targets, rvals):
         if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
             # NOTE: Simple variable assignment case: x = 5
             var_name = target.id
@@ -66,7 +185,7 @@ def handle_assign(
             )
             if not result:
                 logger.error(f"Failed to handle assignment to {var_name}")
-        return
+            continue
 
         if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
             # NOTE: Struct field assignment case: pkt.field = value
@@ -80,7 +199,7 @@ def handle_assign(
                 map_sym_tab,
                 structs_sym_tab,
             )
-        return
+            continue
 
         # Unsupported target type
         logger.error(f"Unsupported assignment target: {ast.dump(target)}")
@@ -146,9 +265,9 @@ def handle_if(
 def handle_return(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, ret_type):
     logger.info(f"Handling return statement: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
     if stmt.value is None:
-        return _handle_none_return(builder)
+        return handle_none_return(builder)
-    elif isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name) and _is_xdp_name(stmt.value.id):
+    elif isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name) and is_xdp_name(stmt.value.id):
-        return _handle_xdp_return(stmt, builder, ret_type)
+        return handle_xdp_return(stmt, builder, ret_type)
     else:
         val = eval_expr(
             func=None,
@@ -207,112 +326,19 @@ def process_stmt(
     return did_return
 
 
-def handle_if_allocation(
+# ============================================================================
-    module, builder, stmt, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+# SECTION 3: Function Body Processing
-):
+# ============================================================================
-    """Recursively handle allocations in if/else branches."""
-    if stmt.body:
-        allocate_mem(
-            module,
-            builder,
-            stmt.body,
-            func,
-            ret_type,
-            map_sym_tab,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            structs_sym_tab,
-        )
-    if stmt.orelse:
-        allocate_mem(
-            module,
-            builder,
-            stmt.orelse,
-            func,
-            ret_type,
-            map_sym_tab,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            structs_sym_tab,
-        )
-
-
-def count_temps_in_call(call_node, local_sym_tab):
-    """Count the number of temporary variables needed for a function call."""
-
-    count = 0
-    is_helper = False
-
-    # NOTE: We exclude print calls for now
-    if isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Name):
-        if (
-            HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.id)
-            and call_node.func.id != "print"
-        ):
-            is_helper = True
-    elif isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Attribute):
-        if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.attr):
-            is_helper = True
-
-    if not is_helper:
-        return 0
-
-    for arg in call_node.args:
-        # NOTE: Count all non-name arguments
-        # For struct fields, if it is being passed as an argument,
-        # The struct object should already exist in the local_sym_tab
-        if not isinstance(arg, ast.Name) and not (
-            isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute) and arg.value.id in local_sym_tab
-        ):
-            count += 1
-
-    return count
-
-
-def allocate_mem(
-    module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-):
-    max_temps_needed = 0
-
-    def update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt):
-        nonlocal max_temps_needed
-        temps_needed = 0
-
-        if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
-            for s in stmt.body:
-                update_max_temps_for_stmt(s)
-            for s in stmt.orelse:
-                update_max_temps_for_stmt(s)
-            return
-
-        for node in ast.walk(stmt):
-            if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
-                temps_needed += count_temps_in_call(node, local_sym_tab)
-        max_temps_needed = max(max_temps_needed, temps_needed)
-
-    for stmt in body:
-        update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt)
-
-        # Handle allocations
-        if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
-            handle_if_allocation(
-                module,
-                builder,
-                stmt,
-                func,
-                ret_type,
-                map_sym_tab,
-                local_sym_tab,
-                structs_sym_tab,
-            )
-        elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
-            handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
-
-    allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps_needed, local_sym_tab)
-
-    return local_sym_tab
 
 
 def process_func_body(
-    module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func_node,
+    func,
+    ret_type,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab,
 ):
     """Process the body of a bpf function"""
     # TODO: A lot.  We just have print -> bpf_trace_printk for now
@@ -320,6 +346,28 @@ def process_func_body(
 
     local_sym_tab = {}
 
+    # Add the context parameter (first function argument) to the local symbol table
+    if func_node.args.args and len(func_node.args.args) > 0:
+        context_arg = func_node.args.args[0]
+        context_name = context_arg.arg
+
+        if hasattr(context_arg, "annotation") and context_arg.annotation:
+            if isinstance(context_arg.annotation, ast.Name):
+                context_type_name = context_arg.annotation.id
+            elif isinstance(context_arg.annotation, ast.Attribute):
+                context_type_name = context_arg.annotation.attr
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Unsupported annotation type: {ast.dump(context_arg.annotation)}"
+                )
+            if VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.is_vmlinux_struct(context_type_name):
+                resolved_type = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_struct_type(
+                    context_type_name
+                )
+                context_type = LocalSymbol(None, None, resolved_type)
+                local_sym_tab[context_name] = context_type
+                logger.info(f"Added argument '{context_name}' to local symbol table")
+
     # pre-allocate dynamic variables
     local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
         module,
@@ -370,7 +418,7 @@ def process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, return_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_t
     func.linkage = "dso_local"
     func.attributes.add("nounwind")
     func.attributes.add("noinline")
-    func.attributes.add("optnone")
+    # func.attributes.add("optnone")
 
     if func_node.args.args:
         # Only look at the first argument for now
@@ -385,28 +433,30 @@ def process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, return_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_t
     builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
 
     process_func_body(
-        module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        module,
+        builder,
+        func_node,
+        func,
+        ret_type,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
     )
     return func
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# SECTION 4: Top-Level Function Processor
+# ============================================================================
+
+
 def func_proc(tree, module, chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
     for func_node in chunks:
-        is_global = False
+        if is_global_function(func_node):
-        for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
-            if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id in (
-                "map",
-                "bpfglobal",
-                "struct",
-            ):
-                is_global = True
-                break
-        if is_global:
             continue
         func_type = get_probe_string(func_node)
         logger.info(f"Found probe_string of {func_node.name}: {func_type}")
 
-        process_bpf_chunk(
+        func = process_bpf_chunk(
             func_node,
             module,
             ctypes_to_ir(infer_return_type(func_node)),
@@ -414,68 +464,11 @@ def func_proc(tree, module, chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
             structs_sym_tab,
         )
 
-
+        logger.info(f"Generating Debug Info for Function {func_node.name}")
-def infer_return_type(func_node: ast.FunctionDef):
+        generate_function_debug_info(func_node, module, func)
-    if not isinstance(func_node, (ast.FunctionDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef)):
-        raise TypeError("Expected ast.FunctionDef")
-    if func_node.returns is not None:
-        try:
-            return ast.unparse(func_node.returns)
-        except Exception:
-            node = func_node.returns
-            if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
-                return node.id
-            if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute):
-                return getattr(node, "attr", type(node).__name__)
-            try:
-                return str(node)
-            except Exception:
-                return type(node).__name__
-    found_type = None
-
-    def _expr_type(e):
-        if e is None:
-            return "None"
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Constant):
-            return type(e.value).__name__
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Name):
-            return e.id
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Call):
-            f = e.func
-            if isinstance(f, ast.Name):
-                return f.id
-            if isinstance(f, ast.Attribute):
-                try:
-                    return ast.unparse(f)
-                except Exception:
-                    return getattr(f, "attr", type(f).__name__)
-            try:
-                return ast.unparse(f)
-            except Exception:
-                return type(f).__name__
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Attribute):
-            try:
-                return ast.unparse(e)
-            except Exception:
-                return getattr(e, "attr", type(e).__name__)
-        try:
-            return ast.unparse(e)
-        except Exception:
-            return type(e).__name__
-
-    for walked_node in ast.walk(func_node):
-        if isinstance(walked_node, ast.Return):
-            t = _expr_type(walked_node.value)
-            if found_type is None:
-                found_type = t
-            elif found_type != t:
-                raise ValueError(f"Conflicting return types: {found_type} vs {t}")
-    return found_type or "None"
-
-
-# For string assignment to fixed-size arrays
 
 
+# TODO: WIP, for string assignment to fixed-size arrays
 def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_length):
     """
     Copy a string (i8*) to a fixed-size array ([N x i8]*)

pythonbpf/functions/return_utils.py

@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@ XDP_ACTIONS = {
 }
 
 
-def _handle_none_return(builder) -> bool:
+def handle_none_return(builder) -> bool:
     """Handle return or return None -> returns 0."""
     builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0))
     logger.debug("Generated default return: 0")
     return True
 
 
-def _is_xdp_name(name: str) -> bool:
+def is_xdp_name(name: str) -> bool:
     """Check if a name is an XDP action"""
     return name in XDP_ACTIONS
 
 
-def _handle_xdp_return(stmt: ast.Return, builder, ret_type) -> bool:
+def handle_xdp_return(stmt: ast.Return, builder, ret_type) -> bool:
     """Handle XDP returns"""
     if not isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name):
         return False
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ def _handle_xdp_return(stmt: ast.Return, builder, ret_type) -> bool:
         raise ValueError(
             f"Unknown XDP action: {action_name}. Available: {XDP_ACTIONS.keys()}"
         )
-        return False
 
     value = XDP_ACTIONS[action_name]
     builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, value))

pythonbpf/helper/__init__.py

@@ -1,14 +1,97 @@
-from .helper_utils import HelperHandlerRegistry, reset_scratch_pool
+from .helper_registry import HelperHandlerRegistry
-from .bpf_helper_handler import handle_helper_call
+from .helper_utils import reset_scratch_pool
-from .helpers import ktime, pid, deref, XDP_DROP, XDP_PASS
+from .bpf_helper_handler import (
+    handle_helper_call,
+    emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call,
+    emit_probe_read_kernel_call,
+)
+from .helpers import (
+    ktime,
+    pid,
+    deref,
+    comm,
+    probe_read_str,
+    random,
+    probe_read,
+    smp_processor_id,
+    uid,
+    skb_store_bytes,
+    get_current_cgroup_id,
+    get_stack,
+    XDP_DROP,
+    XDP_PASS,
+)
+
+
+# Register the helper handler with expr module
+def _register_helper_handler():
+    """Register helper call handler with the expression evaluator"""
+    from pythonbpf.expr.expr_pass import CallHandlerRegistry
+
+    def helper_call_handler(
+        call, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    ):
+        """Check if call is a helper and handle it"""
+        import ast
+
+        # Check for direct helper calls (e.g., ktime(), print())
+        if isinstance(call.func, ast.Name):
+            if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call.func.id):
+                return handle_helper_call(
+                    call,
+                    module,
+                    builder,
+                    func,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    map_sym_tab,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                )
+
+        # Check for method calls (e.g., map.lookup())
+        elif isinstance(call.func, ast.Attribute):
+            method_name = call.func.attr
+
+            # Handle: my_map.lookup(key)
+            if isinstance(call.func.value, ast.Name):
+                obj_name = call.func.value.id
+                if map_sym_tab and obj_name in map_sym_tab:
+                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
+                        return handle_helper_call(
+                            call,
+                            module,
+                            builder,
+                            func,
+                            local_sym_tab,
+                            map_sym_tab,
+                            structs_sym_tab,
+                        )
+
+        return None
+
+    CallHandlerRegistry.set_handler(helper_call_handler)
+
+
+# Register on module import
+_register_helper_handler()
 
 __all__ = [
     "HelperHandlerRegistry",
     "reset_scratch_pool",
     "handle_helper_call",
+    "emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call",
+    "emit_probe_read_kernel_call",
+    "get_current_cgroup_id",
     "ktime",
     "pid",
     "deref",
+    "comm",
+    "probe_read_str",
+    "random",
+    "probe_read",
+    "smp_processor_id",
+    "uid",
+    "skb_store_bytes",
+    "get_stack",
     "XDP_DROP",
     "XDP_PASS",
 ]

pythonbpf/helper/bpf_helper_handler.py

@@ -1,31 +1,52 @@
 import ast
 from llvmlite import ir
 from enum import Enum
+
+from .helper_registry import HelperHandlerRegistry
 from .helper_utils import (
-    HelperHandlerRegistry,
     get_or_create_ptr_from_arg,
     get_flags_val,
-    handle_fstring_print,
-    simple_string_print,
     get_data_ptr_and_size,
+    get_buffer_ptr_and_size,
+    get_ptr_from_arg,
+    get_int_value_from_arg,
 )
-from logging import Logger
+from .printk_formatter import simple_string_print, handle_fstring_print
+from pythonbpf.maps import BPFMapType
 import logging
 
-logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class BPFHelperID(Enum):
     BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM = 1
     BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM = 2
     BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM = 3
+    BPF_PROBE_READ = 4
     BPF_KTIME_GET_NS = 5
     BPF_PRINTK = 6
+    BPF_GET_PRANDOM_U32 = 7
+    BPF_GET_SMP_PROCESSOR_ID = 8
+    BPF_SKB_STORE_BYTES = 9
     BPF_GET_CURRENT_PID_TGID = 14
+    BPF_GET_CURRENT_UID_GID = 15
+    BPF_GET_CURRENT_CGROUP_ID = 80
+    BPF_GET_CURRENT_COMM = 16
     BPF_PERF_EVENT_OUTPUT = 25
+    BPF_GET_STACK = 67
+    BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL_STR = 115
+    BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL = 113
+    BPF_RINGBUF_OUTPUT = 130
+    BPF_RINGBUF_RESERVE = 131
+    BPF_RINGBUF_SUBMIT = 132
+    BPF_RINGBUF_DISCARD = 133
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("ktime")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "ktime",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
 def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -48,7 +69,38 @@ def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(
     return result, ir.IntType(64)
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("lookup")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "get_current_cgroup_id",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_get_current_cgroup_id(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_cgroup_id helper function call.
+    """
+    # func is an arg to just have a uniform signature with other emitters
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_CGROUP_ID.value)
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(64), [], var_arg=False)
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "lookup",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+)
 def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -90,6 +142,7 @@ def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
     return result, ir.PointerType()
 
 
+# NOTE: This has special handling so we won't reflect the signature here.
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("print")
 def bpf_printk_emitter(
     call,
@@ -135,10 +188,18 @@ def bpf_printk_emitter(
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     builder.call(fn_ptr, args, tail=True)
-    return None
+    return True
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("update")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "update",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+        ir.IntType(64),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+)
 def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -193,7 +254,11 @@ def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
     return result, None
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("delete")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "delete",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),
+)
 def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -233,7 +298,72 @@ def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
     return result, None
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("pid")
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "comm",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_get_current_comm_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_comm helper function call.
+
+    Accepts: comm(dataobj.field) or comm(my_buffer)
+    """
+    if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"comm expects exactly one argument (buffer), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    buf_arg = call.args[0]
+
+    # Extract buffer pointer and size
+    buf_ptr, buf_size = get_buffer_ptr_and_size(
+        buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    # Validate it's a char array
+    if not isinstance(
+        buf_ptr.type.pointee, ir.ArrayType
+    ) or buf_ptr.type.pointee.element != ir.IntType(8):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"comm expects a char array buffer, got {buf_ptr.type.pointee}"
+        )
+
+    # Cast to void* and call helper
+    buf_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(buf_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32)],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_COMM.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr, [buf_void_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), buf_size)], tail=False
+    )
+
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_get_current_comm with {buf_size} byte buffer")
+    return result, None
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "pid",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
 def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -255,12 +385,12 @@ def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
     result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
 
     # Extract the lower 32 bits (PID) using bitwise AND with 0xFFFFFFFF
+    # TODO: return both PID and TGID if we end up needing TGID somewhere
     mask = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0xFFFFFFFF)
     pid = builder.and_(result, mask)
     return pid, ir.IntType(64)
 
 
-@HelperHandlerRegistry.register("output")
 def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     call,
     map_ptr,
@@ -271,6 +401,10 @@ def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     struct_sym_tab=None,
     map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_perf_event_output helper function call.
+    """
+
     if len(call.args) != 1:
         raise ValueError(
             f"Perf event output expects exactly one argument, got {len(call.args)}"
@@ -308,6 +442,660 @@ def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     return result, None
 
 
+def bpf_ringbuf_output_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ringbuf_output helper function call.
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Ringbuf output expects exactly one argument, got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+    data_arg = call.args[0]
+    data_ptr, size_val = get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab)
+    flags_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+
+    map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    data_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(data_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+        ],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+
+    # helper id
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_RINGBUF_OUTPUT.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, data_void_ptr, size_val, flags_val], tail=False
+    )
+    return result, None
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "output",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def handle_output_helper(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Route output helper to the appropriate emitter based on map type.
+    """
+    match map_sym_tab[map_ptr.name].type:
+        case BPFMapType.PERF_EVENT_ARRAY:
+            return bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
+                call,
+                map_ptr,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                func,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+            )
+        case BPFMapType.RINGBUF:
+            return bpf_ringbuf_output_emitter(
+                call,
+                map_ptr,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                func,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+            )
+        case _:
+            logger.error("Unsupported map type for output helper.")
+    raise NotImplementedError("Output helper for this map type is not implemented.")
+
+
+def emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr):
+    """Emit LLVM IR call to bpf_probe_read_kernel_str"""
+
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32), ir.PointerType()],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL_STR.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [
+            builder.bitcast(dst_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), dst_size),
+            builder.bitcast(src_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+        ],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel_str (size={dst_size})")
+    return result
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "probe_read_str",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_probe_read_kernel_str_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Emit LLVM IR for bpf_probe_read_kernel_str helper."""
+
+    if len(call.args) != 2:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"probe_read_str expects 2 args (dst, src), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    # Get destination buffer (char array -> i8*)
+    dst_ptr, dst_size = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    # Get source pointer (evaluate expression)
+    src_ptr, src_type = get_ptr_from_arg(
+        call.args[1], func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    # Emit the helper call
+    result = emit_probe_read_kernel_str_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr)
+
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel_str (size={dst_size})")
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+def emit_probe_read_kernel_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr):
+    """Emit LLVM IR call to bpf_probe_read_kernel"""
+
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32), ir.PointerType()],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PROBE_READ_KERNEL.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [
+            builder.bitcast(dst_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), dst_size),
+            builder.bitcast(src_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+        ],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel (size={dst_size})")
+    return result
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "probe_read_kernel",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_probe_read_kernel_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Emit LLVM IR for bpf_probe_read_kernel helper."""
+
+    if len(call.args) != 2:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"probe_read_kernel expects 2 args (dst, src), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    # Get destination buffer (char array -> i8*)
+    dst_ptr, dst_size = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    # Get source pointer (evaluate expression)
+    src_ptr, src_type = get_ptr_from_arg(
+        call.args[1], func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    # Emit the helper call
+    result = emit_probe_read_kernel_call(builder, dst_ptr, dst_size, src_ptr)
+
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read_kernel (size={dst_size})")
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "random",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(32),
+)
+def bpf_get_prandom_u32_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_prandom_u32 helper function call.
+    """
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_PRANDOM_U32.value)
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [], var_arg=False)
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
+    return result, ir.IntType(32)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "probe_read",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.IntType(32),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_probe_read_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_probe_read helper function
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) != 3:
+        logger.warn("Expected 3 args for probe_read helper")
+        return
+    dst_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        call.args[0],
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        ir.IntType(8),
+    )
+    size_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[1],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+    src_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        call.args[2],
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        ir.IntType(8),
+    )
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(32), ir.PointerType()],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_PROBE_READ.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [
+            builder.bitcast(dst_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            builder.trunc(size_val, ir.IntType(32)),
+            builder.bitcast(src_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+        ],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+    logger.info(f"Emitted bpf_probe_read (size={size_val})")
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "smp_processor_id",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(32),
+)
+def bpf_get_smp_processor_id_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_smp_processor_id helper function call.
+    """
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_SMP_PROCESSOR_ID.value)
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(32), [], var_arg=False)
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
+    logger.info("Emitted bpf_get_smp_processor_id call")
+    return result, ir.IntType(32)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "uid",
+    param_types=[],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_get_current_uid_gid_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_uid_gid helper function call.
+    """
+    helper_id = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_CURRENT_UID_GID.value)
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(ir.IntType(64), [], var_arg=False)
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(helper_id, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [], tail=False)
+
+    # Extract the lower 32 bits (UID) using bitwise AND with 0xFFFFFFFF
+    # TODO: return both UID and GID if we end up needing GID somewhere
+    mask = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0xFFFFFFFF)
+    pid = builder.and_(result, mask)
+    return pid, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "skb_store_bytes",
+    param_types=[
+        ir.IntType(32),
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        ir.IntType(32),
+        ir.IntType(64),
+    ],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_skb_store_bytes_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_skb_store_bytes helper function call.
+    Expected call signature: skb_store_bytes(skb, offset, from, len, flags)
+    """
+
+    args_signature = [
+        ir.PointerType(),  # skb pointer
+        ir.IntType(32),  # offset
+        ir.PointerType(),  # from
+        ir.IntType(32),  # len
+        ir.IntType(64),  # flags
+    ]
+
+    if len(call.args) not in (3, 4):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"skb_store_bytes expects 3 or 4 args (offset, from, len, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    skb_ptr = func.args[0]  # First argument to the function is skb
+    offset_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[0],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+    from_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        call.args[1],
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        args_signature[2],
+    )
+    len_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[2],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+    if len(call.args) == 4:
+        flags_val = get_flags_val(call.args[3], builder, local_sym_tab)
+    else:
+        flags_val = 0
+    if isinstance(flags_val, int):
+        flags = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), flags_val)
+    else:
+        flags = flags_val
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        args_signature,
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(
+        ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_SKB_STORE_BYTES.value),
+        ir.PointerType(fn_type),
+    )
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [
+            builder.bitcast(skb_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            builder.trunc(offset_val, ir.IntType(32)),
+            builder.bitcast(from_ptr, ir.PointerType()),
+            builder.trunc(len_val, ir.IntType(32)),
+            flags,
+        ],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+    logger.info("Emitted bpf_skb_store_bytes call")
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "reserve",
+    param_types=[ir.IntType(64)],
+    return_type=ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+)
+def bpf_ringbuf_reserve_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ringbuf_reserve helper function call.
+    Expected call signature: ringbuf.reserve(size)
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"ringbuf.reserve expects exactly one argument (size), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    size_val = get_int_value_from_arg(
+        call.args[0],
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_RINGBUF_RESERVE.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, size_val], tail=False)
+
+    return result, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "submit",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)), ir.IntType(64)],
+    return_type=ir.VoidType(),
+)
+def bpf_ringbuf_submit_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ringbuf_submit helper function call.
+    Expected call signature: ringbuf.submit(data, flags=0)
+    """
+
+    if len(call.args) not in (1, 2):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"ringbuf.submit expects 1 or 2 args (data, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+
+    data_arg = call.args[0]
+    flags_arg = call.args[1] if len(call.args) == 2 else None
+
+    data_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func,
+        module,
+        data_arg,
+        builder,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+    )
+
+    flags_const = get_flags_val(flags_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    if isinstance(flags_const, int):
+        flags_const = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), flags_const)
+
+    map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.VoidType(),
+        [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType(), ir.IntType(64)],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_RINGBUF_SUBMIT.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+
+    result = builder.call(fn_ptr, [map_void_ptr, data_ptr, flags_const], tail=False)
+
+    return result, None
+
+
+@HelperHandlerRegistry.register(
+    "get_stack",
+    param_types=[ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)), ir.IntType(64)],
+    return_type=ir.IntType(64),
+)
+def bpf_get_stack_emitter(
+    call,
+    map_ptr,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """
+    Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_stack helper function call.
+    """
+    if len(call.args) not in (1, 2):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"get_stack expects atmost two arguments (buf, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
+        )
+    ctx_ptr = func.args[0]  # First argument to the function is ctx
+    buf_arg = call.args[0]
+    flags_arg = call.args[1] if len(call.args) == 2 else None
+    buf_ptr, buf_size = get_buffer_ptr_and_size(
+        buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+    flags_val = get_flags_val(flags_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    if isinstance(flags_val, int):
+        flags_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), flags_val)
+
+    buf_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(buf_ptr, ir.PointerType())
+    fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
+        ir.IntType(64),
+        [
+            ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+            ir.PointerType(),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+            ir.IntType(64),
+        ],
+        var_arg=False,
+    )
+    fn_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(fn_type)
+    fn_addr = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), BPFHelperID.BPF_GET_STACK.value)
+    fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
+    result = builder.call(
+        fn_ptr,
+        [ctx_ptr, buf_void_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), buf_size), flags_val],
+        tail=False,
+    )
+    return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
 def handle_helper_call(
     call,
     module,
@@ -362,6 +1150,6 @@ def handle_helper_call(
         if not map_sym_tab or map_name not in map_sym_tab:
             raise ValueError(f"Map '{map_name}' not found in symbol table")
 
-        return invoke_helper(method_name, map_sym_tab[map_name])
+        return invoke_helper(method_name, map_sym_tab[map_name].sym)
 
     return None

pythonbpf/helper/helper_registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from llvmlite import ir
+from typing import Callable
+
+
+@dataclass
+class HelperSignature:
+    """Signature of a BPF helper function"""
+
+    arg_types: list[ir.Type]
+    return_type: ir.Type
+    func: Callable
+
+
+class HelperHandlerRegistry:
+    """Registry for BPF helpers"""
+
+    _handlers: dict[str, HelperSignature] = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, helper_name, param_types=None, return_type=None):
+        """Decorator to register a handler function for a helper"""
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            helper_sig = HelperSignature(
+                arg_types=param_types, return_type=return_type, func=func
+            )
+            cls._handlers[helper_name] = helper_sig
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_handler(cls, helper_name):
+        """Get the handler function for a helper"""
+        handler = cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+        return handler.func if handler else None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_handler(cls, helper_name):
+        """Check if a handler function is registered for a helper"""
+        return helper_name in cls._handlers
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_signature(cls, helper_name):
+        """Get the signature of a helper function"""
+        return cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_param_type(cls, helper_name, index):
+        """Get the type of a parameter of a helper function by the index"""
+        signature = cls.get_signature(helper_name)
+        if signature and signature.arg_types and 0 <= index < len(signature.arg_types):
+            return signature.arg_types[index]
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_return_type(cls, helper_name):
+        """Get the return type of a helper function"""
+        signature = cls.get_signature(helper_name)
+        return signature.return_type if signature else None

pythonbpf/helper/helper_utils.py

@@ -1,64 +1,57 @@
 import ast
 import logging
-from collections.abc import Callable
 
 from llvmlite import ir
-from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, get_base_type_and_depth, deref_to_depth
+from pythonbpf.expr import (
-from pythonbpf.binary_ops import get_operand_value
+    get_operand_value,
+    eval_expr,
+    access_struct_field,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class HelperHandlerRegistry:
-    """Registry for BPF helpers"""
-
-    _handlers: dict[str, Callable] = {}
-
-    @classmethod
-    def register(cls, helper_name):
-        """Decorator to register a handler function for a helper"""
-
-        def decorator(func):
-            cls._handlers[helper_name] = func
-            return func
-
-        return decorator
-
-    @classmethod
-    def get_handler(cls, helper_name):
-        """Get the handler function for a helper"""
-        return cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def has_handler(cls, helper_name):
-        """Check if a handler function is registered for a helper"""
-        return helper_name in cls._handlers
-
-
 class ScratchPoolManager:
     """Manage the temporary helper variables in local_sym_tab"""
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self._counter = 0
+        self._counters = {}
 
     @property
     def counter(self):
-        return self._counter
+        return sum(self._counters.values())
 
     def reset(self):
-        self._counter = 0
+        self._counters.clear()
         logger.debug("Scratch pool counter reset to 0")
 
-    def get_next_temp(self, local_sym_tab):
+    def _get_type_name(self, ir_type):
-        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{self._counter}"
+        if isinstance(ir_type, ir.PointerType):
-        self._counter += 1
+            return "ptr"
+        elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.IntType):
+            return f"i{ir_type.width}"
+        elif isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType):
+            return f"[{ir_type.count}x{self._get_type_name(ir_type.element)}]"
+        else:
+            return str(ir_type).replace(" ", "")
+
+    def get_next_temp(self, local_sym_tab, expected_type=None):
+        # Default to i64 if no expected type provided
+        type_name = self._get_type_name(expected_type) if expected_type else "i64"
+        if type_name not in self._counters:
+            self._counters[type_name] = 0
+
+        counter = self._counters[type_name]
+        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{type_name}_{counter}"
+        self._counters[type_name] += 1
 
         if temp_name not in local_sym_tab:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Scratch pool exhausted or inadequate: {temp_name}. "
-                f"Current counter: {self._counter}"
+                f"Type: {type_name} Counter: {counter}"
             )
 
+        logger.debug(f"Using {temp_name} for type {type_name}")
         return local_sym_tab[temp_name].var, temp_name
 
 
@@ -70,6 +63,11 @@ def reset_scratch_pool():
     _temp_pool_manager.reset()
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# Argument Preparation
+# ============================================================================
+
+
 def get_var_ptr_from_name(var_name, local_sym_tab):
     """Get a pointer to a variable from the symbol table."""
     if local_sym_tab and var_name in local_sym_tab:
@@ -80,24 +78,73 @@ def get_var_ptr_from_name(var_name, local_sym_tab):
 def create_int_constant_ptr(value, builder, local_sym_tab, int_width=64):
     """Create a pointer to an integer constant."""
 
-    # Default to 64-bit integer
+    int_type = ir.IntType(int_width)
-    ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab)
+    ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab, int_type)
     logger.info(f"Using temp variable '{temp_name}' for int constant {value}")
-    const_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(int_width), value)
+    const_val = ir.Constant(int_type, value)
     builder.store(const_val, ptr)
     return ptr
 
 
 def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
-    func, module, arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab=None
+    func,
+    module,
+    arg,
+    builder,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+    expected_type=None,
 ):
     """Extract or create pointer from the call arguments."""
 
+    logger.info(f"Getting pointer from arg: {ast.dump(arg)}")
+    sz = None
     if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
+        # Stack space is already allocated
         ptr = get_var_ptr_from_name(arg.id, local_sym_tab)
     elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, int):
-        ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder, local_sym_tab)
+        int_width = 64  # Default to i64
+        if expected_type and isinstance(expected_type, ir.IntType):
+            int_width = expected_type.width
+        ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder, local_sym_tab, int_width)
+    elif isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute):
+        # A struct field
+        struct_name = arg.value.id
+        field_name = arg.attr
+
+        if not local_sym_tab or struct_name not in local_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct '{struct_name}' not found")
+
+        struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_name].metadata
+        if not struct_sym_tab or struct_type not in struct_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
+
+        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_type]
+        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{struct_name}'"
+            )
+
+        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+        struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[struct_name].var
+
+        # Special handling for char arrays
+        if (
+            isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
+            and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
+            and field_type.element.width == 8
+        ):
+            ptr, sz = get_char_array_ptr_and_size(
+                arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, func
+            )
+            if not ptr:
+                raise ValueError("Failed to get char array pointer from struct field")
         else:
+            ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
+
+    else:
+        # NOTE: For any integer expression reaching this branch, it is probably a struct field or a binop
         # Evaluate the expression and store the result in a temp variable
         val = get_operand_value(
             func, module, arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
@@ -105,13 +152,20 @@ def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
         if val is None:
             raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate expression for helper arg.")
 
-        # NOTE: We assume the result is an int64 for now
+        ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab, expected_type)
-        # if isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute):
-        # return val
-        ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab)
         logger.info(f"Using temp variable '{temp_name}' for expression result")
+        if (
+            isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType)
+            and expected_type
+            and val.type.width > expected_type.width
+        ):
+            val = builder.trunc(val, expected_type)
         builder.store(val, ptr)
 
+    # NOTE: For char arrays, also return size
+    if sz:
+        return ptr, sz
+
     return ptr
 
 
@@ -134,234 +188,6 @@ def get_flags_val(arg, builder, local_sym_tab):
     )
 
 
-def simple_string_print(string_value, module, builder, func):
-    """Prepare arguments for bpf_printk from a simple string value"""
-    fmt_str = string_value + "\n\0"
-    fmt_ptr = _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder)
-
-    args = [fmt_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), len(fmt_str))]
-    return args
-
-
-def handle_fstring_print(
-    joined_str,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    func,
-    local_sym_tab=None,
-    struct_sym_tab=None,
-):
-    """Handle f-string formatting for bpf_printk emitter."""
-    fmt_parts = []
-    exprs = []
-
-    for value in joined_str.values:
-        logger.debug(f"Processing f-string value: {ast.dump(value)}")
-
-        if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
-            _process_constant_in_fstring(value, fmt_parts, exprs)
-        elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
-            _process_fval(
-                value,
-                fmt_parts,
-                exprs,
-                local_sym_tab,
-                struct_sym_tab,
-            )
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported f-string value type: {type(value)}")
-
-    fmt_str = "".join(fmt_parts)
-    args = simple_string_print(fmt_str, module, builder, func)
-
-    # NOTE: Process expressions (limited to 3 due to BPF constraints)
-    if len(exprs) > 3:
-        logger.warning("bpf_printk supports up to 3 args, extra args will be ignored.")
-
-    for expr in exprs[:3]:
-        arg_value = _prepare_expr_args(
-            expr,
-            func,
-            module,
-            builder,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            struct_sym_tab,
-        )
-        args.append(arg_value)
-
-    return args
-
-
-def _process_constant_in_fstring(cst, fmt_parts, exprs):
-    """Process constant values in f-string."""
-    if isinstance(cst.value, str):
-        fmt_parts.append(cst.value)
-    elif isinstance(cst.value, int):
-        fmt_parts.append("%lld")
-        exprs.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), cst.value))
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            f"Unsupported constant type in f-string: {type(cst.value)}"
-        )
-
-
-def _process_fval(fval, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Process formatted values in f-string."""
-    logger.debug(f"Processing formatted value: {ast.dump(fval)}")
-
-    if isinstance(fval.value, ast.Name):
-        _process_name_in_fval(fval.value, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab)
-    elif isinstance(fval.value, ast.Attribute):
-        _process_attr_in_fval(
-            fval.value,
-            fmt_parts,
-            exprs,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            struct_sym_tab,
-        )
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            f"Unsupported formatted value in f-string: {type(fval.value)}"
-        )
-
-
-def _process_name_in_fval(name_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab):
-    """Process name nodes in formatted values."""
-    if local_sym_tab and name_node.id in local_sym_tab:
-        _, var_type, tmp = local_sym_tab[name_node.id]
-        _populate_fval(var_type, name_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
-
-
-def _process_attr_in_fval(attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Process attribute nodes in formatted values."""
-    if (
-        isinstance(attr_node.value, ast.Name)
-        and local_sym_tab
-        and attr_node.value.id in local_sym_tab
-    ):
-        var_name = attr_node.value.id
-        field_name = attr_node.attr
-
-        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
-        if var_type not in struct_sym_tab:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Struct '{var_type}' for '{var_name}' not in symbol table"
-            )
-
-        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[var_type]
-        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{var_type}'")
-
-        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-        _populate_fval(field_type, attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple attribute on local vars is supported in f-strings."
-        )
-
-
-def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
-    """Populate format parts and expressions based on field type."""
-    if isinstance(ftype, ir.IntType):
-        # TODO: We print as signed integers only for now
-        if ftype.width == 64:
-            fmt_parts.append("%lld")
-            exprs.append(node)
-        elif ftype.width == 32:
-            fmt_parts.append("%d")
-            exprs.append(node)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Unsupported integer width in f-string: {ftype.width}"
-            )
-    elif isinstance(ftype, ir.PointerType):
-        target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(ftype)
-        if isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
-            if target.width == 64:
-                fmt_parts.append("%lld")
-                exprs.append(node)
-            elif target.width == 32:
-                fmt_parts.append("%d")
-                exprs.append(node)
-            elif target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
-                # NOTE: Assume i8* is a string
-                fmt_parts.append("%s")
-                exprs.append(node)
-            else:
-                raise NotImplementedError(
-                    f"Unsupported pointer target type in f-string: {target}"
-                )
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Unsupported pointer target type in f-string: {target}"
-            )
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
-
-
-def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
-    """Create a global variable for the format string."""
-    fmt_name = f"{func.name}____fmt{func._fmt_counter}"
-    func._fmt_counter += 1
-
-    fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
-        module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name
-    )
-    fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
-    fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(
-        ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
-    )
-    fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
-    fmt_gvar.align = 1
-
-    return builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
-
-
-def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
-    val, _ = eval_expr(
-        func,
-        module,
-        builder,
-        expr,
-        local_sym_tab,
-        None,
-        struct_sym_tab,
-    )
-
-    if val:
-        if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
-            target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
-            if isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
-                if target.width >= 32:
-                    val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
-                    val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
-                elif target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
-                    # NOTE: i8* is string, no need to deref
-                    pass
-
-            else:
-                logger.warning(
-                    "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. Others default to 0."
-                )
-                val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-        elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
-            if val.type.width < 64:
-                val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
-        else:
-            logger.warning(
-                "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. Others default to 0."
-            )
-            val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-        return val
-    else:
-        logger.warning(
-            "Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk argument. "
-            "It will be converted to 0."
-        )
-        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-
-
 def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
     """Extract data pointer and size information for perf event output."""
     if isinstance(data_arg, ast.Name):
@@ -385,3 +211,181 @@ def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Only simple object names are supported as data in perf event output."
         )
+
+
+def get_buffer_ptr_and_size(buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Extract buffer pointer and size from either a struct field or variable."""
+
+    # Case 1: Struct field (obj.field)
+    if isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Attribute):
+        if not isinstance(buf_arg.value, ast.Name):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Only simple struct field access supported (e.g., obj.field)"
+            )
+
+        struct_name = buf_arg.value.id
+        field_name = buf_arg.attr
+
+        # Lookup struct
+        if not local_sym_tab or struct_name not in local_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct '{struct_name}' not found")
+
+        struct_type = local_sym_tab[struct_name].metadata
+        if not struct_sym_tab or struct_type not in struct_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct type '{struct_type}' not found")
+
+        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_type]
+
+        # Get field pointer and type
+        struct_ptr = local_sym_tab[struct_name].var
+        field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, struct_ptr, field_name)
+        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+
+        if not isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType):
+            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' must be an array type")
+
+        return field_ptr, field_type.count
+
+    # Case 2: Variable name
+    elif isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Name):
+        var_name = buf_arg.id
+
+        if not local_sym_tab or var_name not in local_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found")
+
+        var_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
+        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].ir_type
+
+        if not isinstance(var_type, ir.ArrayType):
+            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' must be an array type")
+
+        return var_ptr, var_type.count
+
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "comm expects either a struct field (obj.field) or variable name"
+        )
+
+
+def get_char_array_ptr_and_size(
+    buf_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, func=None
+):
+    """Get pointer to char array and its size."""
+
+    # Struct field: obj.field
+    if isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Attribute) and isinstance(buf_arg.value, ast.Name):
+        var_name = buf_arg.value.id
+        field_name = buf_arg.attr
+
+        if not (local_sym_tab and var_name in local_sym_tab):
+            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found")
+
+        struct_ptr, struct_type, struct_metadata = local_sym_tab[var_name]
+        if not (struct_sym_tab and struct_metadata in struct_sym_tab):
+            raise ValueError(f"Struct type '{struct_metadata}' not found")
+
+        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[struct_metadata]
+        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found")
+
+        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+        if not _is_char_array(field_type):
+            logger.info(
+                "Field is not a char array, falling back to int or ptr detection"
+            )
+            return None, 0
+
+        # Check if char array
+        if not (
+            isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType)
+            and isinstance(field_type.element, ir.IntType)
+            and field_type.element.width == 8
+        ):
+            logger.warning("Field is not a char array")
+            return None, 0
+
+        field_ptr, _ = access_struct_field(
+            builder,
+            struct_ptr,
+            struct_type,
+            struct_metadata,
+            field_name,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+            func,
+        )
+
+        # GEP to first element: [N x i8]* -> i8*
+        buf_ptr = builder.gep(
+            field_ptr,
+            [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0)],
+            inbounds=True,
+        )
+        return buf_ptr, field_type.count
+
+    elif isinstance(buf_arg, ast.Name):
+        # NOTE: We shouldn't be doing this as we can't get size info
+        var_name = buf_arg.id
+        if not (local_sym_tab and var_name in local_sym_tab):
+            raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found")
+
+        var_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
+        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].ir_type
+
+        if not isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType) or not isinstance(
+            var_type.pointee, ir.IntType(8)
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("Expected str ptr variable")
+
+        return var_ptr, 256  # Size unknown for str ptr, using 256 as default
+
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Expected struct field or variable name")
+
+
+def _is_char_array(ir_type):
+    """Check if IR type is [N x i8]."""
+    return (
+        isinstance(ir_type, ir.ArrayType)
+        and isinstance(ir_type.element, ir.IntType)
+        and ir_type.element.width == 8
+    )
+
+
+def get_ptr_from_arg(
+    arg, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+):
+    """Evaluate argument and return pointer value"""
+
+    result = eval_expr(
+        func, module, builder, arg, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    if not result:
+        raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate argument")
+
+    val, val_type = result
+
+    if not isinstance(val_type, ir.PointerType):
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected pointer type, got {val_type}")
+
+    return val, val_type
+
+
+def get_int_value_from_arg(
+    arg, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+):
+    """Evaluate argument and return integer value"""
+
+    result = eval_expr(
+        func, module, builder, arg, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    if not result:
+        raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate argument")
+
+    val, val_type = result
+
+    if not isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType):
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected integer type, got {val_type}")
+
+    return val

pythonbpf/helper/helpers.py

@@ -2,18 +2,68 @@ import ctypes
 
 
 def ktime():
+    """get current ktime"""
     return ctypes.c_int64(0)
 
 
 def pid():
+    """get current process id"""
     return ctypes.c_int32(0)
 
 
 def deref(ptr):
-    "dereference a pointer"
+    """dereference a pointer"""
     result = ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_void_p)).contents.value
     return result if result is not None else 0
 
 
+def comm(buf):
+    """get current process command name"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+def probe_read_str(dst, src):
+    """Safely read a null-terminated string from kernel memory"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+def random():
+    """get a pseudorandom u32 number"""
+    return ctypes.c_int32(0)
+
+
+def probe_read(dst, size, src):
+    """Safely read data from kernel memory"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+def smp_processor_id():
+    """get the current CPU id"""
+    return ctypes.c_int32(0)
+
+
+def uid():
+    """get current user id"""
+    return ctypes.c_int32(0)
+
+
+def skb_store_bytes(offset, from_buf, size, flags=0):
+    """store bytes into a socket buffer"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+def get_stack(buf, flags=0):
+    """get the current stack trace"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+def get_current_cgroup_id():
+    """Get the current cgroup ID"""
+    return ctypes.c_int64(0)
+
+
+XDP_ABORTED = ctypes.c_int64(0)
 XDP_DROP = ctypes.c_int64(1)
 XDP_PASS = ctypes.c_int64(2)
+XDP_TX = ctypes.c_int64(3)
+XDP_REDIRECT = ctypes.c_int64(4)

pythonbpf/helper/printk_formatter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+import ast
+import logging
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, get_base_type_and_depth, deref_to_depth
+from pythonbpf.expr.vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
+from pythonbpf.helper.helper_utils import get_char_array_ptr_and_size
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def simple_string_print(string_value, module, builder, func):
+    """Prepare arguments for bpf_printk from a simple string value"""
+    fmt_str = string_value + "\n\0"
+    fmt_ptr = _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder)
+
+    args = [fmt_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), len(fmt_str))]
+    return args
+
+
+def handle_fstring_print(
+    joined_str,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle f-string formatting for bpf_printk emitter."""
+    fmt_parts = []
+    exprs = []
+
+    for value in joined_str.values:
+        logger.debug(f"Processing f-string value: {ast.dump(value)}")
+
+        if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
+            _process_constant_in_fstring(value, fmt_parts, exprs)
+        elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
+            _process_fval(
+                value,
+                fmt_parts,
+                exprs,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported f-string value type: {type(value)}")
+
+    fmt_str = "".join(fmt_parts)
+    args = simple_string_print(fmt_str, module, builder, func)
+
+    # NOTE: Process expressions (limited to 3 due to BPF constraints)
+    if len(exprs) > 3:
+        logger.warning("bpf_printk supports up to 3 args, extra args will be ignored.")
+
+    for expr in exprs[:3]:
+        arg_value = _prepare_expr_args(
+            expr,
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+        )
+        args.append(arg_value)
+
+    return args
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Internal Helpers
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def _process_constant_in_fstring(cst, fmt_parts, exprs):
+    """Process constant values in f-string."""
+    if isinstance(cst.value, str):
+        fmt_parts.append(cst.value)
+    elif isinstance(cst.value, int):
+        fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+        exprs.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), cst.value))
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Unsupported constant type in f-string: {type(cst.value)}"
+        )
+
+
+def _process_fval(fval, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Process formatted values in f-string."""
+    logger.debug(f"Processing formatted value: {ast.dump(fval)}")
+
+    if isinstance(fval.value, ast.Name):
+        _process_name_in_fval(fval.value, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab)
+    elif isinstance(fval.value, ast.Attribute):
+        _process_attr_in_fval(
+            fval.value,
+            fmt_parts,
+            exprs,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+        )
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Unsupported formatted value in f-string: {type(fval.value)}"
+        )
+
+
+def _process_name_in_fval(name_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab):
+    """Process name nodes in formatted values."""
+    if local_sym_tab and name_node.id in local_sym_tab:
+        _, var_type, tmp = local_sym_tab[name_node.id]
+        _populate_fval(var_type, name_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
+    else:
+        # Try to resolve through vmlinux registry if not in local symbol table
+        result = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.handle_name(name_node.id)
+        if result:
+            val, var_type = result
+            _populate_fval(var_type, name_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Variable '{name_node.id}' not found in symbol table or vmlinux"
+            )
+
+
+def _process_attr_in_fval(attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Process attribute nodes in formatted values."""
+    if (
+        isinstance(attr_node.value, ast.Name)
+        and local_sym_tab
+        and attr_node.value.id in local_sym_tab
+    ):
+        var_name = attr_node.value.id
+        field_name = attr_node.attr
+
+        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
+        if var_type not in struct_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Struct '{var_type}' for '{var_name}' not in symbol table"
+            )
+
+        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[var_type]
+        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{var_type}'")
+
+        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+        _populate_fval(field_type, attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Only simple attribute on local vars is supported in f-strings."
+        )
+
+
+def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
+    """Populate format parts and expressions based on field type."""
+    if isinstance(ftype, ir.IntType):
+        # TODO: We print as signed integers only for now
+        if ftype.width == 64:
+            fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+            exprs.append(node)
+        elif ftype.width == 32:
+            fmt_parts.append("%d")
+            exprs.append(node)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unsupported integer width in f-string: {ftype.width}"
+            )
+    elif isinstance(ftype, ir.PointerType):
+        target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(ftype)
+        if isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
+            if target.width == 64:
+                fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+                exprs.append(node)
+            elif target.width == 32:
+                fmt_parts.append("%d")
+                exprs.append(node)
+            elif target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
+                # NOTE: Assume i8* is a string
+                fmt_parts.append("%s")
+                exprs.append(node)
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"Unsupported pointer target type in f-string: {target}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unsupported pointer target type in f-string: {target}"
+            )
+    elif isinstance(ftype, ir.ArrayType):
+        if isinstance(ftype.element, ir.IntType) and ftype.element.width == 8:
+            # Char array
+            fmt_parts.append("%s")
+            exprs.append(node)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unsupported array element type in f-string: {ftype.element}"
+            )
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
+
+
+def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
+    """Create a global variable for the format string."""
+    fmt_name = f"{func.name}____fmt{func._fmt_counter}"
+    func._fmt_counter += 1
+
+    fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+        module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name
+    )
+    fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
+    fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(
+        ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
+    )
+    fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
+    fmt_gvar.align = 1
+
+    return builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
+
+
+def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
+
+    # Special case: struct field char array needs pointer to first element
+    if isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
+        char_array_ptr, _ = get_char_array_ptr_and_size(
+            expr, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab, func
+        )
+        if char_array_ptr:
+            return char_array_ptr
+
+    # Regular expression evaluation
+    val, _ = eval_expr(func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, None, struct_sym_tab)
+
+    if not val:
+        logger.warning("Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+
+    # Convert value to bpf_printk compatible type
+    if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+        return _handle_pointer_arg(val, func, builder)
+    elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
+        return _handle_int_arg(val, builder)
+    else:
+        logger.warning(f"Unsupported type {val.type} in bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+
+
+def _handle_pointer_arg(val, func, builder):
+    """Convert pointer type for bpf_printk."""
+    target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
+
+    if not isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
+        logger.warning("Only int pointers supported in bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+
+    # i8* is string - use as-is
+    if target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
+        return val
+
+    # Integer pointers: dereference and sign-extend to i64
+    if target.width >= 32:
+        val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
+        return builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
+
+    logger.warning("Unsupported pointer width in bpf_printk, defaulting to 0")
+    return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+
+
+def _handle_int_arg(val, builder):
+    """Convert integer type for bpf_printk (sign-extend to i64)."""
+    if val.type.width < 64:
+        return builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
+    return val

pythonbpf/local_symbol.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+
+
+@dataclass
+class LocalSymbol:
+    var: ir.AllocaInstr
+    ir_type: ir.Type
+    metadata: Any = None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield self.var
+        yield self.ir_type
+        yield self.metadata

pythonbpf/maps/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from .maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray, RingBuf
+from .maps import HashMap, PerfEventArray, RingBuffer
 from .maps_pass import maps_proc
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
 
-__all__ = ["HashMap", "PerfEventArray", "maps_proc", "RingBuf"]
+__all__ = ["HashMap", "PerfEventArray", "maps_proc", "RingBuffer", "BPFMapType"]

pythonbpf/maps/map_debug_info.py

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import logging
+from llvmlite import ir
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
+
+logger: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Generate debug info metadata for BPF maps HASH and PERF_EVENT_ARRAY"""
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+    logger.info(f"Creating debug info for map {map_name} with params {map_params}")
+    uint_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
+    array_type = generator.create_array_type(
+        uint_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.UNSPEC).value
+    )
+    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type, 64)
+    key_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
+        array_type
+        if "key_size" in map_params
+        else _get_key_val_dbg_type(map_params.get("key"), generator, structs_sym_tab),
+        64,
+    )
+    value_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
+        array_type
+        if "value_size" in map_params
+        else _get_key_val_dbg_type(map_params.get("value"), generator, structs_sym_tab),
+        64,
+    )
+
+    elements_arr = []
+
+    # Create struct members
+    # scope field does not appear for some reason
+    cnt = 0
+    for elem in map_params:
+        if elem == "max_entries":
+            continue
+        if elem == "type":
+            ptr = type_ptr
+        elif "key" in elem:
+            ptr = key_ptr
+        else:
+            ptr = value_ptr
+        # TODO: the best way to do this is not 64, but get the size each time. this will not work for structs.
+        member = generator.create_struct_member(elem, ptr, cnt * 64)
+        elements_arr.append(member)
+        cnt += 1
+
+    if "max_entries" in map_params:
+        max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(
+            uint_type, map_params["max_entries"]
+        )
+        max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
+        max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
+            "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, cnt * 64
+        )
+        elements_arr.append(max_entries_member)
+
+    # Create the struct type
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
+        elements_arr, 64 * len(elements_arr), is_distinct=True
+    )
+
+    # Create global variable debug info
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
+
+    # Attach debug info to the global variable
+    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
+
+    return global_var
+
+
+# TODO: This should not be exposed outside of the module.
+# Ideally we should expose a single create_map_debug_info function that handles all map types.
+# We can probably use a registry pattern to register different map types and their debug info generators.
+# map_params["type"] will be used to determine which generator to use.
+def create_ringbuf_debug_info(
+    module, map_global, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Generate debug information metadata for BPF RINGBUF map"""
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+
+    int_type = generator.get_int32_type()
+
+    type_array = generator.create_array_type(
+        int_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.RINGBUF).value
+    )
+    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(type_array, 64)
+    type_member = generator.create_struct_member("type", type_ptr, 0)
+
+    max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(int_type, map_params["max_entries"])
+    max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
+    max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
+        "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, 64
+    )
+
+    elements_arr = [type_member, max_entries_member]
+
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(elements_arr, 128, is_distinct=True)
+
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
+    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
+    return global_var
+
+
+def _get_key_val_dbg_type(name, generator, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Get the debug type for key/value based on type object"""
+
+    if not name:
+        logger.warn("No name provided for key/value type, defaulting to uint64")
+        return generator.get_uint64_type()
+
+    type_obj = structs_sym_tab.get(name)
+    if type_obj:
+        logger.info(f"Found struct named {name}, generating debug type")
+        return _get_struct_debug_type(type_obj, generator, structs_sym_tab)
+
+    # Fallback to basic types
+    logger.info(f"No struct named {name}, falling back to basic type")
+
+    # NOTE: Only handling int and long for now
+    if name in ["c_int32", "c_uint32"]:
+        return generator.get_uint32_type()
+
+    # Default fallback for now
+    return generator.get_uint64_type()
+
+
+def _get_struct_debug_type(struct_obj, generator, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Recursively create debug type for struct"""
+    elements_arr = []
+    for fld in struct_obj.fields.keys():
+        fld_type = struct_obj.field_type(fld)
+        if isinstance(fld_type, ir.IntType):
+            if fld_type.width == 32:
+                fld_dbg_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
+            else:
+                # NOTE: Assuming 64-bit for all other int types
+                fld_dbg_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+        elif isinstance(fld_type, ir.ArrayType):
+            # NOTE: Array types have u8 elements only for now
+            # Debug info generation should fail for other types
+            elem_type = fld_type.element
+            if isinstance(elem_type, ir.IntType) and elem_type.width == 8:
+                char_type = generator.get_uint8_type()
+                fld_dbg_type = generator.create_array_type(char_type, fld_type.count)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Array element type {str(elem_type)} not supported for debug info, skipping"
+                )
+                continue
+        else:
+            # NOTE: Only handling int and char arrays for now
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Field type {str(fld_type)} not supported for debug info, skipping"
+            )
+            continue
+
+        member = generator.create_struct_member(
+            fld, fld_dbg_type, struct_obj.field_size(fld)
+        )
+        elements_arr.append(member)
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
+        elements_arr, struct_obj.size * 8, is_distinct=True
+    )
+    return struct_type

pythonbpf/maps/map_types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from enum import Enum
+
+
+class BPFMapType(Enum):
+    UNSPEC = 0
+    HASH = 1
+    ARRAY = 2
+    PROG_ARRAY = 3
+    PERF_EVENT_ARRAY = 4
+    PERCPU_HASH = 5
+    PERCPU_ARRAY = 6
+    STACK_TRACE = 7
+    CGROUP_ARRAY = 8
+    LRU_HASH = 9
+    LRU_PERCPU_HASH = 10
+    LPM_TRIE = 11
+    ARRAY_OF_MAPS = 12
+    HASH_OF_MAPS = 13
+    DEVMAP = 14
+    SOCKMAP = 15
+    CPUMAP = 16
+    XSKMAP = 17
+    SOCKHASH = 18
+    CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 19
+    CGROUP_STORAGE = 19
+    REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY = 20
+    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 21
+    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE = 21
+    QUEUE = 22
+    STACK = 23
+    SK_STORAGE = 24
+    DEVMAP_HASH = 25
+    STRUCT_OPS = 26
+    RINGBUF = 27
+    INODE_STORAGE = 28
+    TASK_STORAGE = 29
+    BLOOM_FILTER = 30
+    USER_RINGBUF = 31
+    CGRP_STORAGE = 32

pythonbpf/maps/maps.py

@@ -36,11 +36,14 @@ class PerfEventArray:
         pass  # Placeholder for output method
 
 
-class RingBuf:
+class RingBuffer:
     def __init__(self, max_entries):
         self.max_entries = max_entries
 
-    def reserve(self, size: int, flags=0):
+    def output(self, data, flags=0):
+        pass
+
+    def reserve(self, size: int):
         if size > self.max_entries:
             raise ValueError("size cannot be greater than set maximum entries")
         return 0
@@ -48,4 +51,7 @@ class RingBuf:
     def submit(self, data, flags=0):
         pass
 
+    def discard(self, data, flags=0):
+        pass
+
     # add discard, output and also give names to flags and stuff

pythonbpf/maps/maps_pass.py

@@ -1,21 +1,26 @@
 import ast
+import logging
 from logging import Logger
 from llvmlite import ir
-from enum import Enum
+
-from .maps_utils import MapProcessorRegistry
+from .maps_utils import MapProcessorRegistry, MapSymbol
-from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
-import logging
+from .map_debug_info import create_map_debug_info, create_ringbuf_debug_info
+from pythonbpf.expr.vmlinux_registry import VmlinuxHandlerRegistry
+
 
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def maps_proc(tree, module, chunks):
+def maps_proc(tree, module, chunks, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process all functions decorated with @map to find BPF maps"""
     map_sym_tab = {}
     for func_node in chunks:
         if is_map(func_node):
             logger.info(f"Found BPF map: {func_node.name}")
-            map_sym_tab[func_node.name] = process_bpf_map(func_node, module)
+            map_sym_tab[func_node.name] = process_bpf_map(
+                func_node, module, structs_sym_tab
+            )
     return map_sym_tab
 
 
@@ -26,44 +31,6 @@ def is_map(func_node):
     )
 
 
-class BPFMapType(Enum):
-    UNSPEC = 0
-    HASH = 1
-    ARRAY = 2
-    PROG_ARRAY = 3
-    PERF_EVENT_ARRAY = 4
-    PERCPU_HASH = 5
-    PERCPU_ARRAY = 6
-    STACK_TRACE = 7
-    CGROUP_ARRAY = 8
-    LRU_HASH = 9
-    LRU_PERCPU_HASH = 10
-    LPM_TRIE = 11
-    ARRAY_OF_MAPS = 12
-    HASH_OF_MAPS = 13
-    DEVMAP = 14
-    SOCKMAP = 15
-    CPUMAP = 16
-    XSKMAP = 17
-    SOCKHASH = 18
-    CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 19
-    CGROUP_STORAGE = 19
-    REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY = 20
-    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 21
-    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE = 21
-    QUEUE = 22
-    STACK = 23
-    SK_STORAGE = 24
-    DEVMAP_HASH = 25
-    STRUCT_OPS = 26
-    RINGBUF = 27
-    INODE_STORAGE = 28
-    TASK_STORAGE = 29
-    BLOOM_FILTER = 30
-    USER_RINGBUF = 31
-    CGRP_STORAGE = 32
-
-
 def create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params):
     """Create a BPF map in the module with given parameters and debug info"""
 
@@ -81,183 +48,98 @@ def create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params):
     map_global.align = 8
 
     logger.info(f"Created BPF map: {map_name} with params {map_params}")
-    return map_global
+    return MapSymbol(type=map_params["type"], sym=map_global, params=map_params)
 
 
-def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
+def _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=None):
-    """Generate debug info metadata for BPF maps HASH and PERF_EVENT_ARRAY"""
+    """Parse map parameters from call arguments and keywords."""
-    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
 
-    uint_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
+    params = {}
-    ulong_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+    handler = VmlinuxHandlerRegistry.get_handler()
-    array_type = generator.create_array_type(
+    # Parse positional arguments
-        uint_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.UNSPEC).value
+    if expected_args:
-    )
+        for i, arg_name in enumerate(expected_args):
-    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type, 64)
+            if i < len(rval.args):
-    key_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
+                arg = rval.args[i]
-        array_type if "key_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
+                if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
-    )
+                    result = _get_vmlinux_enum(handler, arg.id)
-    value_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
+                    params[arg_name] = result if result is not None else arg.id
-        array_type if "value_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
+                elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant):
-    )
+                    params[arg_name] = arg.value
 
-    elements_arr = []
+    # Parse keyword arguments (override positional)
+    for keyword in rval.keywords:
+        if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
+            name = keyword.value.id
+            result = _get_vmlinux_enum(handler, name)
+            params[keyword.arg] = result if result is not None else name
+        elif isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
+            params[keyword.arg] = keyword.value.value
 
-    # Create struct members
+    return params
-    # scope field does not appear for some reason
-    cnt = 0
-    for elem in map_params:
-        if elem == "max_entries":
-            continue
-        if elem == "type":
-            ptr = type_ptr
-        elif "key" in elem:
-            ptr = key_ptr
-        else:
-            ptr = value_ptr
-        # TODO: the best way to do this is not 64, but get the size each time. this will not work for structs.
-        member = generator.create_struct_member(elem, ptr, cnt * 64)
-        elements_arr.append(member)
-        cnt += 1
-
-    if "max_entries" in map_params:
-        max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(
-            uint_type, map_params["max_entries"]
-        )
-        max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
-        max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
-            "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, cnt * 64
-        )
-        elements_arr.append(max_entries_member)
-
-    # Create the struct type
-    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
-        elements_arr, 64 * len(elements_arr), is_distinct=True
-    )
-
-    # Create global variable debug info
-    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
-        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
-    )
-
-    # Attach debug info to the global variable
-    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
-
-    return global_var
 
 
-def create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
+def _get_vmlinux_enum(handler, name):
-    """Generate debug information metadata for BPF RINGBUF map"""
+    if handler and handler.is_vmlinux_enum(name):
-    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+        return handler.get_vmlinux_enum_value(name)
-
-    int_type = generator.get_int32_type()
-
-    type_array = generator.create_array_type(
-        int_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.RINGBUF).value
-    )
-    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(type_array, 64)
-    type_member = generator.create_struct_member("type", type_ptr, 0)
-
-    max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(int_type, map_params["max_entries"])
-    max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
-    max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
-        "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, 64
-    )
-
-    elements_arr = [type_member, max_entries_member]
-
-    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(elements_arr, 128, is_distinct=True)
-
-    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
-        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
-    )
-    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
-    return global_var
 
 
-@MapProcessorRegistry.register("RingBuf")
+@MapProcessorRegistry.register("RingBuffer")
-def process_ringbuf_map(map_name, rval, module):
+def process_ringbuf_map(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF_RINGBUF map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing Ringbuf: {map_name}")
-    map_params = {"type": BPFMapType.RINGBUF}
+    map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["max_entries"])
+    map_params["type"] = BPFMapType.RINGBUF
 
-    # Parse max_entries if present
+    # NOTE: constraints borrowed from https://docs.ebpf.io/linux/map-type/BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF/
-    if len(rval.args) >= 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Constant):
+    max_entries = map_params.get("max_entries")
-        const_val = rval.args[0].value
+    if (
-        if isinstance(const_val, int):
+        not isinstance(max_entries, int)
-            map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
+        or max_entries < 4096
-
+        or (max_entries & (max_entries - 1)) != 0
-    for keyword in rval.keywords:
+    ):
-        if keyword.arg == "max_entries" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
+        raise ValueError(
-            const_val = keyword.value.value
+            "Ringbuf max_entries must be a power of two greater than or equal to the page size (4096)"
-            if isinstance(const_val, int):
+        )
-                map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
 
     logger.info(f"Ringbuf map parameters: {map_params}")
 
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
-    create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    create_ringbuf_debug_info(
+        module, map_global.sym, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab
+    )
     return map_global
 
 
 @MapProcessorRegistry.register("HashMap")
-def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module):
+def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF_HASH map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing HashMap: {map_name}")
-    map_params = {"type": BPFMapType.HASH}
+    map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["key", "value", "max_entries"])
-
+    map_params["type"] = BPFMapType.HASH
-    # Assuming order: key_type, value_type, max_entries
-    if len(rval.args) >= 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Name):
-        map_params["key"] = rval.args[0].id
-    if len(rval.args) >= 2 and isinstance(rval.args[1], ast.Name):
-        map_params["value"] = rval.args[1].id
-    if len(rval.args) >= 3 and isinstance(rval.args[2], ast.Constant):
-        const_val = rval.args[2].value
-        if isinstance(const_val, (int, str)):  # safe check
-            map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
-
-    for keyword in rval.keywords:
-        if keyword.arg == "key" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["key"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif keyword.arg == "value" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["value"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif keyword.arg == "max_entries" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
-            const_val = keyword.value.value
-            if isinstance(const_val, (int, str)):
-                map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
 
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
     # Generate debug info for BTF
-    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global.sym, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab)
     return map_global
 
 
 @MapProcessorRegistry.register("PerfEventArray")
-def process_perf_event_map(map_name, rval, module):
+def process_perf_event_map(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing PerfEventArray: {map_name}")
-    map_params = {"type": BPFMapType.PERF_EVENT_ARRAY}
+    map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["key_size", "value_size"])
-
+    map_params["type"] = BPFMapType.PERF_EVENT_ARRAY
-    if len(rval.args) >= 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Name):
-        map_params["key_size"] = rval.args[0].id
-    if len(rval.args) >= 2 and isinstance(rval.args[1], ast.Name):
-        map_params["value_size"] = rval.args[1].id
-
-    for keyword in rval.keywords:
-        if keyword.arg == "key_size" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["key_size"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif keyword.arg == "value_size" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["value_size"] = keyword.value.id
 
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
     # Generate debug info for BTF
-    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params)
+    create_map_debug_info(module, map_global.sym, map_name, map_params, structs_sym_tab)
     return map_global
 
 
-def process_bpf_map(func_node, module):
+def process_bpf_map(func_node, module, structs_sym_tab):
     """Process a BPF map (a function decorated with @map)"""
     map_name = func_node.name
     logger.info(f"Processing BPF map: {map_name}")
@@ -276,7 +158,7 @@ def process_bpf_map(func_node, module):
     if isinstance(rval, ast.Call) and isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
         handler = MapProcessorRegistry.get_processor(rval.func.id)
         if handler:
-            return handler(map_name, rval, module)
+            return handler(map_name, rval, module, structs_sym_tab)
         else:
             logger.warning(f"Unknown map type {rval.func.id}, defaulting to HashMap")
             return process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module)

pythonbpf/maps/maps_utils.py

@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from llvmlite import ir
 from typing import Any
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
+
+
+@dataclass
+class MapSymbol:
+    """Class representing a symbol on the map"""
+
+    type: BPFMapType
+    sym: ir.GlobalVariable
+    params: dict[str, Any] | None = None
 
 
 class MapProcessorRegistry:

pythonbpf/type_deducer.py

@@ -13,6 +13,15 @@ mapping = {
     "c_float": ir.FloatType(),
     "c_double": ir.DoubleType(),
     "c_void_p": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_long": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_ulong": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_longlong": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_uint": ir.IntType(32),
+    "c_int": ir.IntType(32),
+    "c_ushort": ir.IntType(16),
+    "c_short": ir.IntType(16),
+    "c_ubyte": ir.IntType(8),
+    "c_byte": ir.IntType(8),
     # Not so sure about this one
     "str": ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
 }

pythonbpf/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import subprocess
+
+
+def trace_pipe():
+    """Util to read from the trace pipe."""
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(["cat", "/sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe"])
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("Tracing stopped.")
+    except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError) as e:
+        print(f"Error accessing trace_pipe: {e}. Try running as root.")
+
+
+def trace_fields():
+    """Parse one line from trace_pipe into fields."""
+    with open("/sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe", "rb", buffering=0) as f:
+        while True:
+            line = f.readline().rstrip()
+
+            if not line:
+                continue
+
+            # Skip lost event lines
+            if line.startswith(b"CPU:"):
+                continue
+
+            # Parse BCC-style: first 16 bytes = task
+            task = line[:16].lstrip().decode("utf-8")
+            line = line[17:]  # Skip past task field and space
+
+            # Find the colon that ends "pid cpu flags timestamp"
+            ts_end = line.find(b":")
+            if ts_end == -1:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot parse trace line")
+
+            # Split "pid [cpu] flags timestamp"
+            try:
+                parts = line[:ts_end].split()
+                if len(parts) < 4:
+                    raise ValueError("Not enough fields")
+
+                pid = int(parts[0])
+                cpu = parts[1][1:-1]  # Remove brackets from [cpu]
+                cpu = int(cpu)
+                flags = parts[2]
+                ts = float(parts[3])
+            except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                raise ValueError("Cannot parse trace line")
+
+            # Get message: skip ": symbol:" part
+            line = line[ts_end + 1 :]  # Skip first ":"
+            sym_end = line.find(b":")
+            if sym_end != -1:
+                msg = line[sym_end + 2 :].decode("utf-8")  # Skip ": " after symbol
+            else:
+                msg = line.lstrip().decode("utf-8")
+
+            return (task, pid, cpu, flags, ts, msg)

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .import_detector import vmlinux_proc
+
+__all__ = ["vmlinux_proc"]

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/assignment_info.py

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from enum import Enum, auto
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.dependency_node import Field
+
+
+class AssignmentType(Enum):
+    CONSTANT = auto()
+    STRUCT = auto()
+    ARRAY = auto()  # probably won't be used
+    FUNCTION_POINTER = auto()
+    POINTER = auto()  # again, probably won't be used
+
+
+@dataclass
+class FunctionSignature:
+    return_type: str
+    param_types: List[str]
+    varargs: bool
+
+
+# Thew name of the assignment will be in the dict that uses this class
+@dataclass
+class AssignmentInfo:
+    value_type: AssignmentType
+    python_type: type
+    value: Optional[Any]
+    pointer_level: Optional[int]
+    signature: Optional[FunctionSignature]  # For function pointers
+    # The key of the dict is the name of the field.
+    #   Value is a tuple that contains the global variable representing that field
+    #   along with all the information about that field as a Field type.
+    members: Optional[Dict[str, tuple[ir.GlobalVariable, Field]]]  # For structs.
+    debug_info: Any

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/class_handler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+import logging
+from functools import lru_cache
+import importlib
+
+from .dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
+from .dependency_node import DependencyNode
+import ctypes
+from typing import Optional, Any, Dict
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_module_symbols(module_name: str):
+    imported_module = importlib.import_module(module_name)
+    return [name for name in dir(imported_module)], imported_module
+
+
+def unwrap_pointer_type(type_obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """
+    Recursively unwrap all pointer layers to get the base type.
+
+    This handles multiply nested pointers like LP_LP_struct_attribute_group
+    and returns the base type (struct_attribute_group).
+
+    Stops unwrapping when reaching a non-pointer type (one without _type_ attribute).
+
+    Args:
+        type_obj: The type object to unwrap
+
+    Returns:
+        The base type after unwrapping all pointer layers
+    """
+    current_type = type_obj
+    # Keep unwrapping while it's a pointer/array type (has _type_)
+    # But stop if _type_ is just a string or basic type marker
+    while hasattr(current_type, "_type_"):
+        next_type = current_type._type_
+        # Stop if _type_ is a string (like 'c' for c_char)
+        if isinstance(next_type, str):
+            break
+        current_type = next_type
+    return current_type
+
+
+def process_vmlinux_class(
+    node,
+    llvm_module,
+    handler: DependencyHandler,
+):
+    symbols_in_module, imported_module = get_module_symbols("vmlinux")
+    if node.name in symbols_in_module:
+        vmlinux_type = getattr(imported_module, node.name)
+        process_vmlinux_post_ast(vmlinux_type, llvm_module, handler)
+    else:
+        raise ImportError(f"{node.name} not in vmlinux")
+
+
+def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+    elem_type_class,
+    llvm_handler,
+    handler: DependencyHandler,
+    processing_stack=None,
+):
+    # Initialize processing stack on first call
+    if processing_stack is None:
+        processing_stack = set()
+    symbols_in_module, imported_module = get_module_symbols("vmlinux")
+
+    current_symbol_name = elem_type_class.__name__
+    logger.info(f"Begin {current_symbol_name} Processing")
+    field_table: Dict[str, list] = {}
+    is_complex_type = False
+    containing_type: Optional[Any] = None
+    ctype_complex_type: Optional[Any] = None
+    type_length: Optional[int] = None
+    module_name = getattr(elem_type_class, "__module__", None)
+
+    # Check if already processed
+    if handler.has_node(current_symbol_name):
+        logger.debug(f"Node {current_symbol_name} already processed and ready")
+        return True
+
+    # XXX:Check its use. It's probably not being used.
+    if current_symbol_name in processing_stack:
+        logger.debug(
+            f"Dependency already in processing stack for {current_symbol_name}, skipping"
+        )
+        return True
+
+    processing_stack.add(current_symbol_name)
+
+    if module_name == "vmlinux":
+        if hasattr(elem_type_class, "_type_"):
+            pass
+        else:
+            new_dep_node = DependencyNode(name=current_symbol_name)
+
+            # elem_type_class is the actual vmlinux struct/class
+            new_dep_node.set_ctype_struct(elem_type_class)
+
+            handler.add_node(new_dep_node)
+            class_obj = getattr(imported_module, current_symbol_name)
+            # Inspect the class fields
+            if hasattr(class_obj, "_fields_"):
+                for field_elem in class_obj._fields_:
+                    field_name: str = ""
+                    field_type: Optional[Any] = None
+                    bitfield_size: Optional[int] = None
+                    if len(field_elem) == 2:
+                        field_name, field_type = field_elem
+                    elif len(field_elem) == 3:
+                        field_name, field_type, bitfield_size = field_elem
+                    field_table[field_name] = [field_type, bitfield_size]
+            elif hasattr(class_obj, "__annotations__"):
+                for field_elem in class_obj.__annotations__.items():
+                    if len(field_elem) == 2:
+                        field_name, field_type = field_elem
+                        bitfield_size = None
+                    elif len(field_elem) == 3:
+                        field_name, field_type, bitfield_size = field_elem
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Number of fields in items() of class object unexpected"
+                        )
+                    field_table[field_name] = [field_type, bitfield_size]
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("Could not get required class and definition")
+
+            logger.debug(f"Extracted fields for {current_symbol_name}: {field_table}")
+            for elem in field_table.items():
+                elem_name, elem_temp_list = elem
+                [elem_type, elem_bitfield_size] = elem_temp_list
+                local_module_name = getattr(elem_type, "__module__", None)
+                new_dep_node.add_field(elem_name, elem_type, ready=False)
+
+                if local_module_name == ctypes.__name__:
+                    # TODO: need to process pointer to ctype and also CFUNCTYPES here recursively. Current processing is a single dereference
+                    new_dep_node.set_field_bitfield_size(elem_name, elem_bitfield_size)
+
+                    # Process pointer to ctype
+                    if isinstance(elem_type, type) and issubclass(
+                        elem_type, ctypes._Pointer
+                    ):
+                        # Get the pointed-to type
+                        pointed_type = elem_type._type_
+                        logger.debug(f"Found pointer to type: {pointed_type}")
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_containing_type(elem_name, pointed_type)
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+                            elem_name, ctypes._Pointer
+                        )
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, is_ready=True)
+
+                    # Process function pointers (CFUNCTYPE)
+                    elif hasattr(elem_type, "_restype_") and hasattr(
+                        elem_type, "_argtypes_"
+                    ):
+                        # This is a CFUNCTYPE or similar
+                        logger.info(
+                            f"Function pointer detected for {elem_name} with return type {elem_type._restype_} and arguments {elem_type._argtypes_}"
+                        )
+                        # Set the field as ready but mark it with special handling
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+                            elem_name, ctypes.CFUNCTYPE
+                        )
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, is_ready=True)
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Blindly processing CFUNCTYPE ctypes to ensure compilation. Unsupported"
+                        )
+
+                    else:
+                        # Regular ctype
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, is_ready=True)
+                        logger.debug(
+                            f"Field {elem_name} is direct ctypes type: {elem_type}"
+                        )
+                elif local_module_name == "vmlinux":
+                    new_dep_node.set_field_bitfield_size(elem_name, elem_bitfield_size)
+                    logger.debug(
+                        f"Processing vmlinux field: {elem_name}, type: {elem_type}"
+                    )
+                    if hasattr(elem_type, "_type_"):
+                        is_complex_type = True
+                        containing_type = elem_type._type_
+                        if hasattr(elem_type, "_length_") and is_complex_type:
+                            type_length = elem_type._length_
+
+                        # Unwrap all pointer layers to get the base type for dependency tracking
+                        base_type = unwrap_pointer_type(elem_type)
+                        base_type_module = getattr(base_type, "__module__", None)
+
+                        if base_type_module == "vmlinux":
+                            base_type_name = (
+                                base_type.__name__
+                                if hasattr(base_type, "__name__")
+                                else str(base_type)
+                            )
+                            # ONLY add vmlinux types as dependencies
+                            new_dep_node.add_dependent(base_type_name)
+
+                            logger.debug(
+                                f"{containing_type} containing type of parent {elem_name} with {elem_type} and ctype {ctype_complex_type} and length {type_length}"
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_containing_type(
+                                elem_name, containing_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type_size(elem_name, type_length)
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+                                elem_name, ctype_complex_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type(elem_name, elem_type)
+
+                            # Check the containing_type module to decide whether to recurse
+                            containing_type_module = getattr(
+                                containing_type, "__module__", None
+                            )
+                            if containing_type_module == "vmlinux":
+                                # Also unwrap containing_type to get base type name
+                                base_containing_type = unwrap_pointer_type(
+                                    containing_type
+                                )
+                                containing_type_name = (
+                                    base_containing_type.__name__
+                                    if hasattr(base_containing_type, "__name__")
+                                    else str(base_containing_type)
+                                )
+
+                                # Check for self-reference or already processed
+                                if containing_type_name == current_symbol_name:
+                                    # Self-referential pointer
+                                    logger.debug(
+                                        f"Self-referential pointer in {current_symbol_name}.{elem_name}"
+                                    )
+                                    new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                                elif handler.has_node(containing_type_name):
+                                    # Already processed
+                                    logger.debug(
+                                        f"Reusing already processed {containing_type_name}"
+                                    )
+                                    new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                                else:
+                                    # Process recursively - use base containing type, not the pointer wrapper
+                                    new_dep_node.add_dependent(containing_type_name)
+                                    process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+                                        base_containing_type,
+                                        llvm_handler,
+                                        handler,
+                                        processing_stack,
+                                    )
+                                    new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            elif (
+                                containing_type_module == ctypes.__name__
+                                or containing_type_module is None
+                            ):
+                                logger.debug(
+                                    f"Processing ctype internal{containing_type}"
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            else:
+                                raise TypeError(
+                                    f"Module not supported in recursive resolution: {containing_type_module}"
+                                )
+                        elif (
+                            base_type_module == ctypes.__name__
+                            or base_type_module is None
+                        ):
+                            # Handle ctypes or types with no module (like some internal ctypes types)
+                            # DO NOT add ctypes as dependencies - just set field metadata and mark ready
+                            logger.debug(
+                                f"Base type {base_type} is ctypes - NOT adding as dependency, just processing field"
+                            )
+                            if isinstance(elem_type, type):
+                                if issubclass(elem_type, ctypes.Array):
+                                    ctype_complex_type = ctypes.Array
+                                elif issubclass(elem_type, ctypes._Pointer):
+                                    ctype_complex_type = ctypes._Pointer
+                                else:
+                                    raise ImportError(
+                                        "Non Array and Pointer type ctype imports not supported in current version"
+                                    )
+                            else:
+                                raise TypeError("Unsupported ctypes subclass")
+
+                            # Set field metadata but DO NOT add dependency or recurse
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_containing_type(
+                                elem_name, containing_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type_size(elem_name, type_length)
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+                                elem_name, ctype_complex_type
+                            )
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_type(elem_name, elem_type)
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                        else:
+                            raise ImportError(
+                                f"Unsupported module of {base_type}: {base_type_module}"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        new_dep_node.add_dependent(
+                            elem_type.__name__
+                            if hasattr(elem_type, "__name__")
+                            else str(elem_type)
+                        )
+                        process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+                            elem_type,
+                            llvm_handler,
+                            handler,
+                            processing_stack,
+                        )
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"{elem_name} with type {elem_type} from module {module_name} not supported in recursive resolver"
+                    )
+    elif module_name == ctypes.__name__ or module_name is None:
+        # Handle ctypes types - these don't need processing, just return
+        logger.debug(f"Skipping ctypes type {current_symbol_name}")
+        return True
+    else:
+        raise ImportError(f"UNSUPPORTED Module {module_name}")
+
+    logger.info(
+        f"{current_symbol_name} processed and handler readiness {handler.is_ready}"
+    )
+    return True

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/dependency_handler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+from typing import Optional, Dict, List, Iterator
+from .dependency_node import DependencyNode
+
+
+class DependencyHandler:
+    """
+    Manages a collection of DependencyNode objects with no duplicates.
+
+    Ensures that no two nodes with the same name can be added and provides
+    methods to check readiness and retrieve specific nodes.
+
+    Example usage:
+        # Create a handler
+        handler = DependencyHandler()
+
+        # Create some dependency nodes
+        node1 = DependencyNode(name="node1")
+        node1.add_field("field1", str)
+        node1.set_field_value("field1", "value1")
+
+        node2 = DependencyNode(name="node2")
+        node2.add_field("field1", int)
+
+        # Add nodes to the handler
+        handler.add_node(node1)
+        handler.add_node(node2)
+
+        # Check if a specific node exists
+        print(handler.has_node("node1"))  # True
+
+        # Get a reference to a node and modify it
+        node = handler.get_node("node2")
+        node.set_field_value("field1", 42)
+
+        # Check if all nodes are ready
+        print(handler.is_ready)  # False (node2 is ready, but node1 isn't)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Using a dictionary with node names as keys ensures name uniqueness
+        # and provides efficient lookups
+        self._nodes: Dict[str, DependencyNode] = {}
+
+    def add_node(self, node: DependencyNode) -> bool:
+        """
+        Add a dependency node to the handler.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The DependencyNode to add
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the node was added, False if a node with the same name already exists
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the provided object is not a DependencyNode
+        """
+        if not isinstance(node, DependencyNode):
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected DependencyNode, got {type(node).__name__}")
+
+        # Check if a node with this name already exists
+        if node.name in self._nodes:
+            return False
+
+        self._nodes[node.name] = node
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_ready(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if all nodes are ready.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if all nodes are ready (or if there are no nodes), False otherwise
+        """
+        if not self._nodes:
+            return True
+
+        return all(node.is_ready for node in self._nodes.values())
+
+    def has_node(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if a node with the given name exists.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name to check
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if a node with the given name exists, False otherwise
+        """
+        return name in self._nodes
+
+    def get_node(self, name: str) -> Optional[DependencyNode]:
+        """
+        Get a node by name for manipulation.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the node to retrieve
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[DependencyNode]: The node with the given name, or None if not found
+        """
+        return self._nodes.get(name)
+
+    def remove_node(self, node_or_name) -> bool:
+        """
+        Remove a node by name or reference.
+
+        Args:
+            node_or_name: The node to remove or its name
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the node was removed, False if not found
+        """
+        if isinstance(node_or_name, DependencyNode):
+            name = node_or_name.name
+        else:
+            name = node_or_name
+
+        if name in self._nodes:
+            del self._nodes[name]
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def get_all_nodes(self) -> List[DependencyNode]:
+        """
+        Get all nodes stored in the handler.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[DependencyNode]: List of all nodes
+        """
+        return list(self._nodes.values())
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[DependencyNode]:
+        """
+        Iterate over all nodes.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterator[DependencyNode]: Iterator over all nodes
+        """
+        return iter(self._nodes.values())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Get the number of nodes in the handler.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The number of nodes
+        """
+        return len(self._nodes)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> DependencyNode:
+        """
+        Get a node by name using dictionary-style access.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the node to retrieve
+
+        Returns:
+            DependencyNode: The node with the given name
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If no node with the given name exists
+
+        Example:
+            node = handler["some-dep_node_name"]
+        """
+        if name not in self._nodes:
+            raise KeyError(f"No node with name '{name}' found")
+        return self._nodes[name]
+
+    @property
+    def nodes(self):
+        return self._nodes

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/dependency_node.py

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+import ctypes
+
+
+# TODO: FIX THE FUCKING TYPE NAME CONVENTION.
+@dataclass
+class Field:
+    """Represents a field in a dependency node with its type and readiness state."""
+
+    name: str
+    type: type
+    ctype_complex_type: Optional[Any]
+    containing_type: Optional[Any]
+    type_size: Optional[int]
+    bitfield_size: Optional[int]
+    offset: int
+    value: Any = None
+    ready: bool = False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Create a hash based on the immutable attributes that define this field's identity.
+        This allows Field objects to be used as dictionary keys.
+        """
+        # Use a tuple of the fields that uniquely identify this field
+        identity = (
+            self.name,
+            id(self.type),  # Use id for non-hashable types
+            id(self.ctype_complex_type) if self.ctype_complex_type else None,
+            id(self.containing_type) if self.containing_type else None,
+            self.type_size,
+            self.bitfield_size,
+            self.offset,
+            self.value if self.value else None,
+        )
+        return hash(identity)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Define equality consistent with the hash function.
+        Two fields are equal if they have they are the same
+        """
+        return self is other
+
+    def set_ready(self, is_ready: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Set the readiness state of this field."""
+        self.ready = is_ready
+
+    def set_value(self, value: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set the value of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.value = value
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_type(self, given_type, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set value of the type field and mark as ready"""
+        self.type = given_type
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_containing_type(
+        self, containing_type: Optional[Any], mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the containing_type of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.containing_type = containing_type
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_type_size(self, type_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set the type_size of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.type_size = type_size
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_ctype_complex_type(
+        self, ctype_complex_type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the ctype_complex_type of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.ctype_complex_type = ctype_complex_type
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_bitfield_size(self, bitfield_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set the bitfield_size of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.bitfield_size = bitfield_size
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_offset(self, offset: int) -> None:
+        """Set the offset of this field"""
+        self.offset = offset
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DependencyNode:
+    """
+    A node with typed fields and readiness tracking.
+
+    Example usage:
+        # Create a dependency node for a Person
+        somestruct = DependencyNode(name="struct_1")
+
+        # Add fields with their types
+        somestruct.add_field("field_1", str)
+        somestruct.add_field("field_2", int)
+        somestruct.add_field("field_3", str)
+
+        # Check if the node is ready (should be False initially)
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # False
+
+        # Set some field values
+        somestruct.set_field_value("field_1", "someproperty")
+        somestruct.set_field_value("field_2", 30)
+
+        # Check if the node is ready (still False because email is not ready)
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # False
+
+        # Set the last field and make the node ready
+        somestruct.set_field_value("field_3", "anotherproperty")
+
+        # Now the node should be ready
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # True
+
+        # You can also mark a field as not ready
+        somestruct.set_field_ready("field_3", False)
+
+        # Now the node is not ready again
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # False
+
+        # Get all field values
+        print(somestruct.get_field_values())  # {'field_1': 'someproperty', 'field_2': 30, 'field_3': 'anotherproperty'}
+
+        # Get only ready fields
+        ready_fields = somestruct.get_ready_fields()
+        print(f"Ready fields: {[field.name for field in ready_fields.values()]}")  # ['field_1', 'field_2']
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    depends_on: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    fields: Dict[str, Field] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    _ready_cache: Optional[bool] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    current_offset: int = 0
+    ctype_struct: Optional[Any] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+
+    def add_field(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_type: type,
+        initial_value: Any = None,
+        containing_type: Optional[Any] = None,
+        type_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        ctype_complex_type: Optional[int] = None,
+        bitfield_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        ready: bool = False,
+        offset: int = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a field to the node with an optional initial value and readiness state."""
+        if self.depends_on is None:
+            self.depends_on = []
+        self.fields[name] = Field(
+            name=name,
+            type=field_type,
+            value=initial_value,
+            ready=ready,
+            containing_type=containing_type,
+            type_size=type_size,
+            ctype_complex_type=ctype_complex_type,
+            bitfield_size=bitfield_size,
+            offset=offset,
+        )
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_ctype_struct(self, ctype_struct: Any) -> None:
+        """Set the ctypes structure for automatic offset calculation."""
+        self.ctype_struct = ctype_struct
+
+    def __sizeof__(self):
+        # If we have a ctype_struct, use its size
+        if self.ctype_struct is not None:
+            return ctypes.sizeof(self.ctype_struct)
+        return self.current_offset
+
+    def get_field(self, name: str) -> Field:
+        """Get a field by name."""
+        return self.fields[name]
+
+    def set_field_value(self, name: str, value: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set a field's value and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_value(value, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_type(self, name: str, type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set a field's type and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_type(type, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_containing_type(
+        self, name: str, containing_type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's containing_type and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_containing_type(containing_type, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_type_size(
+        self, name: str, type_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's type_size and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_type_size(type_size, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+        self, name: str, ctype_complex_type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's ctype_complex_type and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_ctype_complex_type(ctype_complex_type, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_bitfield_size(
+        self, name: str, bitfield_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's bitfield_size and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_bitfield_size(bitfield_size, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_ready(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        is_ready: bool = False,
+        size_of_containing_type: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mark a field as ready or not ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_ready(is_ready)
+
+        # Use ctypes built-in offset if available
+        if self.ctype_struct is not None:
+            try:
+                self.fields[name].set_offset(getattr(self.ctype_struct, name).offset)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Fallback to manual calculation if field not found in ctype_struct
+                self.fields[name].set_offset(self.current_offset)
+                self.current_offset += self._calculate_size(
+                    name, size_of_containing_type
+                )
+        else:
+            # Manual offset calculation when no ctype_struct is available
+            self.fields[name].set_offset(self.current_offset)
+            self.current_offset += self._calculate_size(name, size_of_containing_type)
+
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def _calculate_size(
+        self, name: str, size_of_containing_type: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> int:
+        processing_field = self.fields[name]
+        # size_of_field will be in bytes
+        if processing_field.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+            size_of_field = ctypes.sizeof(processing_field.type)
+            return size_of_field
+        elif processing_field.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+            if processing_field.ctype_complex_type is not None:
+                if issubclass(processing_field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array):
+                    if processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                        if (
+                            processing_field.containing_type is not None
+                            and processing_field.type_size is not None
+                        ):
+                            size_of_field = (
+                                ctypes.sizeof(processing_field.containing_type)
+                                * processing_field.type_size
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"{processing_field} has no containing_type or type_size"
+                            )
+                        return size_of_field
+                    elif processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                        if (
+                            size_of_containing_type is not None
+                            and processing_field.type_size is not None
+                        ):
+                            size_of_field = (
+                                size_of_containing_type * processing_field.type_size
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"{processing_field} has no containing_type or type_size"
+                            )
+                        return size_of_field
+                elif issubclass(processing_field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer):
+                    return ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p)
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        "This subclass of ctype not supported yet"
+                    )
+            elif processing_field.type_size is not None:
+                # Handle vmlinux types with type_size but no ctype_complex_type
+                # This means it's a direct vmlinux struct field (not array/pointer wrapped)
+                # The type_size should already contain the full size of the struct
+                # But if there's a containing_type from vmlinux, we need that size
+                if processing_field.containing_type is not None:
+                    if processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                        # For vmlinux containing types, we need the pre-calculated size
+                        if size_of_containing_type is not None:
+                            return size_of_containing_type * processing_field.type_size
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"Field {name}: vmlinux containing_type requires size_of_containing_type"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        raise ModuleNotFoundError(
+                            f"Containing type module {processing_field.containing_type.__module__} not supported"
+                        )
+                else:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Wrong type found with no containing type")
+            else:
+                # No ctype_complex_type and no type_size, must rely on size_of_containing_type
+                if size_of_containing_type is None:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"Size of containing type {size_of_containing_type} is None"
+                    )
+                return size_of_containing_type
+
+        else:
+            raise ModuleNotFoundError("Module is not supported for the operation")
+        raise RuntimeError("control should not reach here")
+
+    @property
+    def is_ready(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the node is ready (all fields are ready)."""
+        # Use cached value if available
+        if self._ready_cache is not None:
+            return self._ready_cache
+
+        # Calculate readiness only when needed
+        if not self.fields:
+            self._ready_cache = True
+            return True
+
+        self._ready_cache = all(elem.ready for elem in self.fields.values())
+        return self._ready_cache
+
+    def get_field_values(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get a dictionary of field names to their values."""
+        return {name: elem.value for name, elem in self.fields.items()}
+
+    def get_ready_fields(self) -> Dict[str, Field]:
+        """Get all fields that are marked as ready."""
+        return {name: elem for name, elem in self.fields.items() if elem.ready}
+
+    def get_not_ready_fields(self) -> Dict[str, Field]:
+        """Get all fields that are marked as not ready."""
+        return {name: elem for name, elem in self.fields.items() if not elem.ready}
+
+    def add_dependent(self, dep_type):
+        if dep_type in self.depends_on:
+            return
+        else:
+            self.depends_on.append(dep_type)

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/import_detector.py

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import ast
+import logging
+import importlib
+import inspect
+
+from .assignment_info import AssignmentInfo, AssignmentType
+from .dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
+from .ir_gen import IRGenerator
+from .class_handler import process_vmlinux_class
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def detect_import_statement(
+    tree: ast.AST,
+) -> list[tuple[str, ast.ImportFrom, str, str]]:
+    """
+    Parse AST and detect import statements from vmlinux.
+
+    Returns a list of tuples (module_name, imported_item) for vmlinux imports.
+    Raises SyntaxError for invalid import patterns.
+
+    Args:
+        tree: The AST to parse
+
+    Returns:
+        List of tuples containing (module_name, imported_item) for each vmlinux import
+
+    Raises:
+        SyntaxError: If import * is used
+    """
+    vmlinux_imports = []
+
+    for node in ast.walk(tree):
+        # Handle "from vmlinux import ..." statements
+        if isinstance(node, ast.ImportFrom):
+            if node.module == "vmlinux":
+                # Check for wildcard import: from vmlinux import *
+                if any(alias.name == "*" for alias in node.names):
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        "Wildcard imports from vmlinux are not supported. "
+                        "Please import specific types explicitly."
+                    )
+
+                # Check if no specific import is specified (should not happen with valid Python)
+                if len(node.names) == 0:
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        "Import from vmlinux must specify at least one type."
+                    )
+
+                # Support multiple imports: from vmlinux import A, B, C
+                for alias in node.names:
+                    import_name = alias.name
+                    # Use alias if provided, otherwise use the original name
+                    as_name = alias.asname if alias.asname else alias.name
+                    vmlinux_imports.append(("vmlinux", node, import_name, as_name))
+                    logger.info(f"Found vmlinux import: {import_name} as {as_name}")
+
+        # Handle "import vmlinux" statements (not typical but should be rejected)
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.Import):
+            for alias in node.names:
+                if alias.name == "vmlinux" or alias.name.startswith("vmlinux."):
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        "Direct import of vmlinux module is not supported. "
+                        "Use 'from vmlinux import <type>' instead."
+                    )
+
+    logger.info(f"Total vmlinux imports detected: {len(vmlinux_imports)}")
+    return vmlinux_imports
+
+
+def vmlinux_proc(tree: ast.AST, module):
+    import_statements = detect_import_statement(tree)
+
+    # initialise dependency handler
+    handler = DependencyHandler()
+    # initialise assignment dictionary of name to type
+    assignments: dict[str, AssignmentInfo] = {}
+
+    if not import_statements:
+        logger.info("No vmlinux imports found")
+        return None
+
+    # Import vmlinux module directly
+    try:
+        vmlinux_mod = importlib.import_module("vmlinux")
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.warning("Could not import vmlinux module")
+        return None
+
+    source_file = inspect.getsourcefile(vmlinux_mod)
+    if source_file is None:
+        logger.warning("Cannot find source for vmlinux module")
+        return None
+
+    with open(source_file, "r") as f:
+        mod_ast = ast.parse(f.read(), filename=source_file)
+
+    for import_mod, import_node, imported_name, as_name in import_statements:
+        found = False
+        for mod_node in mod_ast.body:
+            if isinstance(mod_node, ast.ClassDef) and mod_node.name == imported_name:
+                process_vmlinux_class(mod_node, module, handler)
+                found = True
+                break
+            if isinstance(mod_node, ast.Assign):
+                for target in mod_node.targets:
+                    if isinstance(target, ast.Name) and target.id == imported_name:
+                        process_vmlinux_assign(mod_node, module, assignments, as_name)
+                        found = True
+                        break
+            if found:
+                break
+        if not found:
+            logger.info(f"{imported_name} not found as ClassDef or Assign in vmlinux")
+
+    IRGenerator(module, handler, assignments)
+    return assignments
+
+
+def process_vmlinux_assign(
+    node, module, assignments: dict[str, AssignmentInfo], target_name=None
+):
+    """Process assignments from vmlinux module."""
+    # Only handle single-target assignments
+    if len(node.targets) == 1 and isinstance(node.targets[0], ast.Name):
+        # Use provided target_name (for aliased imports) or fall back to original name
+        if target_name is None:
+            target_name = node.targets[0].id
+
+        # Handle constant value assignments
+        if isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant):
+            # Fixed: using proper TypedDict creation syntax with named arguments
+            assignments[target_name] = AssignmentInfo(
+                value_type=AssignmentType.CONSTANT,
+                python_type=type(node.value.value),
+                value=node.value.value,
+                pointer_level=None,
+                signature=None,
+                members=None,
+                debug_info=None,
+            )
+            logger.info(
+                f"Added assignment: {target_name} = {node.value.value!r} of type {type(node.value.value)}"
+            )
+
+        # Handle other assignment types that we may need to support
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Unsupported assignment type for {target_name}: {ast.dump(node.value)}"
+            )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Not a simple assignment")

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .ir_generation import IRGenerator
+
+__all__ = ["IRGenerator"]

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/debug_info_gen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator, dwarf_constants as dc
+from ..dependency_node import DependencyNode
+import ctypes
+import logging
+from typing import List, Any, Tuple
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def debug_info_generation(
+    struct: DependencyNode,
+    llvm_module,
+    generated_debug_info: List[Tuple[DependencyNode, Any]],
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Generate DWARF debug information for a struct defined in a DependencyNode.
+
+    Args:
+        struct: The dependency node containing struct information
+        llvm_module: The LLVM module to add debug info to
+        generated_debug_info: List of tuples (struct, debug_info) to track generated debug info
+
+    Returns:
+        The generated global variable debug info, or None for unsupported types
+    """
+    # Set up debug info generator
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(llvm_module)
+
+    # Check if debug info for this struct has already been generated
+    for existing_struct, debug_info in generated_debug_info:
+        if existing_struct.name == struct.name:
+            return debug_info
+
+    # Check if this is a union (not supported yet)
+    if not struct.name.startswith("struct_"):
+        logger.warning(f"Skipping debug info generation for union: {struct.name}")
+        # Create a minimal forward declaration for unions
+        union_type = generator.create_struct_type(
+            [], struct.__sizeof__() * 8, is_distinct=True
+        )
+        return union_type
+
+    # Process all fields and create members for the struct
+    members = []
+
+    sorted_fields = sorted(struct.fields.items(), key=lambda item: item[1].offset)
+
+    for field_name, field in sorted_fields:
+        try:
+            # Get appropriate debug type for this field
+            field_type = _get_field_debug_type(
+                field_name, field, generator, struct, generated_debug_info
+            )
+
+            # Ensure field_type is a tuple
+            if not isinstance(field_type, tuple) or len(field_type) != 2:
+                logger.error(f"Invalid field_type for {field_name}: {field_type}")
+                continue
+
+            # Create struct member with proper offset
+            member = generator.create_struct_member_vmlinux(
+                field_name, field_type, field.offset * 8
+            )
+            members.append(member)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to process field {field_name} in {struct.name}: {e}")
+            continue
+
+    struct_name = struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
+    # Create struct type with all members
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type_with_name(
+        struct_name, members, struct.__sizeof__() * 8, is_distinct=True
+    )
+
+    return struct_type
+
+
+def _get_field_debug_type(
+    field_name: str,
+    field,
+    generator: DebugInfoGenerator,
+    parent_struct: DependencyNode,
+    generated_debug_info: List[Tuple[DependencyNode, Any]],
+) -> tuple[Any, int]:
+    """
+    Determine the appropriate debug type for a field based on its Python/ctypes type.
+
+    Args:
+        field_name: Name of the field
+        field: Field object containing type information
+        generator: DebugInfoGenerator instance
+        parent_struct: The parent struct containing this field
+        generated_debug_info: List of already generated debug info
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple of (debug_type, size_in_bits)
+    """
+    # Handle complex types (arrays, pointers, function pointers)
+    if field.ctype_complex_type is not None:
+        # Handle function pointer types (CFUNCTYPE)
+        if callable(field.ctype_complex_type):
+            # Function pointers are represented as void pointers
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Field {field_name} is a function pointer, using void pointer"
+            )
+            void_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(None, 64)
+            return void_ptr, 64
+        elif issubclass(field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array):
+            # Handle array types
+            element_type, base_type_size = _get_basic_debug_type(
+                field.containing_type, generator
+            )
+            return generator.create_array_type_vmlinux(
+                (element_type, base_type_size * field.type_size), field.type_size
+            ), field.type_size * base_type_size
+        elif issubclass(field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer):
+            # Handle pointer types
+            pointee_type, _ = _get_basic_debug_type(field.containing_type, generator)
+            return generator.create_pointer_type(pointee_type), 64
+
+    # Handle other vmlinux types (nested structs)
+    if field.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+        # If it's a struct from vmlinux, check if we've already generated debug info for it
+        struct_name = field.type.__name__
+
+        # Look for existing debug info in the list
+        for existing_struct, debug_info in generated_debug_info:
+            if existing_struct.name == struct_name:
+                # Use existing debug info
+                return debug_info, existing_struct.__sizeof__() * 8
+
+        # If not found, create a forward declaration
+        # This will be completed when the actual struct is processed
+        logger.info(
+            f"Forward declaration created for {struct_name} in {parent_struct.name}"
+        )
+        forward_type = generator.create_struct_type([], 0, is_distinct=True)
+        return forward_type, 0
+
+    # Handle basic C types
+    return _get_basic_debug_type(field.type, generator)
+
+
+def _get_basic_debug_type(ctype, generator: DebugInfoGenerator) -> Any:
+    """
+    Map a ctypes type to a DWARF debug type.
+
+    Args:
+        ctype: A ctypes type or Python type
+        generator: DebugInfoGenerator instance
+
+    Returns:
+        The corresponding debug type
+    """
+    # Map ctypes to debug info types
+    if ctype == ctypes.c_char or ctype == ctypes.c_byte:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("char", 8, dc.DW_ATE_signed_char), 8
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_ubyte or ctype == ctypes.c_uint8:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("unsigned char", 8, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned_char), 8
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_short or ctype == ctypes.c_int16:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("short", 16, dc.DW_ATE_signed), 16
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_ushort or ctype == ctypes.c_uint16:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("unsigned short", 16, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned), 16
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_int or ctype == ctypes.c_int32:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("int", 32, dc.DW_ATE_signed), 32
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_uint or ctype == ctypes.c_uint32:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("unsigned int", 32, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned), 32
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_long:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("long", 64, dc.DW_ATE_signed), 64
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_ulong:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("unsigned long", 64, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned), 64
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_longlong or ctype == ctypes.c_int64:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("long long", 64, dc.DW_ATE_signed), 64
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_ulonglong or ctype == ctypes.c_uint64:
+        return generator.get_basic_type(
+            "unsigned long long", 64, dc.DW_ATE_unsigned
+        ), 64
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_float:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("float", 32, dc.DW_ATE_float), 32
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_double:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("double", 64, dc.DW_ATE_float), 64
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_bool:
+        return generator.get_basic_type("bool", 8, dc.DW_ATE_boolean), 8
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_char_p:
+        char_type = generator.get_basic_type("char", 8, dc.DW_ATE_signed_char), 8
+        return generator.create_pointer_type(char_type)
+    elif ctype == ctypes.c_void_p:
+        return generator.create_pointer_type(None), 64
+    else:
+        return generator.get_uint64_type(), 64

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/ir_generation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+import ctypes
+import logging
+
+from ..assignment_info import AssignmentInfo, AssignmentType
+from ..dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
+from .debug_info_gen import debug_info_generation
+from ..dependency_node import DependencyNode
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class IRGenerator:
+    # This field keeps track of the non_struct names to avoid duplicate name errors.
+    type_number = 0
+    unprocessed_store: list[str] = []
+
+    # get the assignments dict and add this stuff to it.
+    def __init__(self, llvm_module, handler: DependencyHandler, assignments):
+        self.llvm_module = llvm_module
+        self.handler: DependencyHandler = handler
+        self.generated: list[str] = []
+        self.generated_debug_info: list = []
+        # Use struct_name and field_name as key instead of Field object
+        self.generated_field_names: dict[str, dict[str, ir.GlobalVariable]] = {}
+        self.assignments: dict[str, AssignmentInfo] = assignments
+        if not handler.is_ready:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Semantic analysis of vmlinux imports failed. Cannot generate IR"
+            )
+        for struct in handler:
+            self.struct_processor(struct)
+
+    def struct_processor(self, struct, processing_stack=None):
+        # Initialize processing stack on first call
+        if processing_stack is None:
+            processing_stack = set()
+
+        # If already generated, skip
+        if struct.name in self.generated:
+            return
+
+        # Detect circular dependency
+        if struct.name in processing_stack:
+            logger.info(
+                f"Circular dependency detected for {struct.name}, skipping recursive processing"
+            )
+            # For circular dependencies, we can either:
+            # 1. Use forward declarations (opaque pointers)
+            # 2. Mark as incomplete and process later
+            # 3. Generate a placeholder type
+            # Here we'll just skip and let it be processed in its own call
+            return
+
+        logger.info(f"IR generating for {struct.name}")
+
+        # Add to processing stack before processing dependencies
+        processing_stack.add(struct.name)
+
+        try:
+            # Process all dependencies first
+            if struct.depends_on is None:
+                pass
+            else:
+                for dependency in struct.depends_on:
+                    if dependency not in self.generated:
+                        # Check if dependency exists in handler
+                        if dependency in self.handler.nodes:
+                            dep_node_from_dependency = self.handler[dependency]
+                            # Pass the processing_stack down to track circular refs
+                            self.struct_processor(
+                                dep_node_from_dependency, processing_stack
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"Warning: Dependency {dependency} not found in handler"
+                            )
+
+            # Generate IR first to populate field names
+            struct_debug_info = self.gen_ir(struct, self.generated_debug_info)
+            self.generated_debug_info.append((struct, struct_debug_info))
+
+            # Fill the assignments dictionary with struct information
+            if struct.name not in self.assignments:
+                # Create a members dictionary for AssignmentInfo
+                members_dict = {}
+                for field_name, field in struct.fields.items():
+                    # Get the generated field name from our dictionary, or use field_name if not found
+                    if (
+                        struct.name in self.generated_field_names
+                        and field_name in self.generated_field_names[struct.name]
+                    ):
+                        field_global_variable = self.generated_field_names[struct.name][
+                            field_name
+                        ]
+                        members_dict[field_name] = (field_global_variable, field)
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"llvm global name not found for struct field {field_name}"
+                        )
+                        # members_dict[field_name] = (field_name, field)
+
+                # Add struct to assignments dictionary
+                self.assignments[struct.name] = AssignmentInfo(
+                    value_type=AssignmentType.STRUCT,
+                    python_type=struct.ctype_struct,
+                    value=None,
+                    pointer_level=None,
+                    signature=None,
+                    members=members_dict,
+                    debug_info=struct_debug_info,
+                )
+                logger.info(f"Added struct assignment info for {struct.name}")
+
+            self.generated.append(struct.name)
+
+        finally:
+            # Remove from processing stack after we're done
+            processing_stack.discard(struct.name)
+
+    def gen_ir(self, struct, generated_debug_info):
+        # TODO: we add the btf_ama attribute by monkey patching in the end of compilation, but once llvmlite
+        #  accepts our issue, we will resort to normal accessed attribute based attribute addition
+        # currently we generate all possible field accesses for CO-RE and put into the assignment table
+        debug_info = debug_info_generation(
+            struct, self.llvm_module, generated_debug_info
+        )
+        field_index = 0
+
+        # Make sure the struct has an entry in our field names dictionary
+        if struct.name not in self.generated_field_names:
+            self.generated_field_names[struct.name] = {}
+
+        for field_name, field in struct.fields.items():
+            # does not take arrays and similar types into consideration yet.
+            if callable(field.ctype_complex_type):
+                # Function pointer case - generate a simple field accessor
+                field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                    struct, field, field_index
+                )
+                field_index += 1
+                globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                    self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                )
+                globvar.linkage = "external"
+                globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = globvar
+            elif field.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array
+            ):
+                array_size = field.type_size
+                containing_type = field.containing_type
+                if containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                    containing_type_size = ctypes.sizeof(containing_type)
+                    if array_size == 0:
+                        field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, 0, containing_type_size
+                        )
+                        globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                            self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                        )
+                        globvar.linkage = "external"
+                        globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                        self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = globvar
+                        field_index += 1
+                        continue
+                    for i in range(0, array_size):
+                        field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, i, containing_type_size
+                        )
+                        globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                            self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                        )
+                        globvar.linkage = "external"
+                        globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                        self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = globvar
+                    field_index += 1
+            elif field.type_size is not None:
+                array_size = field.type_size
+                containing_type = field.containing_type
+                if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                    # Unwrap all pointer layers to get the base struct type
+                    base_containing_type = containing_type
+                    while hasattr(base_containing_type, "_type_"):
+                        next_type = base_containing_type._type_
+                        # Stop if _type_ is a string (like 'c' for c_char)
+                        # TODO: stacked pointers not handl;ing ctypes check here as well
+                        if isinstance(next_type, str):
+                            break
+                        base_containing_type = next_type
+
+                    # Get the base struct name
+                    base_struct_name = (
+                        base_containing_type.__name__
+                        if hasattr(base_containing_type, "__name__")
+                        else str(base_containing_type)
+                    )
+
+                    # Look up the size using the base struct name
+                    containing_type_size = self.handler[base_struct_name].current_offset
+                    if array_size == 0:
+                        field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, 0, containing_type_size
+                        )
+                        globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                            self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                        )
+                        globvar.linkage = "external"
+                        globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                        self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = globvar
+                        field_index += 1
+                    else:
+                        for i in range(0, array_size):
+                            field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                                struct,
+                                field,
+                                field_index,
+                                True,
+                                i,
+                                containing_type_size,
+                            )
+                            globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                                self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                            )
+                            globvar.linkage = "external"
+                            globvar.set_metadata(
+                                "llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info
+                            )
+                            self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = (
+                                globvar
+                            )
+                        field_index += 1
+            else:
+                field_co_re_name, returned = self._struct_name_generator(
+                    struct, field, field_index
+                )
+                field_index += 1
+                globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                    self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                )
+                globvar.linkage = "external"
+                globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                self.generated_field_names[struct.name][field_name] = globvar
+        return debug_info
+
+    def _struct_name_generator(
+        self,
+        struct: DependencyNode,
+        field,
+        field_index: int,
+        is_indexed: bool = False,
+        index: int = 0,
+        containing_type_size: int = 0,
+    ) -> tuple[str, bool]:
+        # TODO: Does not support Unions as well as recursive pointer and array type naming
+        if is_indexed:
+            name = (
+                "llvm."
+                + struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
+                + f":0:{field.offset + index * containing_type_size}"
+                + "$"
+                + f"0:{field_index}:{index}"
+            )
+            return name, True
+        elif struct.name.startswith("struct_"):
+            name = (
+                "llvm."
+                + struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
+                + f":0:{field.offset}"
+                + "$"
+                + f"0:{field_index}"
+            )
+            return name, True
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Blindly handling non-struct type to avoid type errors in vmlinux IR generation. Possibly a union."
+            )
+            self.type_number += 1
+            unprocessed_type = "unprocessed_type_" + str(self.handler[struct.name].name)
+            if self.unprocessed_store.__contains__(unprocessed_type):
+                return unprocessed_type + "_" + str(self.type_number), False
+            else:
+                self.unprocessed_store.append(unprocessed_type)
+                return unprocessed_type, False
+            # raise TypeError(
+            #     "Name generation cannot occur due to type name not starting with struct"
+            # )

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/vmlinux_exports_handler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+import logging
+from typing import Any
+import ctypes
+from llvmlite import ir
+
+from pythonbpf.local_symbol import LocalSymbol
+from pythonbpf.vmlinux_parser.assignment_info import AssignmentType
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class VmlinuxHandler:
+    """Handler for vmlinux-related operations"""
+
+    _instance = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_instance(cls):
+        """Get the singleton instance"""
+        if cls._instance is None:
+            logger.warning("VmlinuxHandler used before initialization")
+            return None
+        return cls._instance
+
+    @classmethod
+    def initialize(cls, vmlinux_symtab):
+        """Initialize the handler with vmlinux symbol table"""
+        cls._instance = cls(vmlinux_symtab)
+        return cls._instance
+
+    def __init__(self, vmlinux_symtab):
+        """Initialize with vmlinux symbol table"""
+        self.vmlinux_symtab = vmlinux_symtab
+        logger.info(
+            f"VmlinuxHandler initialized with {len(vmlinux_symtab) if vmlinux_symtab else 0} symbols"
+        )
+
+    def is_vmlinux_enum(self, name):
+        """Check if name is a vmlinux enum constant"""
+        return (
+            name in self.vmlinux_symtab
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.CONSTANT
+        )
+
+    def get_struct_debug_info(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        if (
+            name in self.vmlinux_symtab
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.STRUCT
+        ):
+            return self.vmlinux_symtab[name].debug_info
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} is not a vmlinux struct type")
+
+    def get_vmlinux_struct_type(self, name):
+        """Check if name is a vmlinux struct type"""
+        if (
+            name in self.vmlinux_symtab
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.STRUCT
+        ):
+            return self.vmlinux_symtab[name].python_type
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} is not a vmlinux struct type")
+
+    def is_vmlinux_struct(self, name):
+        """Check if name is a vmlinux struct"""
+        return (
+            name in self.vmlinux_symtab
+            and self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value_type == AssignmentType.STRUCT
+        )
+
+    def handle_vmlinux_enum(self, name):
+        """Handle vmlinux enum constants by returning LLVM IR constants"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_enum(name):
+            value = self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value
+            logger.info(f"Resolving vmlinux enum {name} = {value}")
+            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), value), ir.IntType(64)
+        return None
+
+    def get_vmlinux_enum_value(self, name):
+        """Handle vmlinux.enum constants by returning LLVM IR constants"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_enum(name):
+            value = self.vmlinux_symtab[name].value
+            logger.info(f"The value of vmlinux enum {name} = {value}")
+            return value
+        return None
+
+    def handle_vmlinux_struct_field(
+        self, struct_var_name, field_name, module, builder, local_sym_tab
+    ):
+        """Handle access to vmlinux struct fields"""
+        if struct_var_name in local_sym_tab:
+            var_info: LocalSymbol = local_sym_tab[struct_var_name]
+            logger.info(
+                f"Attempting to access field {field_name} of possible vmlinux struct {struct_var_name}"
+            )
+            python_type: type = var_info.metadata
+            # Check if this is a context field (ctx) or a cast struct
+            is_context_field = var_info.var is None
+
+            if is_context_field:
+                # Handle context field access (original behavior)
+                struct_name = python_type.__name__
+                globvar_ir, field_data = self.get_field_type(struct_name, field_name)
+                builder.function.args[0].type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+                field_ptr = self.load_ctx_field(
+                    builder,
+                    builder.function.args[0],
+                    globvar_ir,
+                    field_data,
+                    struct_name,
+                )
+                return field_ptr, field_data
+            else:
+                # Handle cast struct field access
+                struct_name = python_type.__name__
+                globvar_ir, field_data = self.get_field_type(struct_name, field_name)
+
+                # Handle cast struct field access (use bpf_probe_read_kernel)
+                # Load the struct pointer from the local variable
+                struct_ptr = builder.load(var_info.var)
+
+                # Determine the preallocated tmp name that assignment pass should have created
+                tmp_name = f"{struct_var_name}_{field_name}_tmp"
+
+                # Use bpf_probe_read_kernel for non-context struct field access
+                field_value = self.load_struct_field(
+                    builder,
+                    struct_ptr,
+                    globvar_ir,
+                    field_data,
+                    struct_name,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    tmp_name,
+                )
+                # Return field value and field type
+                return field_value, field_data
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("Variable accessed not found in symbol table")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def load_struct_field(
+        builder,
+        struct_ptr_int,
+        offset_global,
+        field_data,
+        struct_name=None,
+        local_sym_tab=None,
+        tmp_name: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Generate LLVM IR to load a field from a regular (non-context) struct using bpf_probe_read_kernel.
+
+        Args:
+            builder: llvmlite IRBuilder instance
+            struct_ptr_int: The struct pointer as an i64 value (already loaded from alloca)
+            offset_global: Global variable containing the field offset (i64)
+            field_data: contains data about the field
+            struct_name: Name of the struct being accessed (optional)
+            local_sym_tab: symbol table (optional) - used to locate preallocated tmp storage
+            tmp_name: name of the preallocated temporary storage to use (preferred)
+        Returns:
+            The loaded value
+        """
+
+        # Load the offset value
+        offset = builder.load(offset_global)
+
+        # Convert i64 to pointer type (BPF stores pointers as i64)
+        i8_ptr_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        struct_ptr = builder.inttoptr(struct_ptr_int, i8_ptr_type)
+
+        # GEP with offset to get field pointer
+        field_ptr = builder.gep(
+            struct_ptr,
+            [offset],
+            inbounds=False,
+        )
+
+        # Determine the appropriate field size based on field information
+        field_size_bytes = 8  # Default to 8 bytes (64-bit)
+        int_width = 64  # Default to 64-bit
+        needs_zext = False
+
+        if field_data is not None:
+            # Try to determine the size from field metadata
+            if field_data.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                try:
+                    field_size_bytes = ctypes.sizeof(field_data.type)
+                    field_size_bits = field_size_bytes * 8
+
+                    if field_size_bits in [8, 16, 32, 64]:
+                        int_width = field_size_bits
+                        logger.info(
+                            f"Determined field size: {int_width} bits ({field_size_bytes} bytes)"
+                        )
+
+                        # Special handling for struct_xdp_md i32 fields
+                        if struct_name == "struct_xdp_md" and int_width == 32:
+                            needs_zext = True
+                            logger.info(
+                                "struct_xdp_md i32 field detected, will zero-extend to i64"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Unusual field size {field_size_bits} bits, using default 64"
+                        )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Could not determine field size: {e}, using default 64"
+                    )
+
+            elif field_data.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                # For pointers to structs or complex vmlinux types
+                if field_data.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                    field_data.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer
+                ):
+                    int_width = 64  # Pointers are always 64-bit
+                    field_size_bytes = 8
+                    logger.info("Field is a pointer type, using 64 bits")
+                else:
+                    logger.warning("Complex vmlinux field type, using default 64 bits")
+
+        # Use preallocated temporary storage if provided by allocation pass
+
+        local_storage_i8_ptr = None
+        if tmp_name and local_sym_tab and tmp_name in local_sym_tab:
+            # Expect the tmp to be an alloca created during allocation pass
+            tmp_alloca = local_sym_tab[tmp_name].var
+            local_storage_i8_ptr = builder.bitcast(tmp_alloca, i8_ptr_type)
+        else:
+            # Fallback: allocate inline (not ideal, but preserves behavior)
+            local_storage = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(int_width))
+            local_storage_i8_ptr = builder.bitcast(local_storage, i8_ptr_type)
+            logger.warning(f"Temp storage '{tmp_name}' not found. Allocating inline")
+
+        # Use bpf_probe_read_kernel to safely read the field
+        # This generates:
+        #   %gep = getelementptr i8, ptr %struct_ptr, i64 %offset (already done above as field_ptr)
+        #   %passed = tail call ptr @llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0(i32 2, ptr %gep)
+        #   %result = call i64 inttoptr (i64 113 to ptr)(ptr %local_storage, i32 %size, ptr %passed)
+        from pythonbpf.helper import emit_probe_read_kernel_call
+
+        emit_probe_read_kernel_call(
+            builder, local_storage_i8_ptr, field_size_bytes, field_ptr
+        )
+
+        # Load the value from local storage
+        value = builder.load(
+            builder.bitcast(local_storage_i8_ptr, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(int_width)))
+        )
+
+        # Zero-extend i32 to i64 if needed
+        if needs_zext:
+            value = builder.zext(value, ir.IntType(64))
+            logger.info("Zero-extended i32 value to i64")
+
+        return value
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def load_ctx_field(builder, ctx_arg, offset_global, field_data, struct_name=None):
+        """
+        Generate LLVM IR to load a field from BPF context using offset.
+
+        Args:
+            builder: llvmlite IRBuilder instance
+            ctx_arg: The context pointer argument (ptr/i8*)
+            offset_global: Global variable containing the field offset (i64)
+            field_data: contains data about the field
+            struct_name: Name of the struct being accessed (optional)
+        Returns:
+            The loaded value (i64 register or appropriately sized)
+        """
+
+        # Load the offset value
+        offset = builder.load(offset_global)
+
+        # Ensure ctx_arg is treated as i8* (byte pointer)
+        i8_ptr_type = ir.PointerType()
+
+        # Cast ctx_arg to i8* if it isn't already
+        if str(ctx_arg.type) != str(i8_ptr_type):
+            ctx_i8_ptr = builder.bitcast(ctx_arg, i8_ptr_type)
+        else:
+            ctx_i8_ptr = ctx_arg
+
+        # GEP with explicit type - this is the key fix
+        field_ptr = builder.gep(
+            ctx_i8_ptr,
+            [offset],
+            inbounds=False,
+        )
+
+        # Get or declare the BPF passthrough intrinsic
+        module = builder.function.module
+
+        try:
+            passthrough_fn = module.globals.get("llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0")
+            if passthrough_fn is None:
+                raise KeyError
+        except (KeyError, AttributeError):
+            passthrough_type = ir.FunctionType(
+                i8_ptr_type,
+                [ir.IntType(32), i8_ptr_type],
+            )
+            passthrough_fn = ir.Function(
+                module,
+                passthrough_type,
+                name="llvm.bpf.passthrough.p0.p0",
+            )
+
+        # Call passthrough to satisfy BPF verifier
+        verified_ptr = builder.call(
+            passthrough_fn, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), field_ptr], tail=True
+        )
+
+        # Determine the appropriate IR type based on field information
+        int_width = 64  # Default to 64-bit
+        needs_zext = False  # Track if we need zero-extension for xdp_md
+
+        if field_data is not None:
+            # Try to determine the size from field metadata
+            if field_data.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                try:
+                    field_size_bytes = ctypes.sizeof(field_data.type)
+                    field_size_bits = field_size_bytes * 8
+
+                    if field_size_bits in [8, 16, 32, 64]:
+                        int_width = field_size_bits
+                        logger.info(f"Determined field size: {int_width} bits")
+
+                        # Special handling for struct_xdp_md i32 fields
+                        # Load as i32 but extend to i64 before storing
+                        if struct_name == "struct_xdp_md" and int_width == 32:
+                            needs_zext = True
+                            logger.info(
+                                "struct_xdp_md i32 field detected, will zero-extend to i64"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Unusual field size {field_size_bits} bits, using default 64"
+                        )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Could not determine field size: {e}, using default 64"
+                    )
+
+            elif field_data.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                # For pointers to structs or complex vmlinux types
+                if field_data.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                    field_data.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer
+                ):
+                    int_width = 64  # Pointers are always 64-bit
+                    logger.info("Field is a pointer type, using 64 bits")
+                # TODO: Add handling for other complex types (arrays, embedded structs, etc.)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning("Complex vmlinux field type, using default 64 bits")
+
+        # Bitcast to appropriate pointer type based on determined width
+        ptr_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(int_width))
+
+        typed_ptr = builder.bitcast(verified_ptr, ptr_type)
+
+        # Load and return the value
+        value = builder.load(typed_ptr)
+
+        # Zero-extend i32 to i64 for struct_xdp_md fields
+        if needs_zext:
+            value = builder.zext(value, ir.IntType(64))
+            logger.info("Zero-extended i32 value to i64 for struct_xdp_md field")
+
+        return value
+
+    def has_field(self, struct_name, field_name):
+        """Check if a vmlinux struct has a specific field"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_struct(struct_name):
+            python_type = self.vmlinux_symtab[struct_name].python_type
+            return hasattr(python_type, field_name)
+        return False
+
+    def get_field_type(self, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Get the type of a field in a vmlinux struct"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_struct(vmlinux_struct_name):
+            python_type = self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].python_type
+            if hasattr(python_type, field_name):
+                return self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].members[field_name]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Field {field_name} not found in vmlinux struct {vmlinux_struct_name}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{vmlinux_struct_name} is not a vmlinux struct")
+
+    def get_field_index(self, vmlinux_struct_name, field_name):
+        """Get the type of a field in a vmlinux struct"""
+        if self.is_vmlinux_struct(vmlinux_struct_name):
+            python_type = self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].python_type
+            if hasattr(python_type, field_name):
+                return list(
+                    self.vmlinux_symtab[vmlinux_struct_name].members.keys()
+                ).index(field_name)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Field {field_name} not found in vmlinux struct {vmlinux_struct_name}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{vmlinux_struct_name} is not a vmlinux struct")

tests/c-form/Makefile

@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
 BPF_CLANG := clang
-CFLAGS := -O2 -emit-llvm -target bpf -c
+CFLAGS := -emit-llvm -target bpf -c -D__TARGET_ARCH_x86
 
 SRC := $(wildcard *.bpf.c)
 LL := $(SRC:.bpf.c=.bpf.ll)
 OBJ := $(SRC:.bpf.c=.bpf.o)
-
+LL0 := $(SRC:.bpf.c=.bpf.o0.ll)
 .PHONY: all clean
 
-all: $(LL) $(OBJ)
+all: $(LL) $(OBJ) $(LL0)
 
 %.bpf.o: %.bpf.c
-	$(BPF_CLANG) -O2 -g -target bpf -c $< -o $@
+	$(BPF_CLANG) -O2 -D__TARGET_ARCH_x86 -g -target bpf -c $< -o $@
 
 %.bpf.ll: %.bpf.c
-	$(BPF_CLANG) $(CFLAGS) -g -S $< -o $@
+	$(BPF_CLANG) $(CFLAGS) -O2 -g -S $< -o $@
+
+%.bpf.o0.ll: %.bpf.c
+	$(BPF_CLANG) $(CFLAGS) -O0 -g -S $< -o $@
 
 clean:
-	rm -f $(LL) $(OBJ)
+	rm -f $(LL) $(OBJ) $(LL0)

tests/c-form/disksnoop.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// disksnoop.bpf.c
+// eBPF program (compile with: clang -O2 -g -target bpf -c disksnoop.bpf.c -o disksnoop.bpf.o)
+
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_core_read.h>
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
+
+struct {
+    __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH);
+    __type(key, __u64);
+    __type(value, __u64);
+    __uint(max_entries, 10240);
+} start_map SEC(".maps");
+
+/* kprobe: record start timestamp keyed by request pointer */
+SEC("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+int trace_start(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    /* request * is first arg */
+    __u64 reqp = (__u64)(ctx->di);
+    __u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+
+    bpf_map_update_elem(&start_map, &reqp, &ts, BPF_ANY);
+
+//  /* optional debug:
+    bpf_printk("start: req=%llu ts=%llu\n", reqp, ts);
+//  */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* completion: compute latency and print data_len, cmd_flags, latency_us */
+SEC("kprobe/blk_mq_end_request")
+int trace_completion(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    __u64 reqp = (__u64)(ctx->di);
+    __u64 *tsp;
+    __u64 now_ns;
+    __u64 delta_ns;
+    __u64 delta_us = 0;
+    bpf_printk("%lld", reqp);
+    tsp = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&start_map, &reqp);
+    if (!tsp)
+        return 0;
+
+    now_ns = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+    delta_ns = now_ns - *tsp;
+    delta_us = delta_ns / 1000;
+
+    /* read request fields using CO-RE; needs vmlinux.h/BTF */
+    __u32 data_len = 0;
+    __u32 cmd_flags = 0;
+
+    /* __data_len is usually a 32/64-bit; use CORE read to be safe */
+    data_len = ( __u32 ) BPF_CORE_READ((struct request *)reqp, __data_len);
+    cmd_flags = ( __u32 ) BPF_CORE_READ((struct request *)reqp, cmd_flags);
+
+    /* print: "<bytes> <flags_hex> <latency_us>" */
+    bpf_printk("%u %x %llu\n", data_len, cmd_flags, delta_us);
+
+    /* remove from map */
+    bpf_map_delete_elem(&start_map, &reqp);
+
+    return 0;
+}

tests/c-form/ex2.bpf.c

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include "vmlinux.h"
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
-#define u64 unsigned long long
+#include <bpf/bpf_endian.h>
-#define u32 unsigned int
 
 SEC("xdp")
 int hello(struct xdp_md *ctx) {
-    bpf_printk("Hello, World!\n");
+    bpf_printk("Hello, World! %ud \n", ctx->data);
     return XDP_PASS;
 }
 

tests/c-form/ex5.bpf.c

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#define __TARGET_ARCH_arm64
-
-#include "vmlinux.h"
-#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
-#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
-#include <bpf/bpf_core_read.h>
-
-// Map: key = struct request*, value = u64 timestamp
-struct {
-    __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH);
-    __type(key, struct request *);
-    __type(value, u64);
-    __uint(max_entries, 1024);
-} start SEC(".maps");
-
-// Attach to kprobe for blk_start_request
-SEC("kprobe/blk_start_request")
-int BPF_KPROBE(trace_start, struct request *req)
-{
-    u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
-    bpf_map_update_elem(&start, &req, &ts, BPF_ANY);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/c-form/ex7.bpf.c

@@ -1,23 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include "vmlinux.h"
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
 
-struct trace_entry {
-  short unsigned int type;
-  unsigned char flags;
-  unsigned char preempt_count;
-  int pid;
-};
-
-struct trace_event_raw_sys_enter {
-  struct trace_entry ent;
-  long int id;
-  long unsigned int args[6];
-  char __data[0];
-};
-
 struct event {
   __u32 pid;
   __u32 uid;
@@ -33,7 +19,7 @@ struct {
 SEC("tp/syscalls/sys_enter_setuid")
 int handle_setuid_entry(struct trace_event_raw_sys_enter *ctx) {
   struct event data = {};
-
+  struct blk_integrity_iter it = {};
   // Extract UID from the syscall arguments
   data.uid = (unsigned int)ctx->args[0];
   data.ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();

tests/c-form/i32test.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+
+SEC("xdp")
+int print_xdp_data(struct xdp_md *ctx)
+{
+    // 'data' is a pointer to the start of packet data
+    long data = (long)ctx->data;
+
+    bpf_printk("ctx->data = %lld\n", data);
+
+    return XDP_PASS;
+}
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/c-form/kprobe.bpf.c

@@ -2,18 +2,75 @@
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
 
-char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "Dual BSD/GPL";
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
 
 SEC("kprobe/do_unlinkat")
 int kprobe_execve(struct pt_regs *ctx)
 {
     bpf_printk("unlinkat created");
-    return 0;
-}
 
-SEC("kretprobe/do_unlinkat")
+    unsigned long r15 = ctx->r15;
-int kretprobe_execve(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+    bpf_printk("r15: %lld", r15);
-{
+
-    bpf_printk("unlinkat returned\n");
+    unsigned long r14 = ctx->r14;
+    bpf_printk("r14: %lld", r14);
+
+    unsigned long r13 = ctx->r13;
+    bpf_printk("r13: %lld", r13);
+
+    unsigned long r12 = ctx->r12;
+    bpf_printk("r12: %lld", r12);
+
+    unsigned long bp = ctx->bp;
+    bpf_printk("rbp: %lld", bp);
+
+    unsigned long bx = ctx->bx;
+    bpf_printk("rbx: %lld", bx);
+
+    unsigned long r11 = ctx->r11;
+    bpf_printk("r11: %lld", r11);
+
+    unsigned long r10 = ctx->r10;
+    bpf_printk("r10: %lld", r10);
+
+    unsigned long r9 = ctx->r9;
+    bpf_printk("r9: %lld", r9);
+
+    unsigned long r8 = ctx->r8;
+    bpf_printk("r8: %lld", r8);
+
+    unsigned long ax = ctx->ax;
+    bpf_printk("rax: %lld", ax);
+
+    unsigned long cx = ctx->cx;
+    bpf_printk("rcx: %lld", cx);
+
+    unsigned long dx = ctx->dx;
+    bpf_printk("rdx: %lld", dx);
+
+    unsigned long si = ctx->si;
+    bpf_printk("rsi: %lld", si);
+
+    unsigned long di = ctx->di;
+    bpf_printk("rdi: %lld", di);
+
+    unsigned long orig_ax = ctx->orig_ax;
+    bpf_printk("orig_rax: %lld", orig_ax);
+
+    unsigned long ip = ctx->ip;
+    bpf_printk("rip: %lld", ip);
+
+    unsigned long cs = ctx->cs;
+    bpf_printk("cs: %lld", cs);
+
+    unsigned long flags = ctx->flags;
+    bpf_printk("eflags: %lld", flags);
+
+    unsigned long sp = ctx->sp;
+    bpf_printk("rsp: %lld", sp);
+
+    unsigned long ss = ctx->ss;
+    bpf_printk("ss: %lld", ss);
+
     return 0;
 }

tests/c-form/requests.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_core_read.h>
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
+
+SEC("kprobe/blk_mq_start_request")
+int example(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    u64 a = ctx->r15;
+    struct request *req = (struct request *)(ctx->di);
+    unsigned int something_ns = BPF_CORE_READ(req, timeout);
+    unsigned int data_len = BPF_CORE_READ(req, __data_len);
+    bpf_printk("data length %lld %ld %ld\n", data_len,  something_ns, a);
+
+    return 0;
+}