bump version to v0.1.5

Adds IR and debug info generation capabilities for vmlinux imported structs

.github/workflows/format.yml

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ jobs:
     name: Format
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
     - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1

.gitignore

@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ __pycache__/
 *.ll
 *.o
 .ipynb_checkpoints/
+vmlinux.py
+~*
+vmlinux.h

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #
 # See https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit
 
-exclude: 'vmlinux.*\.py$'
+exclude: 'vmlinux.py'
 
 ci:
   autoupdate_commit_msg: "chore: update pre-commit hooks"
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ ci:
 repos:
 # Standard hooks
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v4.6.0
+  rev: v6.0.0
   hooks:
   - id: check-added-large-files
   - id: check-case-conflict
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ repos:
   - id: trailing-whitespace
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: "v0.4.2"
+  rev: "v0.13.2"
   hooks:
     - id: ruff
       args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
     - id: ruff-format
-      exclude: ^(docs)|^(tests)|^(examples)
+#      exclude: ^(docs)|^(tests)|^(examples)
 
 # Checking static types
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: "v1.10.0"
+  rev: "v1.18.2"
   hooks:
     - id: mypy
       exclude: ^(tests)|^(examples)

README.md

@@ -83,14 +83,14 @@ def hist() -> HashMap:
 def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     process_id = pid()
     one = 1
-    prev = hist().lookup(process_id)
+    prev = hist.lookup(process_id)
     if prev:
         previous_value = prev + 1
         print(f"count: {previous_value} with {process_id}")
-        hist().update(process_id, previous_value)
+        hist.update(process_id, previous_value)
         return c_int64(0)
     else:
-        hist().update(process_id, one)
+        hist.update(process_id, one)
     return c_int64(0)
 
 

TODO.md

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-## Short term
-
-- Implement enough functionality to port the BCC tutorial examples in PythonBPF
-- Static Typing
-- Add all maps
-- XDP support in pylibbpf
-- ringbuf support
-- recursive expression resolution
-
-## Long term
-
-- Refactor the codebase to be better than a hackathon project
-- Port to C++ and use actual LLVM?

examples/clone-matplotlib.ipynb

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
     "from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF\n",
     "from pythonbpf.helper import pid\n",
     "from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap\n",
-    "from pylibbpf import *\n",
+    "from pylibbpf import BpfMap\n",
     "from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt"
    ]
@@ -308,6 +308,7 @@
     "def hist() -> HashMap:\n",
     "    return HashMap(key=c_int32, value=c_uint64, max_entries=4096)\n",
     "\n",
+    "\n",
     "@bpf\n",
     "@section(\"tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone\")\n",
     "def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:\n",
@@ -329,6 +330,7 @@
     "def LICENSE() -> str:\n",
     "    return \"GPL\"\n",
     "\n",
+    "\n",
     "b = BPF()"
    ]
   },
@@ -357,7 +359,6 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "\n",
     "b.load_and_attach()\n",
     "hist = BpfMap(b, hist)\n",
     "print(\"Recording\")\n",

examples/kprobes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, BPF
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kretprobe/do_unlinkat")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("kprobe/do_unlinkat")
+def hello_world2(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+b = BPF()
+b.load_and_attach()
+while True:
+    print("running")
+# Now cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe to see results of unlink kprobe.

examples/struct_and_perf.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
     dataobj.pid = pid()
     dataobj.ts = ktime()
     # dataobj.comm = strobj
-    print(f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid" f"{dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}")
+    print(f"clone called at {dataobj.ts} by pid{dataobj.pid}, comm {strobj}")
     events.output(dataobj)
     return c_int32(0)
 

examples/sys_sync.py

@@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ def last() -> HashMap:
 @section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
 def do_trace(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
     key = 0
-    tsp = last().lookup(key)
+    tsp = last.lookup(key)
     if tsp:
         kt = ktime()
         delta = kt - tsp
         if delta < 1000000000:
             time_ms = delta // 1000000
             print(f"sync called within last second, last {time_ms} ms ago")
-        last().delete(key)
+        last.delete(key)
     else:
         kt = ktime()
-        last().update(key, kt)
+        last.update(key, kt)
     return c_int64(0)
 
 

examples/xdp_pass.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile, compile_to_ir
 from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
 from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from ctypes import c_int64, c_void_p
 
-from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 # Instructions to how to run this program
 # 1. Install PythonBPF: pip install pythonbpf
@@ -41,4 +41,5 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
     return "GPL"
 
 
+compile_to_ir("xdp_pass.py", "xdp_pass.ll")
 compile()

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "pythonbpf"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.5"
 description = "Reduced Python frontend for eBPF"
 authors = [
   { name = "r41k0u", email="pragyanshchaturvedi18@gmail.com" },

pythonbpf/allocation_pass.py

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+import ast
+import logging
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry
+from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class LocalSymbol:
+    var: ir.AllocaInstr
+    ir_type: ir.Type
+    metadata: Any = None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield self.var
+        yield self.ir_type
+        yield self.metadata
+
+
+def handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Handle memory allocation for assignment statements."""
+
+    # Validate assignment
+    if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
+        logger.warning("Multi-target assignment not supported, skipping allocation")
+        return
+
+    target = stmt.targets[0]
+
+    # Skip non-name targets (e.g., struct field assignments)
+    if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
+        logger.debug(f"Struct field assignment to {target.attr}, no allocation needed")
+        return
+
+    if not isinstance(target, ast.Name):
+        logger.warning(f"Unsupported assignment target type: {type(target).__name__}")
+        return
+
+    var_name = target.id
+    rval = stmt.value
+
+    # Skip if already allocated
+    if var_name in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.debug(f"Variable {var_name} already allocated, skipping")
+        return
+
+    # Determine type and allocate based on rval
+    if isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
+        _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+    elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
+        _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab)
+    elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
+        _allocate_for_binop(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"Unsupported assignment value type for {var_name}: {type(rval).__name__}"
+        )
+
+
+def _allocate_for_call(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Allocate memory for variable assigned from a call."""
+
+    if isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
+        call_type = rval.func.id
+
+        # C type constructors
+        if call_type in ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64"):
+            ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
+            var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+            var.align = ir_type.width // 8
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+            logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} as {call_type}")
+
+        # Helper functions
+        elif HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_type):
+            ir_type = ir.IntType(64)  # Assume i64 return type
+            var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+            var.align = 8
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+            logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for helper {call_type}")
+
+        # Deref function
+        elif call_type == "deref":
+            ir_type = ir.IntType(64)  # Assume i64 return type
+            var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+            var.align = 8
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+            logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for deref")
+
+        # Struct constructors
+        elif call_type in structs_sym_tab:
+            struct_info = structs_sym_tab[call_type]
+            var = builder.alloca(struct_info.ir_type, name=var_name)
+            local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, struct_info.ir_type, call_type)
+            logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for struct {call_type}")
+
+        else:
+            logger.warning(f"Unknown call type for allocation: {call_type}")
+
+    elif isinstance(rval.func, ast.Attribute):
+        # Map method calls - need double allocation for ptr handling
+        _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab)
+
+    else:
+        logger.warning(f"Unsupported call function type for {var_name}")
+
+
+def _allocate_for_map_method(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
+    """Allocate memory for variable assigned from map method (double alloc)."""
+
+    # Main variable (pointer to pointer)
+    ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))
+    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+
+    # Temporary variable for computed values
+    tmp_ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+    var_tmp = builder.alloca(tmp_ir_type, name=f"{var_name}_tmp")
+    local_sym_tab[f"{var_name}_tmp"] = LocalSymbol(var_tmp, tmp_ir_type)
+
+    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} and {var_name}_tmp for map method")
+
+
+def _allocate_for_constant(builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab):
+    """Allocate memory for variable assigned from a constant."""
+
+    if isinstance(rval.value, bool):
+        ir_type = ir.IntType(1)
+        var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+        var.align = 1
+        local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+        logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} as bool")
+
+    elif isinstance(rval.value, int):
+        ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
+        var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+        var.align = 8
+        local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+        logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} as i64")
+
+    elif isinstance(rval.value, str):
+        ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+        var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+        var.align = 8
+        local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+        logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} as string")
+
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"Unsupported constant type for {var_name}: {type(rval.value).__name__}"
+        )
+
+
+def _allocate_for_binop(builder, var_name, local_sym_tab):
+    """Allocate memory for variable assigned from a binary operation."""
+    ir_type = ir.IntType(64)  # Assume i64 result
+    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
+    var.align = 8
+    local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
+    logger.info(f"Pre-allocated {var_name} for binop result")
+
+
+def allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps, local_sym_tab):
+    """Allocate the temporary scratch space pool for helper arguments."""
+    if max_temps == 0:
+        return
+
+    logger.info(f"Allocating temp pool of {max_temps} variables")
+    for i in range(max_temps):
+        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{i}"
+        temp_var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=temp_name)
+        temp_var.align = 8
+        local_sym_tab[temp_name] = LocalSymbol(temp_var, ir.IntType(64))

pythonbpf/assign_pass.py

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import ast
+import logging
+from llvmlite import ir
+from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def handle_struct_field_assignment(
+    func, module, builder, target, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Handle struct field assignment (obj.field = value)."""
+
+    var_name = target.value.id
+    field_name = target.attr
+
+    if var_name not in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.error(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found in symbol table")
+        return
+
+    struct_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
+    struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]
+
+    if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+        logger.error(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{struct_type}'")
+        return
+
+    # Get field pointer and evaluate value
+    field_ptr = struct_info.gep(builder, local_sym_tab[var_name].var, field_name)
+    val = eval_expr(
+        func, module, builder, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+
+    if val is None:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate value for {var_name}.{field_name}")
+        return
+
+    # TODO: Handle string assignment to char array (not a priority)
+    field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+    if isinstance(field_type, ir.ArrayType) and val[1] == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
+        logger.warning(
+            f"String to char array assignment not implemented for {var_name}.{field_name}"
+        )
+        return
+
+    # Store the value
+    builder.store(val[0], field_ptr)
+    logger.info(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
+
+
+def handle_variable_assignment(
+    func, module, builder, var_name, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Handle single named variable assignment."""
+
+    if var_name not in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.error(f"Variable {var_name} not declared.")
+        return False
+
+    var_ptr = local_sym_tab[var_name].var
+    var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].ir_type
+
+    # NOTE: Special case for struct initialization
+    if isinstance(rval, ast.Call) and isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
+        struct_name = rval.func.id
+        if struct_name in structs_sym_tab and len(rval.args) == 0:
+            struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_name]
+            ir_struct = struct_info.ir_type
+
+            builder.store(ir.Constant(ir_struct, None), var_ptr)
+            logger.info(f"Initialized struct {struct_name} for variable {var_name}")
+            return True
+
+    val_result = eval_expr(
+        func, module, builder, rval, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    if val_result is None:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate value for {var_name}")
+        return False
+
+    val, val_type = val_result
+    logger.info(f"Evaluated value for {var_name}: {val} of type {val_type}, {var_type}")
+    if val_type != var_type:
+        if isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(var_type, ir.IntType):
+            # Allow implicit int widening
+            if val_type.width < var_type.width:
+                val = builder.sext(val, var_type)
+                logger.info(f"Implicitly widened int for variable {var_name}")
+            elif val_type.width > var_type.width:
+                val = builder.trunc(val, var_type)
+                logger.info(f"Implicitly truncated int for variable {var_name}")
+        elif isinstance(val_type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(var_type, ir.PointerType):
+            # NOTE: This is assignment to a PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL
+            logger.info(
+                f"Creating temporary variable for pointer assignment to {var_name}"
+            )
+            var_ptr_tmp = local_sym_tab[f"{var_name}_tmp"].var
+            builder.store(val, var_ptr_tmp)
+            val = var_ptr_tmp
+        else:
+            logger.error(
+                f"Type mismatch for variable {var_name}: {val_type} vs {var_type}"
+            )
+            return False
+
+    builder.store(val, var_ptr)
+    logger.info(f"Assigned value to variable {var_name}")
+    return True

pythonbpf/binary_ops.py

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-import ast
-from llvmlite import ir
-
-
-def recursive_dereferencer(var, builder):
-    """dereference until primitive type comes out"""
-    if var.type == ir.PointerType(ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))):
-        a = builder.load(var)
-        return recursive_dereferencer(a, builder)
-    elif var.type == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)):
-        a = builder.load(var)
-        return recursive_dereferencer(a, builder)
-    elif var.type == ir.IntType(64):
-        return var
-    else:
-        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported type for dereferencing: {var.type}")
-
-
-def handle_binary_op(rval, module, builder, var_name, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, func):
-    print(module)
-    left = rval.left
-    right = rval.right
-    op = rval.op
-
-    # Handle left operand
-    if isinstance(left, ast.Name):
-        if left.id in local_sym_tab:
-            left = recursive_dereferencer(local_sym_tab[left.id][0], builder)
-        else:
-            raise SyntaxError(f"Undefined variable: {left.id}")
-    elif isinstance(left, ast.Constant):
-        left = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), left.value)
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported left operand type")
-
-    if isinstance(right, ast.Name):
-        if right.id in local_sym_tab:
-            right = recursive_dereferencer(local_sym_tab[right.id][0], builder)
-        else:
-            raise SyntaxError(f"Undefined variable: {right.id}")
-    elif isinstance(right, ast.Constant):
-        right = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), right.value)
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported right operand type")
-
-    print(f"left is {left}, right is {right}, op is {op}")
-
-    if isinstance(op, ast.Add):
-        builder.store(builder.add(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Sub):
-        builder.store(builder.sub(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Mult):
-        builder.store(builder.mul(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Div):
-        builder.store(builder.sdiv(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.Mod):
-        builder.store(builder.srem(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.LShift):
-        builder.store(builder.shl(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.RShift):
-        builder.store(builder.lshr(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.BitOr):
-        builder.store(builder.or_(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.BitXor):
-        builder.store(builder.xor(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.BitAnd):
-        builder.store(builder.and_(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    elif isinstance(op, ast.FloorDiv):
-        builder.store(builder.udiv(left, right), local_sym_tab[var_name][0])
-    else:
-        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported binary operation")

pythonbpf/codegen.py

@@ -1,19 +1,38 @@
 import ast
 from llvmlite import ir
 from .license_pass import license_processing
-from .functions_pass import func_proc
+from .functions import func_proc
 from .maps import maps_proc
 from .structs import structs_proc
-from .globals_pass import globals_processing
-from .debuginfo import DW_LANG_C11, DwarfBehaviorEnum
+from .vmlinux_parser import vmlinux_proc
+from .globals_pass import (
+    globals_list_creation,
+    globals_processing,
+    populate_global_symbol_table,
+)
+from .debuginfo import DW_LANG_C11, DwarfBehaviorEnum, DebugInfoGenerator
 import os
 import subprocess
 import inspect
 from pathlib import Path
 from pylibbpf import BpfProgram
 import tempfile
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+import re
 
-VERSION = "v0.1.3"
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+VERSION = "v0.1.5"
+
+
+def finalize_module(original_str):
+    """After all IR generation is complete, we monkey patch btf_ama attribute"""
+
+    # Create a string with applied transformation of btf_ama attribute addition to BTF struct field accesses.
+    pattern = r'(@"llvm\.[^"]+:[^"]*" = external global i64, !llvm\.preserve\.access\.index ![0-9]+)'
+    replacement = r'\1 "btf_ama"'
+    return re.sub(pattern, replacement, original_str)
 
 
 def find_bpf_chunks(tree):
@@ -30,21 +49,28 @@ def find_bpf_chunks(tree):
 
 def processor(source_code, filename, module):
     tree = ast.parse(source_code, filename)
-    print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4))
+    logger.debug(ast.dump(tree, indent=4))
 
     bpf_chunks = find_bpf_chunks(tree)
     for func_node in bpf_chunks:
-        print(f"Found BPF function/struct: {func_node.name}")
+        logger.info(f"Found BPF function/struct: {func_node.name}")
+
+    vmlinux_proc(tree, module)
+    populate_global_symbol_table(tree, module)
+    license_processing(tree, module)
+    globals_processing(tree, module)
 
     structs_sym_tab = structs_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
     map_sym_tab = maps_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks)
     func_proc(tree, module, bpf_chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
 
-    license_processing(tree, module)
-    globals_processing(tree, module)
+    globals_list_creation(tree, module)
 
 
-def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str):
+def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str, loglevel=logging.INFO):
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level=loglevel, format="%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(name)s: %(message)s"
+    )
     with open(filename) as f:
         source = f.read()
 
@@ -53,33 +79,17 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str):
     module.triple = "bpf"
 
     if not hasattr(module, "_debug_compile_unit"):
-        module._file_metadata = module.add_debug_info(
-            "DIFile",
-            {  # type: ignore
-                "filename": filename,
-                "directory": os.path.dirname(filename),
-            },
+        debug_generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+        debug_generator.generate_file_metadata(filename, os.path.dirname(filename))
+        debug_generator.generate_debug_cu(
+            DW_LANG_C11,
+            f"PythonBPF {VERSION}",
+            True,  # TODO: This is probably not true
+            # TODO: add a global field here that keeps track of all the globals. Works without it, but I think it might
+            # be required for kprobes.
+            True,
         )
 
-        module._debug_compile_unit = module.add_debug_info(
-            "DICompileUnit",
-            {  # type: ignore
-                "language": DW_LANG_C11,
-                "file": module._file_metadata,  # type: ignore
-                "producer": f"PythonBPF {VERSION}",
-                "isOptimized": True,  # TODO: This is probably not true
-                # TODO: add a global field here that keeps track of all the globals. Works without it, but I think it might
-                # be required for kprobes.
-                "runtimeVersion": 0,
-                "emissionKind": 1,
-                "splitDebugInlining": False,
-                "nameTableKind": 0,
-            },
-            is_distinct=True,
-        )
-
-        module.add_named_metadata("llvm.dbg.cu", module._debug_compile_unit)  # type: ignore
-
     processor(source, filename, module)
 
     wchar_size = module.add_metadata(
@@ -121,16 +131,45 @@ def compile_to_ir(filename: str, output: str):
 
     module.add_named_metadata("llvm.ident", [f"PythonBPF {VERSION}"])
 
-    print(f"IR written to {output}")
+    module_string = finalize_module(str(module))
+
+    logger.info(f"IR written to {output}")
     with open(output, "w") as f:
         f.write(f'source_filename = "{filename}"\n')
-        f.write(str(module))
+        f.write(module_string)
         f.write("\n")
 
     return output
 
 
-def compile() -> bool:
+def _run_llc(ll_file, obj_file):
+    """Compile LLVM IR to BPF object file using llc."""
+
+    logger.info(f"Compiling IR to object: {ll_file} -> {obj_file}")
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "llc",
+            "-march=bpf",
+            "-filetype=obj",
+            "-O2",
+            str(ll_file),
+            "-o",
+            str(obj_file),
+        ],
+        check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+
+    if result.returncode == 0:
+        logger.info(f"Object file written to {obj_file}")
+        return True
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"llc compilation failed: {result.stderr}")
+        return False
+
+
+def compile(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> bool:
     # Look one level up the stack to the caller of this function
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     caller_file = Path(caller_frame.filename).resolve()
@@ -139,29 +178,17 @@ def compile() -> bool:
     o_file = caller_file.with_suffix(".o")
 
     success = True
-    success = compile_to_ir(str(caller_file), str(ll_file)) and success
-
-    success = bool(
-        subprocess.run(
-            [
-                "llc",
-                "-march=bpf",
-                "-filetype=obj",
-                "-O2",
-                str(ll_file),
-                "-o",
-                str(o_file),
-            ],
-            check=True,
-        )
-        and success
+    success = (
+        compile_to_ir(str(caller_file), str(ll_file), loglevel=loglevel) and success
     )
 
-    print(f"Object written to {o_file}")
+    success = _run_llc(ll_file, o_file) and success
+
+    logger.info(f"Object written to {o_file}")
     return success
 
 
-def BPF() -> BpfProgram:
+def BPF(loglevel=logging.INFO) -> BpfProgram:
     caller_frame = inspect.stack()[1]
     src = inspect.getsource(caller_frame.frame)
     with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
@@ -174,18 +201,7 @@ def BPF() -> BpfProgram:
         f.write(src)
         f.flush()
         source = f.name
-        compile_to_ir(source, str(inter.name))
-        subprocess.run(
-            [
-                "llc",
-                "-march=bpf",
-                "-filetype=obj",
-                "-O2",
-                str(inter.name),
-                "-o",
-                str(obj_file.name),
-            ],
-            check=True,
-        )
+        compile_to_ir(source, str(inter.name), loglevel=loglevel)
+        _run_llc(str(inter.name), str(obj_file.name))
 
         return BpfProgram(str(obj_file.name))

pythonbpf/debuginfo/debug_info_generator.py

@@ -12,6 +12,34 @@ class DebugInfoGenerator:
         self.module = module
         self._type_cache = {}  # Cache for common debug types
 
+    def generate_file_metadata(self, filename, dirname):
+        self.module._file_metadata = self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DIFile",
+            {  # type: ignore
+                "filename": filename,
+                "directory": dirname,
+            },
+        )
+
+    def generate_debug_cu(
+        self, language, producer: str, is_optimized: bool, is_distinct: bool
+    ):
+        self.module._debug_compile_unit = self.module.add_debug_info(
+            "DICompileUnit",
+            {  # type: ignore
+                "language": language,
+                "file": self.module._file_metadata,  # type: ignore
+                "producer": producer,
+                "isOptimized": is_optimized,
+                "runtimeVersion": 0,
+                "emissionKind": 1,
+                "splitDebugInlining": False,
+                "nameTableKind": 0,
+            },
+            is_distinct=is_distinct,
+        )
+        self.module.add_named_metadata("llvm.dbg.cu", self.module._debug_compile_unit)  # type: ignore
+
     def get_basic_type(self, name: str, size: int, encoding: int) -> Any:
         """Get or create a basic type with caching"""
         key = (name, size, encoding)

pythonbpf/expr/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+from .expr_pass import eval_expr, handle_expr, get_operand_value
+from .type_normalization import convert_to_bool, get_base_type_and_depth
+from .ir_ops import deref_to_depth
+from .call_registry import CallHandlerRegistry
+
+__all__ = [
+    "eval_expr",
+    "handle_expr",
+    "convert_to_bool",
+    "get_base_type_and_depth",
+    "deref_to_depth",
+    "get_operand_value",
+    "CallHandlerRegistry",
+]

pythonbpf/expr/call_registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class CallHandlerRegistry:
+    """Registry for handling different types of calls (helpers, etc.)"""
+
+    _handler = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_handler(cls, handler):
+        """Set the handler for unknown calls"""
+        cls._handler = handler
+
+    @classmethod
+    def handle_call(
+        cls, call, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    ):
+        """Handle a call using the registered handler"""
+        if cls._handler is None:
+            return None
+        return cls._handler(
+            call, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )

pythonbpf/expr/expr_pass.py

@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+import ast
+from llvmlite import ir
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+from typing import Dict
+
+from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir, is_ctypes
+from .call_registry import CallHandlerRegistry
+from .type_normalization import (
+    convert_to_bool,
+    handle_comparator,
+    get_base_type_and_depth,
+    deref_to_depth,
+)
+
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Leaf Handlers (No Recursive eval_expr calls)
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def _handle_name_expr(expr: ast.Name, local_sym_tab: Dict, builder: ir.IRBuilder):
+    """Handle ast.Name expressions."""
+    if expr.id in local_sym_tab:
+        var = local_sym_tab[expr.id].var
+        val = builder.load(var)
+        return val, local_sym_tab[expr.id].ir_type
+    else:
+        logger.info(f"Undefined variable {expr.id}")
+        return None
+
+
+def _handle_constant_expr(module, builder, expr: ast.Constant):
+    """Handle ast.Constant expressions."""
+    if isinstance(expr.value, int) or isinstance(expr.value, bool):
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), int(expr.value)), ir.IntType(64)
+    elif isinstance(expr.value, str):
+        str_name = f".str.{id(expr)}"
+        str_bytes = expr.value.encode("utf-8") + b"\x00"
+        str_type = ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(str_bytes))
+        str_constant = ir.Constant(str_type, bytearray(str_bytes))
+
+        # Create global variable
+        global_str = ir.GlobalVariable(module, str_type, name=str_name)
+        global_str.linkage = "internal"
+        global_str.global_constant = True
+        global_str.initializer = str_constant
+
+        str_ptr = builder.bitcast(global_str, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)))
+        return str_ptr, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"Unsupported constant type {ast.dump(expr)}")
+        return None
+
+
+def _handle_attribute_expr(
+    expr: ast.Attribute,
+    local_sym_tab: Dict,
+    structs_sym_tab: Dict,
+    builder: ir.IRBuilder,
+):
+    """Handle ast.Attribute expressions for struct field access."""
+    if isinstance(expr.value, ast.Name):
+        var_name = expr.value.id
+        attr_name = expr.attr
+        if var_name in local_sym_tab:
+            var_ptr, var_type, var_metadata = local_sym_tab[var_name]
+            logger.info(f"Loading attribute {attr_name} from variable {var_name}")
+            logger.info(f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}")
+            metadata = structs_sym_tab[var_metadata]
+            if attr_name in metadata.fields:
+                gep = metadata.gep(builder, var_ptr, attr_name)
+                val = builder.load(gep)
+                field_type = metadata.field_type(attr_name)
+                return val, field_type
+    return None
+
+
+def _handle_deref_call(expr: ast.Call, local_sym_tab: Dict, builder: ir.IRBuilder):
+    """Handle deref function calls."""
+    logger.info(f"Handling deref {ast.dump(expr)}")
+    if len(expr.args) != 1:
+        logger.info("deref takes exactly one argument")
+        return None
+
+    arg = expr.args[0]
+    if (
+        isinstance(arg, ast.Call)
+        and isinstance(arg.func, ast.Name)
+        and arg.func.id == "deref"
+    ):
+        logger.info("Multiple deref not supported")
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
+        if arg.id in local_sym_tab:
+            arg_ptr = local_sym_tab[arg.id].var
+        else:
+            logger.info(f"Undefined variable {arg.id}")
+            return None
+    else:
+        logger.info("Unsupported argument type for deref")
+        return None
+
+    if arg_ptr is None:
+        logger.info("Failed to evaluate deref argument")
+        return None
+
+    # Load the value from pointer
+    val = builder.load(arg_ptr)
+    return val, local_sym_tab[arg.id].ir_type
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Binary Operations
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def get_operand_value(
+    func, module, operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    """Extract the value from an operand, handling variables and constants."""
+    logger.info(f"Getting operand value for: {ast.dump(operand)}")
+    if isinstance(operand, ast.Name):
+        if operand.id in local_sym_tab:
+            var = local_sym_tab[operand.id].var
+            var_type = var.type
+            base_type, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(var_type)
+            logger.info(f"var is {var}, base_type is {base_type}, depth is {depth}")
+            val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, var, depth)
+            return val
+        raise ValueError(f"Undefined variable: {operand.id}")
+    elif isinstance(operand, ast.Constant):
+        if isinstance(operand.value, int):
+            cst = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), int(operand.value))
+            return cst
+        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported constant type: {type(operand.value)}")
+    elif isinstance(operand, ast.BinOp):
+        res = _handle_binary_op_impl(
+            func, module, operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        return res
+    else:
+        res = eval_expr(
+            func, module, builder, operand, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if res is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Failed to evaluate call expression: {operand}")
+        val, _ = res
+        logger.info(f"Evaluated expr to {val} of type {val.type}")
+        base_type, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
+        if depth > 0:
+            val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
+        return val
+    raise TypeError(f"Unsupported operand type: {type(operand)}")
+
+
+def _handle_binary_op_impl(
+    func, module, rval, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    op = rval.op
+    left = get_operand_value(
+        func, module, rval.left, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    right = get_operand_value(
+        func, module, rval.right, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    logger.info(f"left is {left}, right is {right}, op is {op}")
+
+    # NOTE: Before doing the operation, if the operands are integers
+    # we always extend them to i64. The assignment to LHS will take
+    # care of truncation if needed.
+    if isinstance(left.type, ir.IntType) and left.type.width < 64:
+        left = builder.sext(left, ir.IntType(64))
+    if isinstance(right.type, ir.IntType) and right.type.width < 64:
+        right = builder.sext(right, ir.IntType(64))
+
+    # Map AST operation nodes to LLVM IR builder methods
+    op_map = {
+        ast.Add: builder.add,
+        ast.Sub: builder.sub,
+        ast.Mult: builder.mul,
+        ast.Div: builder.sdiv,
+        ast.Mod: builder.srem,
+        ast.LShift: builder.shl,
+        ast.RShift: builder.lshr,
+        ast.BitOr: builder.or_,
+        ast.BitXor: builder.xor,
+        ast.BitAnd: builder.and_,
+        ast.FloorDiv: builder.udiv,
+    }
+
+    if type(op) in op_map:
+        result = op_map[type(op)](left, right)
+        return result
+    else:
+        raise SyntaxError("Unsupported binary operation")
+
+
+def _handle_binary_op(
+    func,
+    module,
+    rval,
+    builder,
+    var_name,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    result = _handle_binary_op_impl(
+        func, module, rval, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    if var_name and var_name in local_sym_tab:
+        logger.info(
+            f"Storing result {result} into variable {local_sym_tab[var_name].var}"
+        )
+        builder.store(result, local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
+    return result, result.type
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Comparison and Unary Operations
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def _handle_ctypes_call(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle ctypes type constructor calls."""
+    if len(expr.args) != 1:
+        logger.info("ctypes constructor takes exactly one argument")
+        return None
+
+    arg = expr.args[0]
+    val = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        arg,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+    if val is None:
+        logger.info("Failed to evaluate argument to ctypes constructor")
+        return None
+    call_type = expr.func.id
+    expected_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
+
+    if val[1] != expected_type:
+        # NOTE: We are only considering casting to and from int types for now
+        if isinstance(val[1], ir.IntType) and isinstance(expected_type, ir.IntType):
+            if val[1].width < expected_type.width:
+                val = (builder.sext(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+            else:
+                val = (builder.trunc(val[0], expected_type), expected_type)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Type mismatch: expected {expected_type}, got {val[1]}")
+    return val
+
+
+def _handle_compare(
+    func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    """Handle ast.Compare expressions."""
+
+    if len(cond.ops) != 1 or len(cond.comparators) != 1:
+        logger.error("Only single comparisons are supported")
+        return None
+    lhs = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        cond.left,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+    rhs = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        cond.comparators[0],
+        local_sym_tab,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    if lhs is None or rhs is None:
+        logger.error("Failed to evaluate comparison operands")
+        return None
+
+    lhs, _ = lhs
+    rhs, _ = rhs
+    return handle_comparator(func, builder, cond.ops[0], lhs, rhs)
+
+
+def _handle_unary_op(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr: ast.UnaryOp,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle ast.UnaryOp expressions."""
+    if not isinstance(expr.op, ast.Not) and not isinstance(expr.op, ast.USub):
+        logger.error("Only 'not' and '-' unary operators are supported")
+        return None
+
+    operand = get_operand_value(
+        func, module, expr.operand, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    if operand is None:
+        logger.error("Failed to evaluate operand for unary operation")
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(expr.op, ast.Not):
+        true_const = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1)
+        result = builder.xor(convert_to_bool(builder, operand), true_const)
+        return result, ir.IntType(1)
+    elif isinstance(expr.op, ast.USub):
+        # Multiply by -1
+        neg_one = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), -1)
+        result = builder.mul(operand, neg_one)
+        return result, ir.IntType(64)
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Boolean Operations
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def _handle_and_op(func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Handle `and` boolean operations."""
+
+    logger.debug(f"Handling 'and' operator with {len(expr.values)} operands")
+
+    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name="and.merge")
+    false_block = func.append_basic_block(name="and.false")
+
+    incoming_values = []
+
+    for i, value in enumerate(expr.values):
+        is_last = i == len(expr.values) - 1
+
+        # Evaluate current operand
+        operand_result = eval_expr(
+            func, None, builder, value, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if operand_result is None:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate operand {i} in 'and' expression")
+            return None
+
+        operand_val, operand_type = operand_result
+
+        # Convert to boolean if needed
+        operand_bool = convert_to_bool(builder, operand_val)
+        current_block = builder.block
+
+        if is_last:
+            # Last operand: result is this value
+            builder.branch(merge_block)
+            incoming_values.append((operand_bool, current_block))
+        else:
+            # Not last: check if true, continue or short-circuit
+            next_check = func.append_basic_block(name=f"and.check_{i + 1}")
+            builder.cbranch(operand_bool, next_check, false_block)
+            builder.position_at_end(next_check)
+
+    # False block: short-circuit with false
+    builder.position_at_end(false_block)
+    builder.branch(merge_block)
+    false_value = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 0)
+    incoming_values.append((false_value, false_block))
+
+    # Merge block: phi node
+    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+    phi = builder.phi(ir.IntType(1), name="and.result")
+    for val, block in incoming_values:
+        phi.add_incoming(val, block)
+
+    logger.debug(f"Generated 'and' with {len(incoming_values)} incoming values")
+    return phi, ir.IntType(1)
+
+
+def _handle_or_op(func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Handle `or` boolean operations."""
+
+    logger.debug(f"Handling 'or' operator with {len(expr.values)} operands")
+
+    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name="or.merge")
+    true_block = func.append_basic_block(name="or.true")
+
+    incoming_values = []
+
+    for i, value in enumerate(expr.values):
+        is_last = i == len(expr.values) - 1
+
+        # Evaluate current operand
+        operand_result = eval_expr(
+            func, None, builder, value, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if operand_result is None:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to evaluate operand {i} in 'or' expression")
+            return None
+
+        operand_val, operand_type = operand_result
+
+        # Convert to boolean if needed
+        operand_bool = convert_to_bool(builder, operand_val)
+        current_block = builder.block
+
+        if is_last:
+            # Last operand: result is this value
+            builder.branch(merge_block)
+            incoming_values.append((operand_bool, current_block))
+        else:
+            # Not last: check if false, continue or short-circuit
+            next_check = func.append_basic_block(name=f"or.check_{i + 1}")
+            builder.cbranch(operand_bool, true_block, next_check)
+            builder.position_at_end(next_check)
+
+    # True block: short-circuit with true
+    builder.position_at_end(true_block)
+    builder.branch(merge_block)
+    true_value = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1)
+    incoming_values.append((true_value, true_block))
+
+    # Merge block: phi node
+    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+    phi = builder.phi(ir.IntType(1), name="or.result")
+    for val, block in incoming_values:
+        phi.add_incoming(val, block)
+
+    logger.debug(f"Generated 'or' with {len(incoming_values)} incoming values")
+    return phi, ir.IntType(1)
+
+
+def _handle_boolean_op(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr: ast.BoolOp,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle `and` and `or` boolean operations."""
+
+    if isinstance(expr.op, ast.And):
+        return _handle_and_op(
+            func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(expr.op, ast.Or):
+        return _handle_or_op(
+            func, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    else:
+        logger.error(f"Unsupported boolean operator: {type(expr.op).__name__}")
+        return None
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Expression Dispatcher
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def eval_expr(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    logger.info(f"Evaluating expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
+    if isinstance(expr, ast.Name):
+        return _handle_name_expr(expr, local_sym_tab, builder)
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Constant):
+        return _handle_constant_expr(module, builder, expr)
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Call):
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and expr.func.id == "deref":
+            return _handle_deref_call(expr, local_sym_tab, builder)
+
+        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name) and is_ctypes(expr.func.id):
+            return _handle_ctypes_call(
+                func,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                expr,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
+
+        result = CallHandlerRegistry.handle_call(
+            expr, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+        if result is not None:
+            return result
+
+        logger.warning(f"Unknown call: {ast.dump(expr)}")
+        return None
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
+        return _handle_attribute_expr(expr, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, builder)
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.BinOp):
+        return _handle_binary_op(
+            func,
+            module,
+            expr,
+            builder,
+            None,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Compare):
+        return _handle_compare(
+            func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.UnaryOp):
+        return _handle_unary_op(
+            func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(expr, ast.BoolOp):
+        return _handle_boolean_op(
+            func, module, builder, expr, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    logger.info("Unsupported expression evaluation")
+    return None
+
+
+def handle_expr(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    expr,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab,
+):
+    """Handle expression statements in the function body."""
+    logger.info(f"Handling expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
+    call = expr.value
+    if isinstance(call, ast.Call):
+        eval_expr(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            call,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+    else:
+        logger.info("Unsupported expression type")

pythonbpf/expr/ir_ops.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import logging
+from llvmlite import ir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, target_depth):
+    """Dereference a pointer to a certain depth."""
+
+    cur_val = val
+    cur_type = val.type
+
+    for depth in range(target_depth):
+        if not isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+            logger.error("Cannot dereference further, non-pointer type")
+            return None
+
+        # dereference with null check
+        pointee_type = cur_type.pointee
+        null_check_block = builder.block
+        not_null_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"deref_not_null_{depth}")
+        merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name=f"deref_merge_{depth}")
+
+        null_ptr = ir.Constant(cur_type, None)
+        is_not_null = builder.icmp_signed("!=", cur_val, null_ptr)
+        logger.debug(f"Inserted null check for pointer at depth {depth}")
+
+        builder.cbranch(is_not_null, not_null_block, merge_block)
+
+        builder.position_at_end(not_null_block)
+        dereferenced_val = builder.load(cur_val)
+        logger.debug(f"Dereferenced to depth {depth - 1}, type: {pointee_type}")
+        builder.branch(merge_block)
+
+        builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+        phi = builder.phi(pointee_type, name=f"deref_result_{depth}")
+
+        zero_value = (
+            ir.Constant(pointee_type, 0)
+            if isinstance(pointee_type, ir.IntType)
+            else ir.Constant(pointee_type, None)
+        )
+        phi.add_incoming(zero_value, null_check_block)
+
+        phi.add_incoming(dereferenced_val, not_null_block)
+
+        # Continue with phi result
+        cur_val = phi
+        cur_type = pointee_type
+    return cur_val

pythonbpf/expr/type_normalization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import logging
+import ast
+from llvmlite import ir
+from .ir_ops import deref_to_depth
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+COMPARISON_OPS = {
+    ast.Eq: "==",
+    ast.NotEq: "!=",
+    ast.Lt: "<",
+    ast.LtE: "<=",
+    ast.Gt: ">",
+    ast.GtE: ">=",
+    ast.Is: "==",
+    ast.IsNot: "!=",
+}
+
+
+def get_base_type_and_depth(ir_type):
+    """Get the base type for pointer types."""
+    cur_type = ir_type
+    depth = 0
+    while isinstance(cur_type, ir.PointerType):
+        depth += 1
+        cur_type = cur_type.pointee
+    return cur_type, depth
+
+
+def _normalize_types(func, builder, lhs, rhs):
+    """Normalize types for comparison."""
+
+    logger.info(f"Normalizing types: {lhs.type} vs {rhs.type}")
+    if isinstance(lhs.type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(rhs.type, ir.IntType):
+        if lhs.type.width < rhs.type.width:
+            lhs = builder.sext(lhs, rhs.type)
+        else:
+            rhs = builder.sext(rhs, lhs.type)
+        return lhs, rhs
+    elif not isinstance(lhs.type, ir.PointerType) and not isinstance(
+        rhs.type, ir.PointerType
+    ):
+        logger.error(f"Type mismatch: {lhs.type} vs {rhs.type}")
+        return None, None
+    else:
+        lhs_base, lhs_depth = get_base_type_and_depth(lhs.type)
+        rhs_base, rhs_depth = get_base_type_and_depth(rhs.type)
+        if lhs_base == rhs_base:
+            if lhs_depth < rhs_depth:
+                rhs = deref_to_depth(func, builder, rhs, rhs_depth - lhs_depth)
+            elif rhs_depth < lhs_depth:
+                lhs = deref_to_depth(func, builder, lhs, lhs_depth - rhs_depth)
+            return _normalize_types(func, builder, lhs, rhs)
+
+
+def convert_to_bool(builder, val):
+    """Convert a value to boolean."""
+    if val.type == ir.IntType(1):
+        return val
+    if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+        zero = ir.Constant(val.type, None)
+    else:
+        zero = ir.Constant(val.type, 0)
+    return builder.icmp_signed("!=", val, zero)
+
+
+def handle_comparator(func, builder, op, lhs, rhs):
+    """Handle comparison operations."""
+
+    if lhs.type != rhs.type:
+        lhs, rhs = _normalize_types(func, builder, lhs, rhs)
+
+    if lhs is None or rhs is None:
+        return None
+
+    if type(op) not in COMPARISON_OPS:
+        logger.error(f"Unsupported comparison operator: {type(op)}")
+        return None
+
+    predicate = COMPARISON_OPS[type(op)]
+    result = builder.icmp_signed(predicate, lhs, rhs)
+    logger.debug(f"Comparison result: {result}")
+    return result, ir.IntType(1)

pythonbpf/expr_pass.py

@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-import ast
-from llvmlite import ir
-
-
-def eval_expr(
-    func,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    expr,
-    local_sym_tab,
-    map_sym_tab,
-    structs_sym_tab=None,
-):
-    print(f"Evaluating expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
-    if isinstance(expr, ast.Name):
-        if expr.id in local_sym_tab:
-            var = local_sym_tab[expr.id].var
-            val = builder.load(var)
-            return val, local_sym_tab[expr.id].ir_type  # return value and type
-        else:
-            print(f"Undefined variable {expr.id}")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Constant):
-        if isinstance(expr.value, int):
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), expr.value), ir.IntType(64)
-        elif isinstance(expr.value, bool):
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), int(expr.value)), ir.IntType(1)
-        else:
-            print("Unsupported constant type")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Call):
-        # delayed import to avoid circular dependency
-        from pythonbpf.helper import HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call
-
-        if isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name):
-            # check deref
-            if expr.func.id == "deref":
-                print(f"Handling deref {ast.dump(expr)}")
-                if len(expr.args) != 1:
-                    print("deref takes exactly one argument")
-                    return None
-                arg = expr.args[0]
-                if (
-                    isinstance(arg, ast.Call)
-                    and isinstance(arg.func, ast.Name)
-                    and arg.func.id == "deref"
-                ):
-                    print("Multiple deref not supported")
-                    return None
-                if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
-                    if arg.id in local_sym_tab:
-                        arg = local_sym_tab[arg.id].var
-                    else:
-                        print(f"Undefined variable {arg.id}")
-                        return None
-                if arg is None:
-                    print("Failed to evaluate deref argument")
-                    return None
-                # Since we are handling only name case, directly take type from sym tab
-                val = builder.load(arg)
-                return val, local_sym_tab[expr.args[0].id].ir_type
-
-            # check for helpers
-            if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(expr.func.id):
-                return handle_helper_call(
-                    expr,
-                    module,
-                    builder,
-                    func,
-                    local_sym_tab,
-                    map_sym_tab,
-                    structs_sym_tab,
-                )
-        elif isinstance(expr.func, ast.Attribute):
-            print(f"Handling method call: {ast.dump(expr.func)}")
-            if isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(
-                expr.func.value.func, ast.Name
-            ):
-                method_name = expr.func.attr
-                if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
-                    return handle_helper_call(
-                        expr,
-                        module,
-                        builder,
-                        func,
-                        local_sym_tab,
-                        map_sym_tab,
-                        structs_sym_tab,
-                    )
-            elif isinstance(expr.func.value, ast.Name):
-                obj_name = expr.func.value.id
-                method_name = expr.func.attr
-                if obj_name in map_sym_tab:
-                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
-                        return handle_helper_call(
-                            expr,
-                            module,
-                            builder,
-                            func,
-                            local_sym_tab,
-                            map_sym_tab,
-                            structs_sym_tab,
-                        )
-    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Attribute):
-        if isinstance(expr.value, ast.Name):
-            var_name = expr.value.id
-            attr_name = expr.attr
-            if var_name in local_sym_tab:
-                var_ptr, var_type, var_metadata = local_sym_tab[var_name]
-                print(f"Loading attribute {attr_name} from variable {var_name}")
-                print(f"Variable type: {var_type}, Variable ptr: {var_ptr}")
-                metadata = structs_sym_tab[var_metadata]
-                if attr_name in metadata.fields:
-                    gep = metadata.gep(builder, var_ptr, attr_name)
-                    val = builder.load(gep)
-                    field_type = metadata.field_type(attr_name)
-                    return val, field_type
-    print("Unsupported expression evaluation")
-    return None
-
-
-def handle_expr(
-    func,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    expr,
-    local_sym_tab,
-    map_sym_tab,
-    structs_sym_tab,
-):
-    """Handle expression statements in the function body."""
-    print(f"Handling expression: {ast.dump(expr)}")
-    call = expr.value
-    if isinstance(call, ast.Call):
-        eval_expr(
-            func,
-            module,
-            builder,
-            call,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            map_sym_tab,
-            structs_sym_tab,
-        )
-    else:
-        print("Unsupported expression type")

pythonbpf/functions/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .functions_pass import func_proc
+
+__all__ = ["func_proc"]

pythonbpf/functions/function_metadata.py

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import ast
+
+
+def get_probe_string(func_node):
+    """Extract the probe string from the decorator of the function node"""
+    # TODO: right now we have the whole string in the section decorator
+    # But later we can implement typed tuples for tracepoints and kprobes
+    # For helper functions, we return "helper"
+
+    for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
+        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id == "bpfglobal":
+            return None
+        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Call) and isinstance(decorator.func, ast.Name):
+            if decorator.func.id == "section" and len(decorator.args) == 1:
+                arg = decorator.args[0]
+                if isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, str):
+                    return arg.value
+    return "helper"
+
+
+def is_global_function(func_node):
+    """Check if the function is a global"""
+    for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
+        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id in (
+            "map",
+            "bpfglobal",
+            "struct",
+        ):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def infer_return_type(func_node: ast.FunctionDef):
+    if not isinstance(func_node, (ast.FunctionDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef)):
+        raise TypeError("Expected ast.FunctionDef")
+    if func_node.returns is not None:
+        try:
+            return ast.unparse(func_node.returns)
+        except Exception:
+            node = func_node.returns
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
+                return node.id
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute):
+                return getattr(node, "attr", type(node).__name__)
+            try:
+                return str(node)
+            except Exception:
+                return type(node).__name__
+    found_type = None
+
+    def _expr_type(e):
+        if e is None:
+            return "None"
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Constant):
+            return type(e.value).__name__
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Name):
+            return e.id
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Call):
+            f = e.func
+            if isinstance(f, ast.Name):
+                return f.id
+            if isinstance(f, ast.Attribute):
+                try:
+                    return ast.unparse(f)
+                except Exception:
+                    return getattr(f, "attr", type(f).__name__)
+            try:
+                return ast.unparse(f)
+            except Exception:
+                return type(f).__name__
+        if isinstance(e, ast.Attribute):
+            try:
+                return ast.unparse(e)
+            except Exception:
+                return getattr(e, "attr", type(e).__name__)
+        try:
+            return ast.unparse(e)
+        except Exception:
+            return type(e).__name__
+
+    for walked_node in ast.walk(func_node):
+        if isinstance(walked_node, ast.Return):
+            t = _expr_type(walked_node.value)
+            if found_type is None:
+                found_type = t
+            elif found_type != t:
+                raise ValueError(f"Conflicting return types: {found_type} vs {t}")
+    return found_type or "None"

pythonbpf/functions/functions_pass.py

@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+from llvmlite import ir
+import ast
+import logging
+
+from pythonbpf.helper import (
+    HelperHandlerRegistry,
+    reset_scratch_pool,
+)
+from pythonbpf.type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, handle_expr, convert_to_bool
+from pythonbpf.assign_pass import (
+    handle_variable_assignment,
+    handle_struct_field_assignment,
+)
+from pythonbpf.allocation_pass import handle_assign_allocation, allocate_temp_pool
+
+from .return_utils import handle_none_return, handle_xdp_return, is_xdp_name
+from .function_metadata import get_probe_string, is_global_function, infer_return_type
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# SECTION 1: Memory Allocation
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def count_temps_in_call(call_node, local_sym_tab):
+    """Count the number of temporary variables needed for a function call."""
+
+    count = 0
+    is_helper = False
+
+    # NOTE: We exclude print calls for now
+    if isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Name):
+        if (
+            HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.id)
+            and call_node.func.id != "print"
+        ):
+            is_helper = True
+    elif isinstance(call_node.func, ast.Attribute):
+        if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_node.func.attr):
+            is_helper = True
+
+    if not is_helper:
+        return 0
+
+    for arg in call_node.args:
+        # NOTE: Count all non-name arguments
+        # For struct fields, if it is being passed as an argument,
+        # The struct object should already exist in the local_sym_tab
+        if not isinstance(arg, ast.Name) and not (
+            isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute) and arg.value.id in local_sym_tab
+        ):
+            count += 1
+
+    return count
+
+
+def handle_if_allocation(
+    module, builder, stmt, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Recursively handle allocations in if/else branches."""
+    if stmt.body:
+        allocate_mem(
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt.body,
+            func,
+            ret_type,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+    if stmt.orelse:
+        allocate_mem(
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt.orelse,
+            func,
+            ret_type,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+
+
+def allocate_mem(
+    module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    max_temps_needed = 0
+
+    def update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt):
+        nonlocal max_temps_needed
+        temps_needed = 0
+
+        if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
+            for s in stmt.body:
+                update_max_temps_for_stmt(s)
+            for s in stmt.orelse:
+                update_max_temps_for_stmt(s)
+            return
+
+        for node in ast.walk(stmt):
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
+                temps_needed += count_temps_in_call(node, local_sym_tab)
+        max_temps_needed = max(max_temps_needed, temps_needed)
+
+    for stmt in body:
+        update_max_temps_for_stmt(stmt)
+
+        # Handle allocations
+        if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
+            handle_if_allocation(
+                module,
+                builder,
+                stmt,
+                func,
+                ret_type,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
+            handle_assign_allocation(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab)
+
+    allocate_temp_pool(builder, max_temps_needed, local_sym_tab)
+
+    return local_sym_tab
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# SECTION 2: Statement Handlers
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def handle_assign(
+    func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Handle assignment statements in the function body."""
+
+    # TODO: Support this later
+    # GH #37
+    if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
+        logger.error("Multi-target assignment is not supported for now")
+        return
+
+    target = stmt.targets[0]
+    rval = stmt.value
+
+    if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
+        # NOTE: Simple variable assignment case: x = 5
+        var_name = target.id
+        result = handle_variable_assignment(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            var_name,
+            rval,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+        if not result:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to handle assignment to {var_name}")
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
+        # NOTE: Struct field assignment case: pkt.field = value
+        handle_struct_field_assignment(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            target,
+            rval,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+        return
+
+    # Unsupported target type
+    logger.error(f"Unsupported assignment target: {ast.dump(target)}")
+
+
+def handle_cond(
+    func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    val = eval_expr(
+        func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )[0]
+    return convert_to_bool(builder, val)
+
+
+def handle_if(
+    func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
+):
+    """Handle if statements in the function body."""
+    logger.info("Handling if statement")
+    # start = builder.block.parent
+    then_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.then")
+    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.end")
+    if stmt.orelse:
+        else_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.else")
+    else:
+        else_block = None
+
+    cond = handle_cond(
+        func, module, builder, stmt.test, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    if else_block:
+        builder.cbranch(cond, then_block, else_block)
+    else:
+        builder.cbranch(cond, then_block, merge_block)
+
+    builder.position_at_end(then_block)
+    for s in stmt.body:
+        process_stmt(
+            func, module, builder, s, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, False
+        )
+    if not builder.block.is_terminated:
+        builder.branch(merge_block)
+
+    if else_block:
+        builder.position_at_end(else_block)
+        for s in stmt.orelse:
+            process_stmt(
+                func,
+                module,
+                builder,
+                s,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                map_sym_tab,
+                structs_sym_tab,
+                False,
+            )
+        if not builder.block.is_terminated:
+            builder.branch(merge_block)
+
+    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
+
+
+def handle_return(builder, stmt, local_sym_tab, ret_type):
+    logger.info(f"Handling return statement: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
+    if stmt.value is None:
+        return handle_none_return(builder)
+    elif isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name) and is_xdp_name(stmt.value.id):
+        return handle_xdp_return(stmt, builder, ret_type)
+    else:
+        val = eval_expr(
+            func=None,
+            module=None,
+            builder=builder,
+            expr=stmt.value,
+            local_sym_tab=local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab={},
+            structs_sym_tab={},
+        )
+        logger.info(f"Evaluated return expression to {val}")
+        builder.ret(val[0])
+        return True
+
+
+def process_stmt(
+    func,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    stmt,
+    local_sym_tab,
+    map_sym_tab,
+    structs_sym_tab,
+    did_return,
+    ret_type=ir.IntType(64),
+):
+    logger.info(f"Processing statement: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
+    reset_scratch_pool()
+    if isinstance(stmt, ast.Expr):
+        handle_expr(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
+        handle_assign(
+            func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.AugAssign):
+        raise SyntaxError("Augmented assignment not supported")
+    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
+        handle_if(
+            func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+        )
+    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Return):
+        did_return = handle_return(
+            builder,
+            stmt,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            ret_type,
+        )
+    return did_return
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# SECTION 3: Function Body Processing
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def process_func_body(
+    module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+):
+    """Process the body of a bpf function"""
+    # TODO: A lot.  We just have print -> bpf_trace_printk for now
+    did_return = False
+
+    local_sym_tab = {}
+
+    # pre-allocate dynamic variables
+    local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
+        module,
+        builder,
+        func_node.body,
+        func,
+        ret_type,
+        map_sym_tab,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        structs_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    logger.info(f"Local symbol table: {local_sym_tab.keys()}")
+
+    for stmt in func_node.body:
+        did_return = process_stmt(
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            stmt,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+            did_return,
+            ret_type,
+        )
+
+    if not did_return:
+        builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0))
+
+
+def process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, return_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    """Process a single BPF chunk (function) and emit corresponding LLVM IR."""
+
+    func_name = func_node.name
+
+    ret_type = return_type
+
+    # TODO: parse parameters
+    param_types = []
+    if func_node.args.args:
+        # Assume first arg to be ctx
+        param_types.append(ir.PointerType())
+
+    func_ty = ir.FunctionType(ret_type, param_types)
+    func = ir.Function(module, func_ty, func_name)
+
+    func.linkage = "dso_local"
+    func.attributes.add("nounwind")
+    func.attributes.add("noinline")
+    func.attributes.add("optnone")
+
+    if func_node.args.args:
+        # Only look at the first argument for now
+        param = func.args[0]
+        param.add_attribute("nocapture")
+
+    probe_string = get_probe_string(func_node)
+    if probe_string is not None:
+        func.section = probe_string
+
+    block = func.append_basic_block(name="entry")
+    builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
+
+    process_func_body(
+        module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    )
+    return func
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# SECTION 4: Top-Level Function Processor
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def func_proc(tree, module, chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
+    for func_node in chunks:
+        if is_global_function(func_node):
+            continue
+        func_type = get_probe_string(func_node)
+        logger.info(f"Found probe_string of {func_node.name}: {func_type}")
+
+        process_bpf_chunk(
+            func_node,
+            module,
+            ctypes_to_ir(infer_return_type(func_node)),
+            map_sym_tab,
+            structs_sym_tab,
+        )
+
+
+# TODO: WIP, for string assignment to fixed-size arrays
+def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_length):
+    """
+    Copy a string (i8*) to a fixed-size array ([N x i8]*)
+    """
+    # Create a loop to copy characters one by one
+    # entry_block = builder.block
+    copy_block = builder.append_basic_block("copy_char")
+    end_block = builder.append_basic_block("copy_end")
+
+    # Create loop counter
+    i = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(32))
+    builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), i)
+
+    # Start the loop
+    builder.branch(copy_block)
+
+    # Copy loop
+    builder.position_at_end(copy_block)
+    idx = builder.load(i)
+    in_bounds = builder.icmp_unsigned(
+        "<", idx, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length)
+    )
+    builder.cbranch(in_bounds, copy_block, end_block)
+
+    with builder.if_then(in_bounds):
+        # Load character from source
+        src_ptr = builder.gep(source_string_ptr, [idx])
+        char = builder.load(src_ptr)
+
+        # Store character in target
+        dst_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), idx])
+        builder.store(char, dst_ptr)
+
+        # Increment counter
+        next_idx = builder.add(idx, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 1))
+        builder.store(next_idx, i)
+
+    builder.position_at_end(end_block)
+
+    # Ensure null termination
+    last_idx = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length - 1)
+    null_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), last_idx])
+    builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(8), 0), null_ptr)

pythonbpf/functions/return_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import logging
+import ast
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+
+logger: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+XDP_ACTIONS = {
+    "XDP_ABORTED": 0,
+    "XDP_DROP": 1,
+    "XDP_PASS": 2,
+    "XDP_TX": 3,
+    "XDP_REDIRECT": 4,
+}
+
+
+def handle_none_return(builder) -> bool:
+    """Handle return or return None -> returns 0."""
+    builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0))
+    logger.debug("Generated default return: 0")
+    return True
+
+
+def is_xdp_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if a name is an XDP action"""
+    return name in XDP_ACTIONS
+
+
+def handle_xdp_return(stmt: ast.Return, builder, ret_type) -> bool:
+    """Handle XDP returns"""
+    if not isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name):
+        return False
+
+    action_name = stmt.value.id
+
+    if action_name not in XDP_ACTIONS:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unknown XDP action: {action_name}. Available: {XDP_ACTIONS.keys()}"
+        )
+
+    value = XDP_ACTIONS[action_name]
+    builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, value))
+    logger.debug(f"Generated XDP action return: {action_name} = {value}")
+    return True

pythonbpf/functions_pass.py

@@ -1,726 +0,0 @@
-from llvmlite import ir
-import ast
-import logging
-from typing import Any
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-
-from .helper import HelperHandlerRegistry, handle_helper_call
-from .type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
-from .binary_ops import handle_binary_op
-from .expr_pass import eval_expr, handle_expr
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-@dataclass
-class LocalSymbol:
-    var: ir.AllocaInstr
-    ir_type: ir.Type
-    metadata: Any = None
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        yield self.var
-        yield self.ir_type
-        yield self.metadata
-
-
-def get_probe_string(func_node):
-    """Extract the probe string from the decorator of the function node."""
-    # TODO: right now we have the whole string in the section decorator
-    # But later we can implement typed tuples for tracepoints and kprobes
-    # For helper functions, we return "helper"
-
-    for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
-        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id == "bpfglobal":
-            return None
-        if isinstance(decorator, ast.Call) and isinstance(decorator.func, ast.Name):
-            if decorator.func.id == "section" and len(decorator.args) == 1:
-                arg = decorator.args[0]
-                if isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, str):
-                    return arg.value
-    return "helper"
-
-
-def handle_assign(
-    func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-):
-    """Handle assignment statements in the function body."""
-    if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
-        print("Unsupported multiassignment")
-        return
-
-    num_types = ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64")
-
-    target = stmt.targets[0]
-    print(f"Handling assignment to {ast.dump(target)}")
-    if not isinstance(target, ast.Name) and not isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
-        print("Unsupported assignment target")
-        return
-    var_name = target.id if isinstance(target, ast.Name) else target.value.id
-    rval = stmt.value
-    if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
-        # struct field assignment
-        field_name = target.attr
-        if var_name in local_sym_tab:
-            struct_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
-            struct_info = structs_sym_tab[struct_type]
-            if field_name in struct_info.fields:
-                field_ptr = struct_info.gep(
-                    builder, local_sym_tab[var_name].var, field_name
-                )
-                val = eval_expr(
-                    func,
-                    module,
-                    builder,
-                    rval,
-                    local_sym_tab,
-                    map_sym_tab,
-                    structs_sym_tab,
-                )
-                if isinstance(struct_info.field_type(field_name), ir.ArrayType) and val[
-                    1
-                ] == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
-                    # TODO: Figure it out, not a priority rn
-                    # Special case for string assignment to char array
-                    # str_len = struct_info["field_types"][field_idx].count
-                    # assign_string_to_array(builder, field_ptr, val[0], str_len)
-                    # print(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
-                    pass
-                if val is None:
-                    print("Failed to evaluate struct field assignment")
-                    return
-                print(field_ptr)
-                builder.store(val[0], field_ptr)
-                print(f"Assigned to struct field {var_name}.{field_name}")
-                return
-    elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
-        if isinstance(rval.value, bool):
-            if rval.value:
-                builder.store(
-                    ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 1), local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-                )
-            else:
-                builder.store(
-                    ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), 0), local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-                )
-            print(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
-        elif isinstance(rval.value, int):
-            # Assume c_int64 for now
-            # var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
-            # var.align = 8
-            builder.store(
-                ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), rval.value), local_sym_tab[var_name].var
-            )
-            print(f"Assigned constant {rval.value} to {var_name}")
-        elif isinstance(rval.value, str):
-            str_val = rval.value.encode("utf-8") + b"\x00"
-            str_const = ir.Constant(
-                ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(str_val)), bytearray(str_val)
-            )
-            global_str = ir.GlobalVariable(
-                module, str_const.type, name=f"{var_name}_str"
-            )
-            global_str.linkage = "internal"
-            global_str.global_constant = True
-            global_str.initializer = str_const
-            str_ptr = builder.bitcast(global_str, ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)))
-            builder.store(str_ptr, local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-            print(f"Assigned string constant '{rval.value}' to {var_name}")
-        else:
-            print("Unsupported constant type")
-    elif isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
-        if isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
-            call_type = rval.func.id
-            print(f"Assignment call type: {call_type}")
-            if (
-                call_type in num_types
-                and len(rval.args) == 1
-                and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Constant)
-                and isinstance(rval.args[0].value, int)
-            ):
-                ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
-                # var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                # var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                builder.store(
-                    ir.Constant(ir_type, rval.args[0].value),
-                    local_sym_tab[var_name].var,
-                )
-                print(
-                    f"Assigned {call_type} constant "
-                    f"{rval.args[0].value} to {var_name}"
-                )
-            elif HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_type):
-                # var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
-                # var.align = 8
-                val = handle_helper_call(
-                    rval,
-                    module,
-                    builder,
-                    func,
-                    local_sym_tab,
-                    map_sym_tab,
-                    structs_sym_tab,
-                )
-                builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-                print(f"Assigned constant {rval.func.id} to {var_name}")
-            elif call_type == "deref" and len(rval.args) == 1:
-                print(f"Handling deref assignment {ast.dump(rval)}")
-                val = eval_expr(
-                    func,
-                    module,
-                    builder,
-                    rval,
-                    local_sym_tab,
-                    map_sym_tab,
-                    structs_sym_tab,
-                )
-                if val is None:
-                    print("Failed to evaluate deref argument")
-                    return
-                print(f"Dereferenced value: {val}, storing in {var_name}")
-                builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-                print(f"Dereferenced and assigned to {var_name}")
-            elif call_type in structs_sym_tab and len(rval.args) == 0:
-                struct_info = structs_sym_tab[call_type]
-                ir_type = struct_info.ir_type
-                # var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                # Null init
-                builder.store(ir.Constant(ir_type, None), local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-                print(f"Assigned struct {call_type} to {var_name}")
-            else:
-                print(f"Unsupported assignment call type: {call_type}")
-        elif isinstance(rval.func, ast.Attribute):
-            print(f"Assignment call attribute: {ast.dump(rval.func)}")
-            if isinstance(rval.func.value, ast.Name):
-                # TODO: probably a struct access
-                print(f"TODO STRUCT ACCESS {ast.dump(rval)}")
-            elif isinstance(rval.func.value, ast.Call) and isinstance(
-                rval.func.value.func, ast.Name
-            ):
-                map_name = rval.func.value.func.id
-                method_name = rval.func.attr
-                if map_name in map_sym_tab:
-                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
-                        val = handle_helper_call(
-                            rval,
-                            module,
-                            builder,
-                            func,
-                            local_sym_tab,
-                            map_sym_tab,
-                            structs_sym_tab,
-                        )
-                        # var = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(64), name=var_name)
-                        # var.align = 8
-                        builder.store(val[0], local_sym_tab[var_name].var)
-            else:
-                print("Unsupported assignment call structure")
-        else:
-            print("Unsupported assignment call function type")
-    elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
-        handle_binary_op(
-            rval, module, builder, var_name, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, func
-        )
-    else:
-        print("Unsupported assignment value type")
-
-
-def handle_cond(func, module, builder, cond, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab):
-    if isinstance(cond, ast.Constant):
-        if isinstance(cond.value, bool):
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), int(cond.value))
-        elif isinstance(cond.value, int):
-            return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(1), int(bool(cond.value)))
-        else:
-            print("Unsupported constant type in condition")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(cond, ast.Name):
-        if cond.id in local_sym_tab:
-            var = local_sym_tab[cond.id].var
-            val = builder.load(var)
-            if val.type != ir.IntType(1):
-                # Convert nonzero values to true, zero to false
-                if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
-                    # For pointer types, compare with null pointer
-                    zero = ir.Constant(val.type, None)
-                else:
-                    # For integer types, compare with zero
-                    zero = ir.Constant(val.type, 0)
-                val = builder.icmp_signed("!=", val, zero)
-            return val
-        else:
-            print(f"Undefined variable {cond.id} in condition")
-            return None
-    elif isinstance(cond, ast.Compare):
-        lhs = eval_expr(func, module, builder, cond.left, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)[0]
-        if len(cond.ops) != 1 or len(cond.comparators) != 1:
-            print("Unsupported complex comparison")
-            return None
-        rhs = eval_expr(
-            func, module, builder, cond.comparators[0], local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab
-        )[0]
-        op = cond.ops[0]
-
-        if lhs.type != rhs.type:
-            if isinstance(lhs.type, ir.IntType) and isinstance(rhs.type, ir.IntType):
-                # Extend the smaller type to the larger type
-                if lhs.type.width < rhs.type.width:
-                    lhs = builder.sext(lhs, rhs.type)
-                elif lhs.type.width > rhs.type.width:
-                    rhs = builder.sext(rhs, lhs.type)
-            else:
-                print("Type mismatch in comparison")
-                return None
-
-        if isinstance(op, ast.Eq):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("==", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.NotEq):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("!=", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.Lt):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("<", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.LtE):
-            return builder.icmp_signed("<=", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.Gt):
-            return builder.icmp_signed(">", lhs, rhs)
-        elif isinstance(op, ast.GtE):
-            return builder.icmp_signed(">=", lhs, rhs)
-        else:
-            print("Unsupported comparison operator")
-            return None
-    else:
-        print("Unsupported condition expression")
-        return None
-
-
-def handle_if(
-    func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab=None
-):
-    """Handle if statements in the function body."""
-    print("Handling if statement")
-    # start = builder.block.parent
-    then_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.then")
-    merge_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.end")
-    if stmt.orelse:
-        else_block = func.append_basic_block(name="if.else")
-    else:
-        else_block = None
-
-    cond = handle_cond(func, module, builder, stmt.test, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab)
-    if else_block:
-        builder.cbranch(cond, then_block, else_block)
-    else:
-        builder.cbranch(cond, then_block, merge_block)
-
-    builder.position_at_end(then_block)
-    for s in stmt.body:
-        process_stmt(
-            func, module, builder, s, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab, False
-        )
-    if not builder.block.is_terminated:
-        builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-    if else_block:
-        builder.position_at_end(else_block)
-        for s in stmt.orelse:
-            process_stmt(
-                func,
-                module,
-                builder,
-                s,
-                local_sym_tab,
-                map_sym_tab,
-                structs_sym_tab,
-                False,
-            )
-        if not builder.block.is_terminated:
-            builder.branch(merge_block)
-
-    builder.position_at_end(merge_block)
-
-
-def process_stmt(
-    func,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    stmt,
-    local_sym_tab,
-    map_sym_tab,
-    structs_sym_tab,
-    did_return,
-    ret_type=ir.IntType(64),
-):
-    print(f"Processing statement: {ast.dump(stmt)}")
-    if isinstance(stmt, ast.Expr):
-        handle_expr(
-            func,
-            module,
-            builder,
-            stmt,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            map_sym_tab,
-            structs_sym_tab,
-        )
-    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
-        handle_assign(
-            func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-        )
-    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.AugAssign):
-        raise SyntaxError("Augmented assignment not supported")
-    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
-        handle_if(
-            func, module, builder, stmt, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-        )
-    elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Return):
-        if stmt.value is None:
-            builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0))
-            did_return = True
-        elif (
-            isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Call)
-            and isinstance(stmt.value.func, ast.Name)
-            and len(stmt.value.args) == 1
-            and isinstance(stmt.value.args[0], ast.Constant)
-            and isinstance(stmt.value.args[0].value, int)
-        ):
-            call_type = stmt.value.func.id
-            if ctypes_to_ir(call_type) != ret_type:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "Return type mismatch: expected"
-                    f"{ctypes_to_ir(call_type)}, got {call_type}"
-                )
-            else:
-                builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, stmt.value.args[0].value))
-                did_return = True
-        elif isinstance(stmt.value, ast.Name):
-            if stmt.value.id == "XDP_PASS":
-                builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, 2))
-                did_return = True
-            elif stmt.value.id == "XDP_DROP":
-                builder.ret(ir.Constant(ret_type, 1))
-                did_return = True
-            else:
-                raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate return expression")
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("Unsupported return value")
-    return did_return
-
-
-def allocate_mem(
-    module, builder, body, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, local_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-):
-    for stmt in body:
-        has_metadata = False
-        if isinstance(stmt, ast.If):
-            if stmt.body:
-                local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
-                    module,
-                    builder,
-                    stmt.body,
-                    func,
-                    ret_type,
-                    map_sym_tab,
-                    local_sym_tab,
-                    structs_sym_tab,
-                )
-            if stmt.orelse:
-                local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
-                    module,
-                    builder,
-                    stmt.orelse,
-                    func,
-                    ret_type,
-                    map_sym_tab,
-                    local_sym_tab,
-                    structs_sym_tab,
-                )
-        elif isinstance(stmt, ast.Assign):
-            if len(stmt.targets) != 1:
-                print("Unsupported multiassignment")
-                continue
-            target = stmt.targets[0]
-            if not isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-                print("Unsupported assignment target")
-                continue
-            var_name = target.id
-            rval = stmt.value
-            if isinstance(rval, ast.Call):
-                if isinstance(rval.func, ast.Name):
-                    call_type = rval.func.id
-                    if call_type in ("c_int32", "c_int64", "c_uint32", "c_uint64"):
-                        ir_type = ctypes_to_ir(call_type)
-                        var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                        var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                        print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type {call_type}")
-                    elif HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call_type):
-                        # Assume return type is int64 for now
-                        ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
-                        var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                        var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                        print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for helper")
-                    elif call_type == "deref" and len(rval.args) == 1:
-                        # Assume return type is int64 for now
-                        ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
-                        var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                        var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                        print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for deref")
-                    elif call_type in structs_sym_tab:
-                        struct_info = structs_sym_tab[call_type]
-                        ir_type = struct_info.ir_type
-                        var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                        has_metadata = True
-                        print(
-                            f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} "
-                            f"for struct {call_type}"
-                        )
-                elif isinstance(rval.func, ast.Attribute):
-                    ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64))
-                    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                    # var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                    print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} for map")
-                else:
-                    print("Unsupported assignment call function type")
-                    continue
-            elif isinstance(rval, ast.Constant):
-                if isinstance(rval.value, bool):
-                    ir_type = ir.IntType(1)
-                    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                    var.align = 1
-                    print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_bool")
-                elif isinstance(rval.value, int):
-                    # Assume c_int64 for now
-                    ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
-                    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                    var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                    print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_int64")
-                elif isinstance(rval.value, str):
-                    ir_type = ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8))
-                    var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                    var.align = 8
-                    print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type string")
-                else:
-                    print("Unsupported constant type")
-                    continue
-            elif isinstance(rval, ast.BinOp):
-                # Assume c_int64 for now
-                ir_type = ir.IntType(64)
-                var = builder.alloca(ir_type, name=var_name)
-                var.align = ir_type.width // 8
-                print(f"Pre-allocated variable {var_name} of type c_int64")
-            else:
-                print("Unsupported assignment value type")
-                continue
-
-            if has_metadata:
-                local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type, call_type)
-            else:
-                local_sym_tab[var_name] = LocalSymbol(var, ir_type)
-    return local_sym_tab
-
-
-def process_func_body(
-    module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-):
-    """Process the body of a bpf function"""
-    # TODO: A lot.  We just have print -> bpf_trace_printk for now
-    did_return = False
-
-    local_sym_tab = {}
-
-    # pre-allocate dynamic variables
-    local_sym_tab = allocate_mem(
-        module,
-        builder,
-        func_node.body,
-        func,
-        ret_type,
-        map_sym_tab,
-        local_sym_tab,
-        structs_sym_tab,
-    )
-
-    print(f"Local symbol table: {local_sym_tab.keys()}")
-
-    for stmt in func_node.body:
-        did_return = process_stmt(
-            func,
-            module,
-            builder,
-            stmt,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            map_sym_tab,
-            structs_sym_tab,
-            did_return,
-            ret_type,
-        )
-
-    if not did_return:
-        builder.ret(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0))
-
-
-def process_bpf_chunk(func_node, module, return_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
-    """Process a single BPF chunk (function) and emit corresponding LLVM IR."""
-
-    func_name = func_node.name
-
-    ret_type = return_type
-
-    # TODO: parse parameters
-    param_types = []
-    if func_node.args.args:
-        # Assume first arg to be ctx
-        param_types.append(ir.PointerType())
-
-    func_ty = ir.FunctionType(ret_type, param_types)
-    func = ir.Function(module, func_ty, func_name)
-
-    func.linkage = "dso_local"
-    func.attributes.add("nounwind")
-    func.attributes.add("noinline")
-    func.attributes.add("optnone")
-
-    if func_node.args.args:
-        # Only look at the first argument for now
-        param = func.args[0]
-        param.add_attribute("nocapture")
-
-    probe_string = get_probe_string(func_node)
-    if probe_string is not None:
-        func.section = probe_string
-
-    block = func.append_basic_block(name="entry")
-    builder = ir.IRBuilder(block)
-
-    process_func_body(
-        module, builder, func_node, func, ret_type, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
-    )
-    return func
-
-
-def func_proc(tree, module, chunks, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab):
-    for func_node in chunks:
-        is_global = False
-        for decorator in func_node.decorator_list:
-            if isinstance(decorator, ast.Name) and decorator.id in (
-                "map",
-                "bpfglobal",
-                "struct",
-            ):
-                is_global = True
-                break
-        if is_global:
-            continue
-        func_type = get_probe_string(func_node)
-        print(f"Found probe_string of {func_node.name}: {func_type}")
-
-        process_bpf_chunk(
-            func_node,
-            module,
-            ctypes_to_ir(infer_return_type(func_node)),
-            map_sym_tab,
-            structs_sym_tab,
-        )
-
-
-def infer_return_type(func_node: ast.FunctionDef):
-    if not isinstance(func_node, (ast.FunctionDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef)):
-        raise TypeError("Expected ast.FunctionDef")
-    if func_node.returns is not None:
-        try:
-            return ast.unparse(func_node.returns)
-        except Exception:
-            node = func_node.returns
-            if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
-                return node.id
-            if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute):
-                return getattr(node, "attr", type(node).__name__)
-            try:
-                return str(node)
-            except Exception:
-                return type(node).__name__
-    found_type = None
-
-    def _expr_type(e):
-        if e is None:
-            return "None"
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Constant):
-            return type(e.value).__name__
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Name):
-            return e.id
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Call):
-            f = e.func
-            if isinstance(f, ast.Name):
-                return f.id
-            if isinstance(f, ast.Attribute):
-                try:
-                    return ast.unparse(f)
-                except Exception:
-                    return getattr(f, "attr", type(f).__name__)
-            try:
-                return ast.unparse(f)
-            except Exception:
-                return type(f).__name__
-        if isinstance(e, ast.Attribute):
-            try:
-                return ast.unparse(e)
-            except Exception:
-                return getattr(e, "attr", type(e).__name__)
-        try:
-            return ast.unparse(e)
-        except Exception:
-            return type(e).__name__
-
-    for walked_node in ast.walk(func_node):
-        if isinstance(walked_node, ast.Return):
-            t = _expr_type(walked_node.value)
-            if found_type is None:
-                found_type = t
-            elif found_type != t:
-                raise ValueError(f"Conflicting return types:{found_type} vs {t}")
-    return found_type or "None"
-
-
-# For string assignment to fixed-size arrays
-
-
-def assign_string_to_array(builder, target_array_ptr, source_string_ptr, array_length):
-    """
-    Copy a string (i8*) to a fixed-size array ([N x i8]*)
-    """
-    # Create a loop to copy characters one by one
-    # entry_block = builder.block
-    copy_block = builder.append_basic_block("copy_char")
-    end_block = builder.append_basic_block("copy_end")
-
-    # Create loop counter
-    i = builder.alloca(ir.IntType(32))
-    builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), i)
-
-    # Start the loop
-    builder.branch(copy_block)
-
-    # Copy loop
-    builder.position_at_end(copy_block)
-    idx = builder.load(i)
-    in_bounds = builder.icmp_unsigned(
-        "<", idx, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length)
-    )
-    builder.cbranch(in_bounds, copy_block, end_block)
-
-    with builder.if_then(in_bounds):
-        # Load character from source
-        src_ptr = builder.gep(source_string_ptr, [idx])
-        char = builder.load(src_ptr)
-
-        # Store character in target
-        dst_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), idx])
-        builder.store(char, dst_ptr)
-
-        # Increment counter
-        next_idx = builder.add(idx, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 1))
-        builder.store(next_idx, i)
-
-    builder.position_at_end(end_block)
-
-    # Ensure null termination
-    last_idx = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), array_length - 1)
-    null_ptr = builder.gep(target_array_ptr, [ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), 0), last_idx])
-    builder.store(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(8), 0), null_ptr)

pythonbpf/globals_pass.py

@@ -1,8 +1,121 @@
 from llvmlite import ir
 import ast
 
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+from .type_deducer import ctypes_to_ir
 
-def emit_globals(module: ir.Module, names: list[str]):
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# TODO: this is going to be a huge fuck of a headache in the future.
+global_sym_tab = []
+
+
+def populate_global_symbol_table(tree, module: ir.Module):
+    for node in tree.body:
+        if isinstance(node, ast.FunctionDef):
+            for dec in node.decorator_list:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(dec, ast.Call)
+                    and isinstance(dec.func, ast.Name)
+                    and dec.func.id == "section"
+                    and len(dec.args) == 1
+                    and isinstance(dec.args[0], ast.Constant)
+                    and isinstance(dec.args[0].value, str)
+                ):
+                    global_sym_tab.append(node)
+                elif isinstance(dec, ast.Name) and dec.id == "bpfglobal":
+                    global_sym_tab.append(node)
+
+                elif isinstance(dec, ast.Name) and dec.id == "map":
+                    global_sym_tab.append(node)
+    return False
+
+
+def emit_global(module: ir.Module, node, name):
+    logger.info(f"global identifier {name} processing")
+    # deduce LLVM type from the annotated return
+    if not isinstance(node.returns, ast.Name):
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported return annotation {ast.dump(node.returns)}")
+    ty = ctypes_to_ir(node.returns.id)
+
+    # extract the return expression
+    # TODO: turn this return extractor into a generic function I can use everywhere.
+    ret_stmt = node.body[0]
+    if not isinstance(ret_stmt, ast.Return) or ret_stmt.value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Global '{name}' has no valid return")
+
+    init_val = ret_stmt.value
+
+    # simple constant like "return 0"
+    if isinstance(init_val, ast.Constant):
+        llvm_init = ir.Constant(ty, init_val.value)
+
+    # variable reference like "return SOME_CONST"
+    elif isinstance(init_val, ast.Name):
+        # need symbol resolution here, stub as 0 for now
+        raise ValueError(f"Name reference {init_val.id} not yet supported")
+
+    # constructor call like "return c_int64(0)" or dataclass(...)
+    elif isinstance(init_val, ast.Call):
+        if len(init_val.args) >= 1 and isinstance(init_val.args[0], ast.Constant):
+            llvm_init = ir.Constant(ty, init_val.args[0].value)
+        else:
+            logger.info("Defaulting to zero as no constant argument found")
+            llvm_init = ir.Constant(ty, 0)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported return expr {ast.dump(init_val)}")
+
+    gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(module, ty, name=name)
+    gvar.initializer = llvm_init
+    gvar.align = 8
+    gvar.linkage = "dso_local"
+    gvar.global_constant = False
+    return gvar
+
+
+def globals_processing(tree, module):
+    """Process stuff decorated with @bpf and @bpfglobal except license and return the section name"""
+    globals_sym_tab = []
+
+    for node in tree.body:
+        # Skip non-assignment and non-function nodes
+        if not (isinstance(node, ast.FunctionDef)):
+            continue
+
+        # Get the name based on node type
+        if isinstance(node, ast.FunctionDef):
+            name = node.name
+        else:
+            continue
+
+        # Check for duplicate names
+        if name in globals_sym_tab:
+            raise SyntaxError(f"ERROR: Global name '{name}' previously defined")
+        else:
+            globals_sym_tab.append(name)
+
+        if isinstance(node, ast.FunctionDef) and node.name != "LICENSE":
+            decorators = [
+                dec.id for dec in node.decorator_list if isinstance(dec, ast.Name)
+            ]
+            if "bpf" in decorators and "bpfglobal" in decorators:
+                if (
+                    len(node.body) == 1
+                    and isinstance(node.body[0], ast.Return)
+                    and node.body[0].value is not None
+                    and isinstance(
+                        node.body[0].value, (ast.Constant, ast.Name, ast.Call)
+                    )
+                ):
+                    emit_global(module, node, name)
+                else:
+                    raise SyntaxError(f"ERROR: Invalid syntax for {name} global")
+
+    return None
+
+
+def emit_llvm_compiler_used(module: ir.Module, names: list[str]):
     """
     Emit the @llvm.compiler.used global given a list of function/global names.
     """
@@ -24,7 +137,7 @@ def emit_globals(module: ir.Module, names: list[str]):
     gv.section = "llvm.metadata"
 
 
-def globals_processing(tree, module: ir.Module):
+def globals_list_creation(tree, module: ir.Module):
     collected = ["LICENSE"]
 
     for node in tree.body:
@@ -40,10 +153,11 @@ def globals_processing(tree, module: ir.Module):
                 ):
                     collected.append(node.name)
 
-                elif isinstance(dec, ast.Name) and dec.id == "bpfglobal":
-                    collected.append(node.name)
+                # NOTE: all globals other than
+                # elif isinstance(dec, ast.Name) and dec.id == "bpfglobal":
+                #     collected.append(node.name)
 
                 elif isinstance(dec, ast.Name) and dec.id == "map":
                     collected.append(node.name)
 
-    emit_globals(module, collected)
+    emit_llvm_compiler_used(module, collected)

pythonbpf/helper/__init__.py

@@ -1,9 +1,63 @@
-from .helper_utils import HelperHandlerRegistry
+from .helper_registry import HelperHandlerRegistry
+from .helper_utils import reset_scratch_pool
 from .bpf_helper_handler import handle_helper_call
 from .helpers import ktime, pid, deref, XDP_DROP, XDP_PASS
 
+
+# Register the helper handler with expr module
+def _register_helper_handler():
+    """Register helper call handler with the expression evaluator"""
+    from pythonbpf.expr.expr_pass import CallHandlerRegistry
+
+    def helper_call_handler(
+        call, module, builder, func, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, structs_sym_tab
+    ):
+        """Check if call is a helper and handle it"""
+        import ast
+
+        # Check for direct helper calls (e.g., ktime(), print())
+        if isinstance(call.func, ast.Name):
+            if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(call.func.id):
+                return handle_helper_call(
+                    call,
+                    module,
+                    builder,
+                    func,
+                    local_sym_tab,
+                    map_sym_tab,
+                    structs_sym_tab,
+                )
+
+        # Check for method calls (e.g., map.lookup())
+        elif isinstance(call.func, ast.Attribute):
+            method_name = call.func.attr
+
+            # Handle: my_map.lookup(key)
+            if isinstance(call.func.value, ast.Name):
+                obj_name = call.func.value.id
+                if map_sym_tab and obj_name in map_sym_tab:
+                    if HelperHandlerRegistry.has_handler(method_name):
+                        return handle_helper_call(
+                            call,
+                            module,
+                            builder,
+                            func,
+                            local_sym_tab,
+                            map_sym_tab,
+                            structs_sym_tab,
+                        )
+
+        return None
+
+    CallHandlerRegistry.set_handler(helper_call_handler)
+
+
+# Register on module import
+_register_helper_handler()
+
 __all__ = [
     "HelperHandlerRegistry",
+    "reset_scratch_pool",
     "handle_helper_call",
     "ktime",
     "pid",

pythonbpf/helper/bpf_helper_handler.py

@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
 import ast
 from llvmlite import ir
 from enum import Enum
+
+from .helper_registry import HelperHandlerRegistry
 from .helper_utils import (
-    HelperHandlerRegistry,
     get_or_create_ptr_from_arg,
     get_flags_val,
-    handle_fstring_print,
-    simple_string_print,
     get_data_ptr_and_size,
 )
+from .printk_formatter import simple_string_print, handle_fstring_print
+
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class BPFHelperID(Enum):
@@ -30,6 +35,7 @@ def bpf_ktime_get_ns_emitter(
     func,
     local_sym_tab=None,
     struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_ktime_get_ns helper function call.
@@ -52,19 +58,26 @@ def bpf_map_lookup_elem_emitter(
     func,
     local_sym_tab=None,
     struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_lookup_elem helper function call.
     """
     if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
         raise ValueError(
-            "Map lookup expects exactly one argument (key), got " f"{len(call.args)}"
+            f"Map lookup expects exactly one argument (key), got {len(call.args)}"
         )
-    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab)
+    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
 
+    # TODO: I have changed the return type to i64*, as we are
+    # allocating space for that type in allocate_mem. This is
+    # temporary, and we will honour other widths later. But this
+    # allows us to have cool binary ops on the returned value.
     fn_type = ir.FunctionType(
-        ir.PointerType(),  # Return type: void*
+        ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(64)),  # Return type: void*
         [ir.PointerType(), ir.PointerType()],  # Args: (void*, void*)
         var_arg=False,
     )
@@ -87,6 +100,7 @@ def bpf_printk_emitter(
     func,
     local_sym_tab=None,
     struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
     """Emit LLVM IR for bpf_printk helper function call."""
     if not hasattr(func, "_fmt_counter"):
@@ -122,7 +136,7 @@ def bpf_printk_emitter(
     fn_ptr = builder.inttoptr(fn_addr, fn_ptr_type)
 
     builder.call(fn_ptr, args, tail=True)
-    return None
+    return True
 
 
 @HelperHandlerRegistry.register("update")
@@ -134,6 +148,7 @@ def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
     func,
     local_sym_tab=None,
     struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_update_elem helper function call.
@@ -141,16 +156,19 @@ def bpf_map_update_elem_emitter(
     """
     if not call.args or len(call.args) < 2 or len(call.args) > 3:
         raise ValueError(
-            "Map update expects 2 or 3 args (key, value, flags), "
-            f"got {len(call.args)}"
+            f"Map update expects 2 or 3 args (key, value, flags), got {len(call.args)}"
         )
 
     key_arg = call.args[0]
     value_arg = call.args[1]
     flags_arg = call.args[2] if len(call.args) > 2 else None
 
-    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(key_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
-    value_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(value_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
+    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, key_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
+    value_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, value_arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
     flags_val = get_flags_val(flags_arg, builder, local_sym_tab)
 
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
@@ -185,6 +203,7 @@ def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
     func,
     local_sym_tab=None,
     struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_map_delete_elem helper function call.
@@ -192,9 +211,11 @@ def bpf_map_delete_elem_emitter(
     """
     if not call.args or len(call.args) != 1:
         raise ValueError(
-            "Map delete expects exactly one argument (key), got " f"{len(call.args)}"
+            f"Map delete expects exactly one argument (key), got {len(call.args)}"
         )
-    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab)
+    key_ptr = get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+        func, module, call.args[0], builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
+    )
     map_void_ptr = builder.bitcast(map_ptr, ir.PointerType())
 
     # Define function type for bpf_map_delete_elem
@@ -222,6 +243,7 @@ def bpf_get_current_pid_tgid_emitter(
     func,
     local_sym_tab=None,
     struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
     """
     Emit LLVM IR for bpf_get_current_pid_tgid helper function call.
@@ -248,10 +270,11 @@ def bpf_perf_event_output_handler(
     func,
     local_sym_tab=None,
     struct_sym_tab=None,
+    map_sym_tab=None,
 ):
     if len(call.args) != 1:
         raise ValueError(
-            "Perf event output expects exactly one argument, " f"got {len(call.args)}"
+            f"Perf event output expects exactly one argument, got {len(call.args)}"
         )
     data_arg = call.args[0]
     ctx_ptr = func.args[0]  # First argument to the function is ctx
@@ -312,6 +335,7 @@ def handle_helper_call(
             func,
             local_sym_tab,
             struct_sym_tab,
+            map_sym_tab,
         )
 
     # Handle direct function calls (e.g., print(), ktime())
@@ -322,7 +346,7 @@ def handle_helper_call(
     elif isinstance(call.func, ast.Attribute):
         method_name = call.func.attr
         value = call.func.value
-        print(f"Handling method call: {ast.dump(call.func)}")
+        logger.info(f"Handling method call: {ast.dump(call.func)}")
         # Get map pointer from different styles of map access
         if isinstance(value, ast.Call) and isinstance(value.func, ast.Name):
             # Func style: my_map().lookup(key)

pythonbpf/helper/helper_registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import Callable
+
+
+class HelperHandlerRegistry:
+    """Registry for BPF helpers"""
+
+    _handlers: dict[str, Callable] = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, helper_name):
+        """Decorator to register a handler function for a helper"""
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            cls._handlers[helper_name] = func
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_handler(cls, helper_name):
+        """Get the handler function for a helper"""
+        return cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_handler(cls, helper_name):
+        """Check if a handler function is registered for a helper"""
+        return helper_name in cls._handlers

pythonbpf/helper/helper_utils.py

@@ -1,37 +1,52 @@
 import ast
 import logging
-from collections.abc import Callable
 
 from llvmlite import ir
-from pythonbpf.expr_pass import eval_expr
+from pythonbpf.expr import (
+    get_operand_value,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class HelperHandlerRegistry:
-    """Registry for BPF helpers"""
+class ScratchPoolManager:
+    """Manage the temporary helper variables in local_sym_tab"""
 
-    _handlers: dict[str, Callable] = {}
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._counter = 0
 
-    @classmethod
-    def register(cls, helper_name):
-        """Decorator to register a handler function for a helper"""
+    @property
+    def counter(self):
+        return self._counter
 
-        def decorator(func):
-            cls._handlers[helper_name] = func
-            return func
+    def reset(self):
+        self._counter = 0
+        logger.debug("Scratch pool counter reset to 0")
 
-        return decorator
+    def get_next_temp(self, local_sym_tab):
+        temp_name = f"__helper_temp_{self._counter}"
+        self._counter += 1
 
-    @classmethod
-    def get_handler(cls, helper_name):
-        """Get the handler function for a helper"""
-        return cls._handlers.get(helper_name)
+        if temp_name not in local_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Scratch pool exhausted or inadequate: {temp_name}. "
+                f"Current counter: {self._counter}"
+            )
 
-    @classmethod
-    def has_handler(cls, helper_name):
-        """Check if a handler function is registered for a helper"""
-        return helper_name in cls._handlers
+        return local_sym_tab[temp_name].var, temp_name
+
+
+_temp_pool_manager = ScratchPoolManager()  # Singleton instance
+
+
+def reset_scratch_pool():
+    """Reset the scratch pool counter"""
+    _temp_pool_manager.reset()
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Argument Preparation
+# ============================================================================
 
 
 def get_var_ptr_from_name(var_name, local_sym_tab):
@@ -41,27 +56,41 @@ def get_var_ptr_from_name(var_name, local_sym_tab):
     raise ValueError(f"Variable '{var_name}' not found in local symbol table")
 
 
-def create_int_constant_ptr(value, builder, int_width=64):
+def create_int_constant_ptr(value, builder, local_sym_tab, int_width=64):
     """Create a pointer to an integer constant."""
+
     # Default to 64-bit integer
-    int_type = ir.IntType(int_width)
-    ptr = builder.alloca(int_type)
-    ptr.align = int_type.width // 8
-    builder.store(ir.Constant(int_type, value), ptr)
+    ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab)
+    logger.info(f"Using temp variable '{temp_name}' for int constant {value}")
+    const_val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(int_width), value)
+    builder.store(const_val, ptr)
     return ptr
 
 
-def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(arg, builder, local_sym_tab):
+def get_or_create_ptr_from_arg(
+    func, module, arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab=None
+):
     """Extract or create pointer from the call arguments."""
 
     if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
         ptr = get_var_ptr_from_name(arg.id, local_sym_tab)
     elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(arg.value, int):
-        ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder)
+        ptr = create_int_constant_ptr(arg.value, builder, local_sym_tab)
     else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple variable names are supported as args in map helpers."
+        # Evaluate the expression and store the result in a temp variable
+        val = get_operand_value(
+            func, module, arg, builder, local_sym_tab, map_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab
         )
+        if val is None:
+            raise ValueError("Failed to evaluate expression for helper arg.")
+
+        # NOTE: We assume the result is an int64 for now
+        # if isinstance(arg, ast.Attribute):
+        # return val
+        ptr, temp_name = _temp_pool_manager.get_next_temp(local_sym_tab)
+        logger.info(f"Using temp variable '{temp_name}' for expression result")
+        builder.store(val, ptr)
+
     return ptr
 
 
@@ -84,204 +113,6 @@ def get_flags_val(arg, builder, local_sym_tab):
     )
 
 
-def simple_string_print(string_value, module, builder, func):
-    """Prepare arguments for bpf_printk from a simple string value"""
-    fmt_str = string_value + "\n\0"
-    fmt_ptr = _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder)
-
-    args = [fmt_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), len(fmt_str))]
-    return args
-
-
-def handle_fstring_print(
-    joined_str,
-    module,
-    builder,
-    func,
-    local_sym_tab=None,
-    struct_sym_tab=None,
-):
-    """Handle f-string formatting for bpf_printk emitter."""
-    fmt_parts = []
-    exprs = []
-
-    for value in joined_str.values:
-        logger.debug(f"Processing f-string value: {ast.dump(value)}")
-
-        if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
-            _process_constant_in_fstring(value, fmt_parts, exprs)
-        elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
-            _process_fval(
-                value,
-                fmt_parts,
-                exprs,
-                local_sym_tab,
-                struct_sym_tab,
-            )
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported f-string value type: {type(value)}")
-
-    fmt_str = "".join(fmt_parts)
-    args = simple_string_print(fmt_str, module, builder, func)
-
-    # NOTE: Process expressions (limited to 3 due to BPF constraints)
-    if len(exprs) > 3:
-        logger.warning("bpf_printk supports up to 3 args, extra args will be ignored.")
-
-    for expr in exprs[:3]:
-        arg_value = _prepare_expr_args(
-            expr,
-            func,
-            module,
-            builder,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            struct_sym_tab,
-        )
-        args.append(arg_value)
-
-    return args
-
-
-def _process_constant_in_fstring(cst, fmt_parts, exprs):
-    """Process constant values in f-string."""
-    if isinstance(cst.value, str):
-        fmt_parts.append(cst.value)
-    elif isinstance(cst.value, int):
-        fmt_parts.append("%lld")
-        exprs.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), cst.value))
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            f"Unsupported constant type in f-string: {type(cst.value)}"
-        )
-
-
-def _process_fval(fval, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Process formatted values in f-string."""
-    logger.debug(f"Processing formatted value: {ast.dump(fval)}")
-
-    if isinstance(fval.value, ast.Name):
-        _process_name_in_fval(fval.value, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab)
-    elif isinstance(fval.value, ast.Attribute):
-        _process_attr_in_fval(
-            fval.value,
-            fmt_parts,
-            exprs,
-            local_sym_tab,
-            struct_sym_tab,
-        )
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            f"Unsupported formatted value in f-string: {type(fval.value)}"
-        )
-
-
-def _process_name_in_fval(name_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab):
-    """Process name nodes in formatted values."""
-    if local_sym_tab and name_node.id in local_sym_tab:
-        _, var_type, tmp = local_sym_tab[name_node.id]
-        _populate_fval(var_type, name_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
-
-
-def _process_attr_in_fval(attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Process attribute nodes in formatted values."""
-    if (
-        isinstance(attr_node.value, ast.Name)
-        and local_sym_tab
-        and attr_node.value.id in local_sym_tab
-    ):
-        var_name = attr_node.value.id
-        field_name = attr_node.attr
-
-        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
-        if var_type not in struct_sym_tab:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Struct '{var_type}' for '{var_name}' not in symbol table"
-            )
-
-        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[var_type]
-        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
-            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{var_type}'")
-
-        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
-        _populate_fval(field_type, attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Only simple attribute on local vars is supported in f-strings."
-        )
-
-
-def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
-    """Populate format parts and expressions based on field type."""
-    if isinstance(ftype, ir.IntType):
-        # TODO: We print as signed integers only for now
-        if ftype.width == 64:
-            fmt_parts.append("%lld")
-            exprs.append(node)
-        elif ftype.width == 32:
-            fmt_parts.append("%d")
-            exprs.append(node)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                f"Unsupported integer width in f-string: {ftype.width}"
-            )
-    elif ftype == ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)):
-        # NOTE: We assume i8* is a string
-        fmt_parts.append("%s")
-        exprs.append(node)
-    else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
-
-
-def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
-    """Create a global variable for the format string."""
-    fmt_name = f"{func.name}____fmt{func._fmt_counter}"
-    func._fmt_counter += 1
-
-    fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
-        module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name
-    )
-    fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
-    fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(
-        ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
-    )
-    fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
-    fmt_gvar.align = 1
-
-    return builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
-
-
-def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
-    """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
-    val, _ = eval_expr(
-        func,
-        module,
-        builder,
-        expr,
-        local_sym_tab,
-        None,
-        struct_sym_tab,
-    )
-
-    if val:
-        if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
-            val = builder.ptrtoint(val, ir.IntType(64))
-        elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
-            if val.type.width < 64:
-                val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
-        else:
-            logger.warning(
-                "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. " "Others default to 0."
-            )
-            val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-        return val
-    else:
-        logger.warning(
-            "Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk argument. "
-            "It will be converted to 0."
-        )
-        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
-
-
 def get_data_ptr_and_size(data_arg, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
     """Extract data pointer and size information for perf event output."""
     if isinstance(data_arg, ast.Name):

pythonbpf/helper/helpers.py

@@ -15,5 +15,8 @@ def deref(ptr):
     return result if result is not None else 0
 
 
+XDP_ABORTED = ctypes.c_int64(0)
 XDP_DROP = ctypes.c_int64(1)
 XDP_PASS = ctypes.c_int64(2)
+XDP_TX = ctypes.c_int64(3)
+XDP_REDIRECT = ctypes.c_int64(4)

pythonbpf/helper/printk_formatter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import ast
+import logging
+
+from llvmlite import ir
+from pythonbpf.expr import eval_expr, get_base_type_and_depth, deref_to_depth
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def simple_string_print(string_value, module, builder, func):
+    """Prepare arguments for bpf_printk from a simple string value"""
+    fmt_str = string_value + "\n\0"
+    fmt_ptr = _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder)
+
+    args = [fmt_ptr, ir.Constant(ir.IntType(32), len(fmt_str))]
+    return args
+
+
+def handle_fstring_print(
+    joined_str,
+    module,
+    builder,
+    func,
+    local_sym_tab=None,
+    struct_sym_tab=None,
+):
+    """Handle f-string formatting for bpf_printk emitter."""
+    fmt_parts = []
+    exprs = []
+
+    for value in joined_str.values:
+        logger.debug(f"Processing f-string value: {ast.dump(value)}")
+
+        if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
+            _process_constant_in_fstring(value, fmt_parts, exprs)
+        elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
+            _process_fval(
+                value,
+                fmt_parts,
+                exprs,
+                local_sym_tab,
+                struct_sym_tab,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported f-string value type: {type(value)}")
+
+    fmt_str = "".join(fmt_parts)
+    args = simple_string_print(fmt_str, module, builder, func)
+
+    # NOTE: Process expressions (limited to 3 due to BPF constraints)
+    if len(exprs) > 3:
+        logger.warning("bpf_printk supports up to 3 args, extra args will be ignored.")
+
+    for expr in exprs[:3]:
+        arg_value = _prepare_expr_args(
+            expr,
+            func,
+            module,
+            builder,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+        )
+        args.append(arg_value)
+
+    return args
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Internal Helpers
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def _process_constant_in_fstring(cst, fmt_parts, exprs):
+    """Process constant values in f-string."""
+    if isinstance(cst.value, str):
+        fmt_parts.append(cst.value)
+    elif isinstance(cst.value, int):
+        fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+        exprs.append(ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), cst.value))
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Unsupported constant type in f-string: {type(cst.value)}"
+        )
+
+
+def _process_fval(fval, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Process formatted values in f-string."""
+    logger.debug(f"Processing formatted value: {ast.dump(fval)}")
+
+    if isinstance(fval.value, ast.Name):
+        _process_name_in_fval(fval.value, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab)
+    elif isinstance(fval.value, ast.Attribute):
+        _process_attr_in_fval(
+            fval.value,
+            fmt_parts,
+            exprs,
+            local_sym_tab,
+            struct_sym_tab,
+        )
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Unsupported formatted value in f-string: {type(fval.value)}"
+        )
+
+
+def _process_name_in_fval(name_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab):
+    """Process name nodes in formatted values."""
+    if local_sym_tab and name_node.id in local_sym_tab:
+        _, var_type, tmp = local_sym_tab[name_node.id]
+        _populate_fval(var_type, name_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
+
+
+def _process_attr_in_fval(attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Process attribute nodes in formatted values."""
+    if (
+        isinstance(attr_node.value, ast.Name)
+        and local_sym_tab
+        and attr_node.value.id in local_sym_tab
+    ):
+        var_name = attr_node.value.id
+        field_name = attr_node.attr
+
+        var_type = local_sym_tab[var_name].metadata
+        if var_type not in struct_sym_tab:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Struct '{var_type}' for '{var_name}' not in symbol table"
+            )
+
+        struct_info = struct_sym_tab[var_type]
+        if field_name not in struct_info.fields:
+            raise ValueError(f"Field '{field_name}' not found in struct '{var_type}'")
+
+        field_type = struct_info.field_type(field_name)
+        _populate_fval(field_type, attr_node, fmt_parts, exprs)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Only simple attribute on local vars is supported in f-strings."
+        )
+
+
+def _populate_fval(ftype, node, fmt_parts, exprs):
+    """Populate format parts and expressions based on field type."""
+    if isinstance(ftype, ir.IntType):
+        # TODO: We print as signed integers only for now
+        if ftype.width == 64:
+            fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+            exprs.append(node)
+        elif ftype.width == 32:
+            fmt_parts.append("%d")
+            exprs.append(node)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unsupported integer width in f-string: {ftype.width}"
+            )
+    elif isinstance(ftype, ir.PointerType):
+        target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(ftype)
+        if isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
+            if target.width == 64:
+                fmt_parts.append("%lld")
+                exprs.append(node)
+            elif target.width == 32:
+                fmt_parts.append("%d")
+                exprs.append(node)
+            elif target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
+                # NOTE: Assume i8* is a string
+                fmt_parts.append("%s")
+                exprs.append(node)
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"Unsupported pointer target type in f-string: {target}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unsupported pointer target type in f-string: {target}"
+            )
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported field type in f-string: {ftype}")
+
+
+def _create_format_string_global(fmt_str, func, module, builder):
+    """Create a global variable for the format string."""
+    fmt_name = f"{func.name}____fmt{func._fmt_counter}"
+    func._fmt_counter += 1
+
+    fmt_gvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+        module, ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), name=fmt_name
+    )
+    fmt_gvar.global_constant = True
+    fmt_gvar.initializer = ir.Constant(
+        ir.ArrayType(ir.IntType(8), len(fmt_str)), bytearray(fmt_str.encode("utf8"))
+    )
+    fmt_gvar.linkage = "internal"
+    fmt_gvar.align = 1
+
+    return builder.bitcast(fmt_gvar, ir.PointerType())
+
+
+def _prepare_expr_args(expr, func, module, builder, local_sym_tab, struct_sym_tab):
+    """Evaluate and prepare an expression to use as an arg for bpf_printk."""
+    val, _ = eval_expr(
+        func,
+        module,
+        builder,
+        expr,
+        local_sym_tab,
+        None,
+        struct_sym_tab,
+    )
+
+    if val:
+        if isinstance(val.type, ir.PointerType):
+            target, depth = get_base_type_and_depth(val.type)
+            if isinstance(target, ir.IntType):
+                if target.width >= 32:
+                    val = deref_to_depth(func, builder, val, depth)
+                    val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
+                elif target.width == 8 and depth == 1:
+                    # NOTE: i8* is string, no need to deref
+                    pass
+
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. Others default to 0."
+                )
+                val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+        elif isinstance(val.type, ir.IntType):
+            if val.type.width < 64:
+                val = builder.sext(val, ir.IntType(64))
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Only int and ptr supported in bpf_printk args. Others default to 0."
+            )
+            val = ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)
+        return val
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Failed to evaluate expression for bpf_printk argument. "
+            "It will be converted to 0."
+        )
+        return ir.Constant(ir.IntType(64), 0)

pythonbpf/license_pass.py

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 from llvmlite import ir
 import ast
+from logging import Logger
+import logging
+
+logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def emit_license(module: ir.Module, license_str: str):
@@ -41,9 +45,9 @@ def license_processing(tree, module):
                         emit_license(module, node.body[0].value.value)
                         return "LICENSE"
                     else:
-                        print("ERROR: LICENSE() must return a string literal")
+                        logger.info("ERROR: LICENSE() must return a string literal")
                         return None
                 else:
-                    print("ERROR: LICENSE already defined")
+                    logger.info("ERROR: LICENSE already defined")
                     return None
     return None

pythonbpf/maps/map_debug_info.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
+
+
+def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
+    """Generate debug info metadata for BPF maps HASH and PERF_EVENT_ARRAY"""
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+
+    uint_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
+    ulong_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+    array_type = generator.create_array_type(
+        uint_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.UNSPEC).value
+    )
+    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type, 64)
+    key_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
+        array_type if "key_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
+    )
+    value_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
+        array_type if "value_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
+    )
+
+    elements_arr = []
+
+    # Create struct members
+    # scope field does not appear for some reason
+    cnt = 0
+    for elem in map_params:
+        if elem == "max_entries":
+            continue
+        if elem == "type":
+            ptr = type_ptr
+        elif "key" in elem:
+            ptr = key_ptr
+        else:
+            ptr = value_ptr
+        # TODO: the best way to do this is not 64, but get the size each time. this will not work for structs.
+        member = generator.create_struct_member(elem, ptr, cnt * 64)
+        elements_arr.append(member)
+        cnt += 1
+
+    if "max_entries" in map_params:
+        max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(
+            uint_type, map_params["max_entries"]
+        )
+        max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
+        max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
+            "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, cnt * 64
+        )
+        elements_arr.append(max_entries_member)
+
+    # Create the struct type
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
+        elements_arr, 64 * len(elements_arr), is_distinct=True
+    )
+
+    # Create global variable debug info
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
+
+    # Attach debug info to the global variable
+    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
+
+    return global_var
+
+
+def create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
+    """Generate debug information metadata for BPF RINGBUF map"""
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+
+    int_type = generator.get_int32_type()
+
+    type_array = generator.create_array_type(
+        int_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.RINGBUF).value
+    )
+    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(type_array, 64)
+    type_member = generator.create_struct_member("type", type_ptr, 0)
+
+    max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(int_type, map_params["max_entries"])
+    max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
+    max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
+        "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, 64
+    )
+
+    elements_arr = [type_member, max_entries_member]
+
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(elements_arr, 128, is_distinct=True)
+
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
+    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
+    return global_var

pythonbpf/maps/map_types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from enum import Enum
+
+
+class BPFMapType(Enum):
+    UNSPEC = 0
+    HASH = 1
+    ARRAY = 2
+    PROG_ARRAY = 3
+    PERF_EVENT_ARRAY = 4
+    PERCPU_HASH = 5
+    PERCPU_ARRAY = 6
+    STACK_TRACE = 7
+    CGROUP_ARRAY = 8
+    LRU_HASH = 9
+    LRU_PERCPU_HASH = 10
+    LPM_TRIE = 11
+    ARRAY_OF_MAPS = 12
+    HASH_OF_MAPS = 13
+    DEVMAP = 14
+    SOCKMAP = 15
+    CPUMAP = 16
+    XSKMAP = 17
+    SOCKHASH = 18
+    CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 19
+    CGROUP_STORAGE = 19
+    REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY = 20
+    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 21
+    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE = 21
+    QUEUE = 22
+    STACK = 23
+    SK_STORAGE = 24
+    DEVMAP_HASH = 25
+    STRUCT_OPS = 26
+    RINGBUF = 27
+    INODE_STORAGE = 28
+    TASK_STORAGE = 29
+    BLOOM_FILTER = 30
+    USER_RINGBUF = 31
+    CGRP_STORAGE = 32

pythonbpf/maps/maps_pass.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import ast
+import logging
 from logging import Logger
 from llvmlite import ir
-from enum import Enum
+
 from .maps_utils import MapProcessorRegistry
-from ..debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
-import logging
+from .map_types import BPFMapType
+from .map_debug_info import create_map_debug_info, create_ringbuf_debug_info
 
 logger: Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -26,44 +27,6 @@ def is_map(func_node):
     )
 
 
-class BPFMapType(Enum):
-    UNSPEC = 0
-    HASH = 1
-    ARRAY = 2
-    PROG_ARRAY = 3
-    PERF_EVENT_ARRAY = 4
-    PERCPU_HASH = 5
-    PERCPU_ARRAY = 6
-    STACK_TRACE = 7
-    CGROUP_ARRAY = 8
-    LRU_HASH = 9
-    LRU_PERCPU_HASH = 10
-    LPM_TRIE = 11
-    ARRAY_OF_MAPS = 12
-    HASH_OF_MAPS = 13
-    DEVMAP = 14
-    SOCKMAP = 15
-    CPUMAP = 16
-    XSKMAP = 17
-    SOCKHASH = 18
-    CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 19
-    CGROUP_STORAGE = 19
-    REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY = 20
-    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE_DEPRECATED = 21
-    PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE = 21
-    QUEUE = 22
-    STACK = 23
-    SK_STORAGE = 24
-    DEVMAP_HASH = 25
-    STRUCT_OPS = 26
-    RINGBUF = 27
-    INODE_STORAGE = 28
-    TASK_STORAGE = 29
-    BLOOM_FILTER = 30
-    USER_RINGBUF = 31
-    CGRP_STORAGE = 32
-
-
 def create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params):
     """Create a BPF map in the module with given parameters and debug info"""
 
@@ -84,116 +47,37 @@ def create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params):
     return map_global
 
 
-def create_map_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
-    """Generate debug info metadata for BPF maps HASH and PERF_EVENT_ARRAY"""
-    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
+def _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=None):
+    """Parse map parameters from call arguments and keywords."""
 
-    uint_type = generator.get_uint32_type()
-    ulong_type = generator.get_uint64_type()
-    array_type = generator.create_array_type(
-        uint_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.UNSPEC).value
-    )
-    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(array_type, 64)
-    key_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
-        array_type if "key_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
-    )
-    value_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(
-        array_type if "value_size" in map_params else ulong_type, 64
-    )
+    params = {}
 
-    elements_arr = []
+    # Parse positional arguments
+    if expected_args:
+        for i, arg_name in enumerate(expected_args):
+            if i < len(rval.args):
+                arg = rval.args[i]
+                if isinstance(arg, ast.Name):
+                    params[arg_name] = arg.id
+                elif isinstance(arg, ast.Constant):
+                    params[arg_name] = arg.value
 
-    # Create struct members
-    # scope field does not appear for some reason
-    cnt = 0
-    for elem in map_params:
-        if elem == "max_entries":
-            continue
-        if elem == "type":
-            ptr = type_ptr
-        elif "key" in elem:
-            ptr = key_ptr
-        else:
-            ptr = value_ptr
-        # TODO: the best way to do this is not 64, but get the size each time. this will not work for structs.
-        member = generator.create_struct_member(elem, ptr, cnt * 64)
-        elements_arr.append(member)
-        cnt += 1
+    # Parse keyword arguments (override positional)
+    for keyword in rval.keywords:
+        if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
+            params[keyword.arg] = keyword.value.id
+        elif isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
+            params[keyword.arg] = keyword.value.value
 
-    if "max_entries" in map_params:
-        max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(
-            uint_type, map_params["max_entries"]
-        )
-        max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
-        max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
-            "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, cnt * 64
-        )
-        elements_arr.append(max_entries_member)
-
-    # Create the struct type
-    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
-        elements_arr, 64 * len(elements_arr), is_distinct=True
-    )
-
-    # Create global variable debug info
-    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
-        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
-    )
-
-    # Attach debug info to the global variable
-    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
-
-    return global_var
-
-
-def create_ringbuf_debug_info(module, map_global, map_name, map_params):
-    """Generate debug information metadata for BPF RINGBUF map"""
-    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(module)
-
-    int_type = generator.get_int32_type()
-
-    type_array = generator.create_array_type(
-        int_type, map_params.get("type", BPFMapType.RINGBUF).value
-    )
-    type_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(type_array, 64)
-    type_member = generator.create_struct_member("type", type_ptr, 0)
-
-    max_entries_array = generator.create_array_type(
-        int_type, map_params["max_entries"])
-    max_entries_ptr = generator.create_pointer_type(max_entries_array, 64)
-    max_entries_member = generator.create_struct_member(
-        "max_entries", max_entries_ptr, 64
-    )
-
-    elements_arr = [type_member, max_entries_member]
-
-    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type(
-        elements_arr, 128, is_distinct=True)
-
-    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
-        map_name, struct_type, is_local=False
-    )
-    map_global.set_metadata("dbg", global_var)
-    return global_var
+    return params
 
 
 @MapProcessorRegistry.register("RingBuf")
 def process_ringbuf_map(map_name, rval, module):
     """Process a BPF_RINGBUF map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing Ringbuf: {map_name}")
-    map_params = {"type": BPFMapType.RINGBUF}
-
-    # Parse max_entries if present
-    if len(rval.args) >= 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Constant):
-        const_val = rval.args[0].value
-        if isinstance(const_val, int):
-            map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
-
-    for keyword in rval.keywords:
-        if keyword.arg == "max_entries" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
-            const_val = keyword.value.value
-            if isinstance(const_val, int):
-                map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
+    map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["max_entries"])
+    map_params["type"] = BPFMapType.RINGBUF
 
     logger.info(f"Ringbuf map parameters: {map_params}")
 
@@ -206,27 +90,8 @@ def process_ringbuf_map(map_name, rval, module):
 def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module):
     """Process a BPF_HASH map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing HashMap: {map_name}")
-    map_params = {"type": BPFMapType.HASH}
-
-    # Assuming order: key_type, value_type, max_entries
-    if len(rval.args) >= 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Name):
-        map_params["key"] = rval.args[0].id
-    if len(rval.args) >= 2 and isinstance(rval.args[1], ast.Name):
-        map_params["value"] = rval.args[1].id
-    if len(rval.args) >= 3 and isinstance(rval.args[2], ast.Constant):
-        const_val = rval.args[2].value
-        if isinstance(const_val, (int, str)):  # safe check
-            map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
-
-    for keyword in rval.keywords:
-        if keyword.arg == "key" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["key"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif keyword.arg == "value" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["value"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif keyword.arg == "max_entries" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
-            const_val = keyword.value.value
-            if isinstance(const_val, (int, str)):
-                map_params["max_entries"] = const_val
+    map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["key", "value", "max_entries"])
+    map_params["type"] = BPFMapType.HASH
 
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
@@ -239,18 +104,8 @@ def process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module):
 def process_perf_event_map(map_name, rval, module):
     """Process a BPF_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY map declaration"""
     logger.info(f"Processing PerfEventArray: {map_name}")
-    map_params = {"type": BPFMapType.PERF_EVENT_ARRAY}
-
-    if len(rval.args) >= 1 and isinstance(rval.args[0], ast.Name):
-        map_params["key_size"] = rval.args[0].id
-    if len(rval.args) >= 2 and isinstance(rval.args[1], ast.Name):
-        map_params["value_size"] = rval.args[1].id
-
-    for keyword in rval.keywords:
-        if keyword.arg == "key_size" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["key_size"] = keyword.value.id
-        elif keyword.arg == "value_size" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
-            map_params["value_size"] = keyword.value.id
+    map_params = _parse_map_params(rval, expected_args=["key_size", "value_size"])
+    map_params["type"] = BPFMapType.PERF_EVENT_ARRAY
 
     logger.info(f"Map parameters: {map_params}")
     map_global = create_bpf_map(module, map_name, map_params)
@@ -280,9 +135,7 @@ def process_bpf_map(func_node, module):
         if handler:
             return handler(map_name, rval, module)
         else:
-            logger.warning(
-                f"Unknown map type " f"{rval.func.id}, defaulting to HashMap"
-            )
+            logger.warning(f"Unknown map type {rval.func.id}, defaulting to HashMap")
             return process_hash_map(map_name, rval, module)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Function under @map must return a map")

pythonbpf/structs/structs_pass.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def structs_proc(tree, module, chunks):
     structs_sym_tab = {}
     for cls_node in chunks:
         if is_bpf_struct(cls_node):
-            print(f"Found BPF struct: {cls_node.name}")
+            logger.info(f"Found BPF struct: {cls_node.name}")
             struct_info = process_bpf_struct(cls_node, module)
             structs_sym_tab[cls_node.name] = struct_info
     return structs_sym_tab

pythonbpf/type_deducer.py

@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
 from llvmlite import ir
 
 # TODO: THIS IS NOT SUPPOSED TO MATCH STRINGS :skull:
+mapping = {
+    "c_int8": ir.IntType(8),
+    "c_uint8": ir.IntType(8),
+    "c_int16": ir.IntType(16),
+    "c_uint16": ir.IntType(16),
+    "c_int32": ir.IntType(32),
+    "c_uint32": ir.IntType(32),
+    "c_int64": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_uint64": ir.IntType(64),
+    "c_float": ir.FloatType(),
+    "c_double": ir.DoubleType(),
+    "c_void_p": ir.IntType(64),
+    # Not so sure about this one
+    "str": ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
+}
 
 
 def ctypes_to_ir(ctype: str):
-    mapping = {
-        "c_int8": ir.IntType(8),
-        "c_uint8": ir.IntType(8),
-        "c_int16": ir.IntType(16),
-        "c_uint16": ir.IntType(16),
-        "c_int32": ir.IntType(32),
-        "c_uint32": ir.IntType(32),
-        "c_int64": ir.IntType(64),
-        "c_uint64": ir.IntType(64),
-        "c_float": ir.FloatType(),
-        "c_double": ir.DoubleType(),
-        "c_void_p": ir.IntType(64),
-        # Not so sure about this one
-        "str": ir.PointerType(ir.IntType(8)),
-    }
     if ctype in mapping:
         return mapping[ctype]
     raise NotImplementedError(f"No mapping for {ctype}")
+
+
+def is_ctypes(ctype: str) -> bool:
+    return ctype in mapping

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .import_detector import vmlinux_proc
+
+__all__ = ["vmlinux_proc"]

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/class_handler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+import logging
+from functools import lru_cache
+import importlib
+from .dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
+from .dependency_node import DependencyNode
+import ctypes
+from typing import Optional, Any, Dict
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_module_symbols(module_name: str):
+    imported_module = importlib.import_module(module_name)
+    return [name for name in dir(imported_module)], imported_module
+
+
+def process_vmlinux_class(node, llvm_module, handler: DependencyHandler):
+    symbols_in_module, imported_module = get_module_symbols("vmlinux")
+    if node.name in symbols_in_module:
+        vmlinux_type = getattr(imported_module, node.name)
+        process_vmlinux_post_ast(vmlinux_type, llvm_module, handler)
+    else:
+        raise ImportError(f"{node.name} not in vmlinux")
+
+
+def process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+    elem_type_class, llvm_handler, handler: DependencyHandler, processing_stack=None
+):
+    # Initialize processing stack on first call
+    if processing_stack is None:
+        processing_stack = set()
+    symbols_in_module, imported_module = get_module_symbols("vmlinux")
+
+    current_symbol_name = elem_type_class.__name__
+    logger.info(f"Begin {current_symbol_name} Processing")
+    field_table: Dict[str, list] = {}
+    is_complex_type = False
+    containing_type: Optional[Any] = None
+    ctype_complex_type: Optional[Any] = None
+    type_length: Optional[int] = None
+    module_name = getattr(elem_type_class, "__module__", None)
+
+    # Check if already processed
+    if handler.has_node(current_symbol_name):
+        logger.debug(f"Node {current_symbol_name} already processed and ready")
+        return True
+
+    # XXX:Check it's use. It's probably not being used.
+    if current_symbol_name in processing_stack:
+        logger.debug(
+            f"Dependency already in processing stack for {current_symbol_name}, skipping"
+        )
+        return True
+
+    processing_stack.add(current_symbol_name)
+
+    if module_name == "vmlinux":
+        if hasattr(elem_type_class, "_type_"):
+            pass
+        else:
+            new_dep_node = DependencyNode(name=current_symbol_name)
+
+            # elem_type_class is the actual vmlinux struct/class
+            new_dep_node.set_ctype_struct(elem_type_class)
+
+            handler.add_node(new_dep_node)
+            class_obj = getattr(imported_module, current_symbol_name)
+            # Inspect the class fields
+            if hasattr(class_obj, "_fields_"):
+                for field_elem in class_obj._fields_:
+                    field_name: str = ""
+                    field_type: Optional[Any] = None
+                    bitfield_size: Optional[int] = None
+                    if len(field_elem) == 2:
+                        field_name, field_type = field_elem
+                    elif len(field_elem) == 3:
+                        field_name, field_type, bitfield_size = field_elem
+                    field_table[field_name] = [field_type, bitfield_size]
+            elif hasattr(class_obj, "__annotations__"):
+                for field_elem in class_obj.__annotations__.items():
+                    if len(field_elem) == 2:
+                        field_name, field_type = field_elem
+                        bitfield_size = None
+                    elif len(field_elem) == 3:
+                        field_name, field_type, bitfield_size = field_elem
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Number of fields in items() of class object unexpected"
+                        )
+                    field_table[field_name] = [field_type, bitfield_size]
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("Could not get required class and definition")
+
+            logger.debug(f"Extracted fields for {current_symbol_name}: {field_table}")
+            for elem in field_table.items():
+                elem_name, elem_temp_list = elem
+                [elem_type, elem_bitfield_size] = elem_temp_list
+                local_module_name = getattr(elem_type, "__module__", None)
+                new_dep_node.add_field(elem_name, elem_type, ready=False)
+                if local_module_name == ctypes.__name__:
+                    new_dep_node.set_field_bitfield_size(elem_name, elem_bitfield_size)
+                    new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, is_ready=True)
+                    logger.debug(
+                        f"Field {elem_name} is direct ctypes type: {elem_type}"
+                    )
+                elif local_module_name == "vmlinux":
+                    new_dep_node.set_field_bitfield_size(elem_name, elem_bitfield_size)
+                    logger.debug(
+                        f"Processing vmlinux field: {elem_name}, type: {elem_type}"
+                    )
+                    if hasattr(elem_type, "_type_"):
+                        is_complex_type = True
+                        containing_type = elem_type._type_
+                        if hasattr(elem_type, "_length_") and is_complex_type:
+                            type_length = elem_type._length_
+
+                        if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                            new_dep_node.add_dependent(
+                                elem_type._type_.__name__
+                                if hasattr(elem_type._type_, "__name__")
+                                else str(elem_type._type_)
+                            )
+                        elif containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                            if isinstance(elem_type, type):
+                                if issubclass(elem_type, ctypes.Array):
+                                    ctype_complex_type = ctypes.Array
+                                elif issubclass(elem_type, ctypes._Pointer):
+                                    ctype_complex_type = ctypes._Pointer
+                            else:
+                                raise TypeError("Unsupported ctypes subclass")
+                        else:
+                            raise ImportError(
+                                f"Unsupported module of {containing_type}"
+                            )
+                        logger.debug(
+                            f"{containing_type} containing type of parent {elem_name} with {elem_type} and ctype {ctype_complex_type} and length {type_length}"
+                        )
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_containing_type(
+                            elem_name, containing_type
+                        )
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_type_size(elem_name, type_length)
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+                            elem_name, ctype_complex_type
+                        )
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_type(elem_name, elem_type)
+                        if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                            containing_type_name = (
+                                containing_type.__name__
+                                if hasattr(containing_type, "__name__")
+                                else str(containing_type)
+                            )
+
+                            # Check for self-reference or already processed
+                            if containing_type_name == current_symbol_name:
+                                # Self-referential pointer
+                                logger.debug(
+                                    f"Self-referential pointer in {current_symbol_name}.{elem_name}"
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            elif handler.has_node(containing_type_name):
+                                # Already processed
+                                logger.debug(
+                                    f"Reusing already processed {containing_type_name}"
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                            else:
+                                # Process recursively - THIS WAS MISSING
+                                new_dep_node.add_dependent(containing_type_name)
+                                process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+                                    containing_type,
+                                    llvm_handler,
+                                    handler,
+                                    processing_stack,
+                                )
+                                new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                        elif containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                            logger.debug(f"Processing ctype internal{containing_type}")
+                            new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError(
+                                "Module not supported in recursive resolution"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        new_dep_node.add_dependent(
+                            elem_type.__name__
+                            if hasattr(elem_type, "__name__")
+                            else str(elem_type)
+                        )
+                        process_vmlinux_post_ast(
+                            elem_type, llvm_handler, handler, processing_stack
+                        )
+                        new_dep_node.set_field_ready(elem_name, True)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"{elem_name} with type {elem_type} from module {module_name} not supported in recursive resolver"
+                    )
+
+    else:
+        raise ImportError("UNSUPPORTED Module")
+
+    logging.info(
+        f"{current_symbol_name} processed and handler readiness {handler.is_ready}"
+    )
+    return True

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/dependency_handler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+from typing import Optional, Dict, List, Iterator
+from .dependency_node import DependencyNode
+
+
+class DependencyHandler:
+    """
+    Manages a collection of DependencyNode objects with no duplicates.
+
+    Ensures that no two nodes with the same name can be added and provides
+    methods to check readiness and retrieve specific nodes.
+
+    Example usage:
+        # Create a handler
+        handler = DependencyHandler()
+
+        # Create some dependency nodes
+        node1 = DependencyNode(name="node1")
+        node1.add_field("field1", str)
+        node1.set_field_value("field1", "value1")
+
+        node2 = DependencyNode(name="node2")
+        node2.add_field("field1", int)
+
+        # Add nodes to the handler
+        handler.add_node(node1)
+        handler.add_node(node2)
+
+        # Check if a specific node exists
+        print(handler.has_node("node1"))  # True
+
+        # Get a reference to a node and modify it
+        node = handler.get_node("node2")
+        node.set_field_value("field1", 42)
+
+        # Check if all nodes are ready
+        print(handler.is_ready)  # False (node2 is ready, but node1 isn't)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Using a dictionary with node names as keys ensures name uniqueness
+        # and provides efficient lookups
+        self._nodes: Dict[str, DependencyNode] = {}
+
+    def add_node(self, node: DependencyNode) -> bool:
+        """
+        Add a dependency node to the handler.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The DependencyNode to add
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the node was added, False if a node with the same name already exists
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the provided object is not a DependencyNode
+        """
+        if not isinstance(node, DependencyNode):
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected DependencyNode, got {type(node).__name__}")
+
+        # Check if a node with this name already exists
+        if node.name in self._nodes:
+            return False
+
+        self._nodes[node.name] = node
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_ready(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if all nodes are ready.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if all nodes are ready (or if there are no nodes), False otherwise
+        """
+        if not self._nodes:
+            return True
+
+        return all(node.is_ready for node in self._nodes.values())
+
+    def has_node(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if a node with the given name exists.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name to check
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if a node with the given name exists, False otherwise
+        """
+        return name in self._nodes
+
+    def get_node(self, name: str) -> Optional[DependencyNode]:
+        """
+        Get a node by name for manipulation.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the node to retrieve
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[DependencyNode]: The node with the given name, or None if not found
+        """
+        return self._nodes.get(name)
+
+    def remove_node(self, node_or_name) -> bool:
+        """
+        Remove a node by name or reference.
+
+        Args:
+            node_or_name: The node to remove or its name
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the node was removed, False if not found
+        """
+        if isinstance(node_or_name, DependencyNode):
+            name = node_or_name.name
+        else:
+            name = node_or_name
+
+        if name in self._nodes:
+            del self._nodes[name]
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def get_all_nodes(self) -> List[DependencyNode]:
+        """
+        Get all nodes stored in the handler.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[DependencyNode]: List of all nodes
+        """
+        return list(self._nodes.values())
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[DependencyNode]:
+        """
+        Iterate over all nodes.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterator[DependencyNode]: Iterator over all nodes
+        """
+        return iter(self._nodes.values())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Get the number of nodes in the handler.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The number of nodes
+        """
+        return len(self._nodes)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> DependencyNode:
+        """
+        Get a node by name using dictionary-style access.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the node to retrieve
+
+        Returns:
+            DependencyNode: The node with the given name
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If no node with the given name exists
+
+        Example:
+            node = handler["some-dep_node_name"]
+        """
+        if name not in self._nodes:
+            raise KeyError(f"No node with name '{name}' found")
+        return self._nodes[name]
+
+    @property
+    def nodes(self):
+        return self._nodes

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/dependency_node.py

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+import ctypes
+
+
+# TODO: FIX THE FUCKING TYPE NAME CONVENTION.
+@dataclass
+class Field:
+    """Represents a field in a dependency node with its type and readiness state."""
+
+    name: str
+    type: type
+    ctype_complex_type: Optional[Any]
+    containing_type: Optional[Any]
+    type_size: Optional[int]
+    bitfield_size: Optional[int]
+    offset: int
+    value: Any = None
+    ready: bool = False
+
+    def set_ready(self, is_ready: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Set the readiness state of this field."""
+        self.ready = is_ready
+
+    def set_value(self, value: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set the value of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.value = value
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_type(self, given_type, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set value of the type field and mark as ready"""
+        self.type = given_type
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_containing_type(
+        self, containing_type: Optional[Any], mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the containing_type of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.containing_type = containing_type
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_type_size(self, type_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set the type_size of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.type_size = type_size
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_ctype_complex_type(
+        self, ctype_complex_type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the ctype_complex_type of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.ctype_complex_type = ctype_complex_type
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_bitfield_size(self, bitfield_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set the bitfield_size of this field and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        self.bitfield_size = bitfield_size
+        if mark_ready:
+            self.ready = True
+
+    def set_offset(self, offset: int) -> None:
+        """Set the offset of this field"""
+        self.offset = offset
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DependencyNode:
+    """
+    A node with typed fields and readiness tracking.
+
+    Example usage:
+        # Create a dependency node for a Person
+        somestruct = DependencyNode(name="struct_1")
+
+        # Add fields with their types
+        somestruct.add_field("field_1", str)
+        somestruct.add_field("field_2", int)
+        somestruct.add_field("field_3", str)
+
+        # Check if the node is ready (should be False initially)
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # False
+
+        # Set some field values
+        somestruct.set_field_value("field_1", "someproperty")
+        somestruct.set_field_value("field_2", 30)
+
+        # Check if the node is ready (still False because email is not ready)
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # False
+
+        # Set the last field and make the node ready
+        somestruct.set_field_value("field_3", "anotherproperty")
+
+        # Now the node should be ready
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # True
+
+        # You can also mark a field as not ready
+        somestruct.set_field_ready("field_3", False)
+
+        # Now the node is not ready again
+        print(f"Is node ready? {somestruct.is_ready}")  # False
+
+        # Get all field values
+        print(somestruct.get_field_values())  # {'field_1': 'someproperty', 'field_2': 30, 'field_3': 'anotherproperty'}
+
+        # Get only ready fields
+        ready_fields = somestruct.get_ready_fields()
+        print(f"Ready fields: {[field.name for field in ready_fields.values()]}")  # ['field_1', 'field_2']
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    depends_on: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    fields: Dict[str, Field] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    _ready_cache: Optional[bool] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    current_offset: int = 0
+    ctype_struct: Optional[Any] = field(default=None, repr=False)
+
+    def add_field(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_type: type,
+        initial_value: Any = None,
+        containing_type: Optional[Any] = None,
+        type_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        ctype_complex_type: Optional[int] = None,
+        bitfield_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        ready: bool = False,
+        offset: int = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a field to the node with an optional initial value and readiness state."""
+        if self.depends_on is None:
+            self.depends_on = []
+        self.fields[name] = Field(
+            name=name,
+            type=field_type,
+            value=initial_value,
+            ready=ready,
+            containing_type=containing_type,
+            type_size=type_size,
+            ctype_complex_type=ctype_complex_type,
+            bitfield_size=bitfield_size,
+            offset=offset,
+        )
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_ctype_struct(self, ctype_struct: Any) -> None:
+        """Set the ctypes structure for automatic offset calculation."""
+        self.ctype_struct = ctype_struct
+
+    def __sizeof__(self):
+        # If we have a ctype_struct, use its size
+        if self.ctype_struct is not None:
+            return ctypes.sizeof(self.ctype_struct)
+        return self.current_offset
+
+    def get_field(self, name: str) -> Field:
+        """Get a field by name."""
+        return self.fields[name]
+
+    def set_field_value(self, name: str, value: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set a field's value and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_value(value, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_type(self, name: str, type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Set a field's type and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_type(type, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_containing_type(
+        self, name: str, containing_type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's containing_type and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_containing_type(containing_type, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_type_size(
+        self, name: str, type_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's type_size and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_type_size(type_size, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_ctype_complex_type(
+        self, name: str, ctype_complex_type: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's ctype_complex_type and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_ctype_complex_type(ctype_complex_type, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_bitfield_size(
+        self, name: str, bitfield_size: Any, mark_ready: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a field's bitfield_size and optionally mark it as ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_bitfield_size(bitfield_size, mark_ready)
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def set_field_ready(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        is_ready: bool = False,
+        size_of_containing_type: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mark a field as ready or not ready."""
+        if name not in self.fields:
+            raise KeyError(f"Field '{name}' does not exist in node '{self.name}'")
+
+        self.fields[name].set_ready(is_ready)
+
+        # Use ctypes built-in offset if available
+        if self.ctype_struct is not None:
+            try:
+                self.fields[name].set_offset(getattr(self.ctype_struct, name).offset)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Fallback to manual calculation if field not found in ctype_struct
+                self.fields[name].set_offset(self.current_offset)
+                self.current_offset += self._calculate_size(
+                    name, size_of_containing_type
+                )
+        else:
+            # Manual offset calculation when no ctype_struct is available
+            self.fields[name].set_offset(self.current_offset)
+            self.current_offset += self._calculate_size(name, size_of_containing_type)
+
+        # Invalidate readiness cache
+        self._ready_cache = None
+
+    def _calculate_size(
+        self, name: str, size_of_containing_type: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> int:
+        processing_field = self.fields[name]
+        # size_of_field will be in bytes
+        if processing_field.type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+            size_of_field = ctypes.sizeof(processing_field.type)
+            return size_of_field
+        elif processing_field.type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+            if processing_field.ctype_complex_type is not None:
+                if issubclass(processing_field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array):
+                    if processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                        if (
+                            processing_field.containing_type is not None
+                            and processing_field.type_size is not None
+                        ):
+                            size_of_field = (
+                                ctypes.sizeof(processing_field.containing_type)
+                                * processing_field.type_size
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"{processing_field} has no containing_type or type_size"
+                            )
+                        return size_of_field
+                    elif processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                        if (
+                            size_of_containing_type is not None
+                            and processing_field.type_size is not None
+                        ):
+                            size_of_field = (
+                                size_of_containing_type * processing_field.type_size
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"{processing_field} has no containing_type or type_size"
+                            )
+                        return size_of_field
+                elif issubclass(processing_field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes._Pointer):
+                    return ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p)
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        "This subclass of ctype not supported yet"
+                    )
+            elif processing_field.type_size is not None:
+                # Handle vmlinux types with type_size but no ctype_complex_type
+                # This means it's a direct vmlinux struct field (not array/pointer wrapped)
+                # The type_size should already contain the full size of the struct
+                # But if there's a containing_type from vmlinux, we need that size
+                if processing_field.containing_type is not None:
+                    if processing_field.containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                        # For vmlinux containing types, we need the pre-calculated size
+                        if size_of_containing_type is not None:
+                            return size_of_containing_type * processing_field.type_size
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"Field {name}: vmlinux containing_type requires size_of_containing_type"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        raise ModuleNotFoundError(
+                            f"Containing type module {processing_field.containing_type.__module__} not supported"
+                        )
+                else:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Wrong type found with no containing type")
+            else:
+                # No ctype_complex_type and no type_size, must rely on size_of_containing_type
+                if size_of_containing_type is None:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"Size of containing type {size_of_containing_type} is None"
+                    )
+                return size_of_containing_type
+
+        else:
+            raise ModuleNotFoundError("Module is not supported for the operation")
+        raise RuntimeError("control should not reach here")
+
+    @property
+    def is_ready(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the node is ready (all fields are ready)."""
+        # Use cached value if available
+        if self._ready_cache is not None:
+            return self._ready_cache
+
+        # Calculate readiness only when needed
+        if not self.fields:
+            self._ready_cache = True
+            return True
+
+        self._ready_cache = all(elem.ready for elem in self.fields.values())
+        return self._ready_cache
+
+    def get_field_values(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get a dictionary of field names to their values."""
+        return {name: elem.value for name, elem in self.fields.items()}
+
+    def get_ready_fields(self) -> Dict[str, Field]:
+        """Get all fields that are marked as ready."""
+        return {name: elem for name, elem in self.fields.items() if elem.ready}
+
+    def get_not_ready_fields(self) -> Dict[str, Field]:
+        """Get all fields that are marked as not ready."""
+        return {name: elem for name, elem in self.fields.items() if not elem.ready}
+
+    def add_dependent(self, dep_type):
+        if dep_type in self.depends_on:
+            return
+        else:
+            self.depends_on.append(dep_type)

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/import_detector.py

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import ast
+import logging
+from typing import List, Tuple, Any
+import importlib
+import inspect
+
+from .dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
+from .ir_gen import IRGenerator
+from .class_handler import process_vmlinux_class
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def detect_import_statement(tree: ast.AST) -> List[Tuple[str, ast.ImportFrom]]:
+    """
+    Parse AST and detect import statements from vmlinux.
+
+    Returns a list of tuples (module_name, imported_item) for vmlinux imports.
+    Raises SyntaxError for invalid import patterns.
+
+    Args:
+        tree: The AST to parse
+
+    Returns:
+        List of tuples containing (module_name, imported_item) for each vmlinux import
+
+    Raises:
+        SyntaxError: If multiple imports from vmlinux are attempted or import * is used
+    """
+    vmlinux_imports = []
+
+    for node in ast.walk(tree):
+        # Handle "from vmlinux import ..." statements
+        if isinstance(node, ast.ImportFrom):
+            if node.module == "vmlinux":
+                # Check for wildcard import: from vmlinux import *
+                if any(alias.name == "*" for alias in node.names):
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        "Wildcard imports from vmlinux are not supported. "
+                        "Please import specific types explicitly."
+                    )
+
+                # Check for multiple imports: from vmlinux import A, B, C
+                if len(node.names) > 1:
+                    imported_names = [alias.name for alias in node.names]
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        f"Multiple imports from vmlinux are not supported. "
+                        f"Found: {', '.join(imported_names)}. "
+                        f"Please use separate import statements for each type."
+                    )
+
+                # Check if no specific import is specified (should not happen with valid Python)
+                if len(node.names) == 0:
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        "Import from vmlinux must specify at least one type."
+                    )
+
+                # Valid single import
+                for alias in node.names:
+                    import_name = alias.name
+                    # Use alias if provided, otherwise use the original name (commented)
+                    # as_name = alias.asname if alias.asname else alias.name
+                    vmlinux_imports.append(("vmlinux", node))
+                    logger.info(f"Found vmlinux import: {import_name}")
+
+        # Handle "import vmlinux" statements (not typical but should be rejected)
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.Import):
+            for alias in node.names:
+                if alias.name == "vmlinux" or alias.name.startswith("vmlinux."):
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        "Direct import of vmlinux module is not supported. "
+                        "Use 'from vmlinux import <type>' instead."
+                    )
+
+    logger.info(f"Total vmlinux imports detected: {len(vmlinux_imports)}")
+    return vmlinux_imports
+
+
+def vmlinux_proc(tree: ast.AST, module):
+    import_statements = detect_import_statement(tree)
+
+    # initialise dependency handler
+    handler = DependencyHandler()
+    # initialise assignment dictionary of name to type
+    assignments: dict[str, tuple[type, Any]] = {}
+
+    if not import_statements:
+        logger.info("No vmlinux imports found")
+        return
+
+    # Import vmlinux module directly
+    try:
+        vmlinux_mod = importlib.import_module("vmlinux")
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.warning("Could not import vmlinux module")
+        return
+
+    source_file = inspect.getsourcefile(vmlinux_mod)
+    if source_file is None:
+        logger.warning("Cannot find source for vmlinux module")
+        return
+
+    with open(source_file, "r") as f:
+        mod_ast = ast.parse(f.read(), filename=source_file)
+
+    for import_mod, import_node in import_statements:
+        for alias in import_node.names:
+            imported_name = alias.name
+            found = False
+            for mod_node in mod_ast.body:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(mod_node, ast.ClassDef)
+                    and mod_node.name == imported_name
+                ):
+                    process_vmlinux_class(mod_node, module, handler)
+                    found = True
+                    break
+                if isinstance(mod_node, ast.Assign):
+                    for target in mod_node.targets:
+                        if isinstance(target, ast.Name) and target.id == imported_name:
+                            process_vmlinux_assign(mod_node, module, assignments)
+                            found = True
+                            break
+                if found:
+                    break
+            if not found:
+                logger.info(
+                    f"{imported_name} not found as ClassDef or Assign in vmlinux"
+                )
+
+    IRGenerator(module, handler)
+    return assignments
+
+
+def process_vmlinux_assign(node, module, assignments: dict[str, tuple[type, Any]]):
+    # Check if this is a simple assignment with a constant value
+    if len(node.targets) == 1 and isinstance(node.targets[0], ast.Name):
+        target_name = node.targets[0].id
+        if isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant):
+            assignments[target_name] = (type(node.value.value), node.value.value)
+            logger.info(
+                f"Added assignment: {target_name} = {node.value.value!r} of type {type(node.value.value)}"
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported assignment type for {target_name}")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Not a simple assignment")

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .ir_generation import IRGenerator
+
+__all__ = ["IRGenerator"]

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/debug_info_gen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from pythonbpf.debuginfo import DebugInfoGenerator
+
+
+def debug_info_generation(struct, llvm_module):
+    generator = DebugInfoGenerator(llvm_module)
+    # this is sample debug info generation
+    # i64type = generator.get_uint64_type()
+
+    struct_type = generator.create_struct_type([], 64 * 4, is_distinct=True)
+
+    global_var = generator.create_global_var_debug_info(
+        struct.name, struct_type, is_local=False
+    )
+
+    return global_var

pythonbpf/vmlinux_parser/ir_gen/ir_generation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import ctypes
+import logging
+from ..dependency_handler import DependencyHandler
+from .debug_info_gen import debug_info_generation
+from ..dependency_node import DependencyNode
+import llvmlite.ir as ir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class IRGenerator:
+    # get the assignments dict and add this stuff to it.
+    def __init__(self, llvm_module, handler: DependencyHandler, assignment=None):
+        self.llvm_module = llvm_module
+        self.handler: DependencyHandler = handler
+        self.generated: list[str] = []
+        if not handler.is_ready:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Semantic analysis of vmlinux imports failed. Cannot generate IR"
+            )
+        for struct in handler:
+            self.struct_processor(struct)
+
+    def struct_processor(self, struct, processing_stack=None):
+        # Initialize processing stack on first call
+        if processing_stack is None:
+            processing_stack = set()
+
+        # If already generated, skip
+        if struct.name in self.generated:
+            return
+
+        # Detect circular dependency
+        if struct.name in processing_stack:
+            logger.info(
+                f"Circular dependency detected for {struct.name}, skipping recursive processing"
+            )
+            # For circular dependencies, we can either:
+            # 1. Use forward declarations (opaque pointers)
+            # 2. Mark as incomplete and process later
+            # 3. Generate a placeholder type
+            # Here we'll just skip and let it be processed in its own call
+            return
+
+        logger.info(f"IR generating for {struct.name}")
+
+        # Add to processing stack before processing dependencies
+        processing_stack.add(struct.name)
+
+        try:
+            # Process all dependencies first
+            if struct.depends_on is None:
+                pass
+            else:
+                for dependency in struct.depends_on:
+                    if dependency not in self.generated:
+                        # Check if dependency exists in handler
+                        if dependency in self.handler.nodes:
+                            dep_node_from_dependency = self.handler[dependency]
+                            # Pass the processing_stack down to track circular refs
+                            self.struct_processor(
+                                dep_node_from_dependency, processing_stack
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError(
+                                f"Warning: Dependency {dependency} not found in handler"
+                            )
+
+            # Actual processor logic here after dependencies are resolved
+            self.gen_ir(struct)
+            self.generated.append(struct.name)
+
+        finally:
+            # Remove from processing stack after we're done
+            processing_stack.discard(struct.name)
+
+    def gen_ir(self, struct):
+        # TODO: we add the btf_ama attribute by monkey patching in the end of compilation, but once llvmlite
+        #  accepts our issue, we will resort to normal accessed attribute based attribute addition
+        # currently we generate all possible field accesses for CO-RE and put into the assignment table
+        debug_info = debug_info_generation(struct, self.llvm_module)
+        field_index = 0
+        for field_name, field in struct.fields.items():
+            # does not take arrays and similar types into consideration yet.
+            if field.ctype_complex_type is not None and issubclass(
+                field.ctype_complex_type, ctypes.Array
+            ):
+                array_size = field.type_size
+                containing_type = field.containing_type
+                if containing_type.__module__ == ctypes.__name__:
+                    containing_type_size = ctypes.sizeof(containing_type)
+                    for i in range(0, array_size):
+                        field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, i, containing_type_size
+                        )
+                        globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                            self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                        )
+                        globvar.linkage = "external"
+                        globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                    field_index += 1
+            elif field.type_size is not None:
+                array_size = field.type_size
+                containing_type = field.containing_type
+                if containing_type.__module__ == "vmlinux":
+                    containing_type_size = self.handler[
+                        containing_type.__name__
+                    ].current_offset
+                    for i in range(0, array_size):
+                        field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                            struct, field, field_index, True, i, containing_type_size
+                        )
+                        globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                            self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                        )
+                        globvar.linkage = "external"
+                        globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+                    field_index += 1
+            else:
+                field_co_re_name = self._struct_name_generator(
+                    struct, field, field_index
+                )
+                field_index += 1
+                globvar = ir.GlobalVariable(
+                    self.llvm_module, ir.IntType(64), name=field_co_re_name
+                )
+                globvar.linkage = "external"
+                globvar.set_metadata("llvm.preserve.access.index", debug_info)
+
+    def _struct_name_generator(
+        self,
+        struct: DependencyNode,
+        field,
+        field_index: int,
+        is_indexed: bool = False,
+        index: int = 0,
+        containing_type_size: int = 0,
+    ) -> str:
+        if is_indexed:
+            name = (
+                "llvm."
+                + struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
+                + f":0:{field.offset + index * containing_type_size}"
+                + "$"
+                + f"0:{field_index}:{index}"
+            )
+            return name
+        elif struct.name.startswith("struct_"):
+            name = (
+                "llvm."
+                + struct.name.removeprefix("struct_")
+                + f":0:{field.offset}"
+                + "$"
+                + f"0:{field_index}"
+            )
+            return name
+        else:
+            print(self.handler[struct.name])
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Name generation cannot occur due to type name not starting with struct"
+            )

tests/c-form/ex2.bpf.c

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include "vmlinux.h"
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
-#define u64 unsigned long long
-#define u32 unsigned int
+#include <bpf/bpf_endian.h>
 
 SEC("xdp")
 int hello(struct xdp_md *ctx) {
-    bpf_printk("Hello, World!\n");
+    bpf_printk("Hello, World! %ud \n", ctx->data);
     return XDP_PASS;
 }
 

tests/c-form/ex7.bpf.c

@@ -1,23 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include "vmlinux.h"
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
 
-struct trace_entry {
-  short unsigned int type;
-  unsigned char flags;
-  unsigned char preempt_count;
-  int pid;
-};
-
-struct trace_event_raw_sys_enter {
-  struct trace_entry ent;
-  long int id;
-  long unsigned int args[6];
-  char __data[0];
-};
-
 struct event {
   __u32 pid;
   __u32 uid;

tests/c-form/globals.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+struct test_struct {
+    __u64 a;
+    __u64 b;
+};
+
+struct test_struct w = {};
+volatile __u64 prev_time = 0;
+
+SEC("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+int trace_execve(void *ctx)
+{
+    bpf_printk("previous %ul now %ul", w.b, w.a);
+    __u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+    bpf_printk("prev %ul now %ul", prev_time, ts);
+    w.a = ts;
+    w.b = prev_time;
+    prev_time = ts;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

tests/c-form/kprobe.bpf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+
+char LICENSE[] SEC("license") = "Dual BSD/GPL";
+
+SEC("kprobe/do_unlinkat")
+int kprobe_execve(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    bpf_printk("unlinkat created");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("kretprobe/do_unlinkat")
+int kretprobe_execve(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+    bpf_printk("unlinkat returned\n");
+    return 0;
+}

tests/failing_tests/assign/retype.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+# NOTE: This example tries to reinterpret the variable `x` to a different type.
+# We do not allow this for now, as stack allocations are typed and have to be
+# done in the first basic block. Allowing re-interpretation would require
+# re-allocation of stack space (possibly in a new basic block), which is not
+# supported in eBPF yet.
+# We can allow bitcasts in cases where the width of the types is the same in
+# the future. But for now, we do not allow any re-interpretation of variables.
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    x = 20
+    if x == 2:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/conditionals/helper_cond.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+# NOTE: Decided against fixing this
+# as a workaround is assigning the result of lookup to a variable
+# and then using that variable in the if statement.
+# Might fix in future.
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    if last.lookup(0) > 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/conditionals/oneline.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!") if True else print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/conditionals/struct_ptr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, struct, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+
+# NOTE: Decided against fixing this
+# as one workaround is to just check any field of the struct
+# in the if statement. Ugly but works.
+# Might fix in future.
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    ts: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dat = data_t()
+    if dat:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/direct_assign.py

@@ -4,6 +4,18 @@ from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
 
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
+# NOTE: I have decided to not fix this example for now.
+# The issue is in line 31, where we are passing an expression.
+# The update helper expects a pointer type. But the problem is
+# that we must allocate the space for said pointer in the first
+# basic block. As that usage is in a different basic block, we
+# are unable to cast the expression to a pointer type. (as we never
+# allocated space for it).
+# Shall we change our space allocation logic? That allows users to
+# spam the same helper with the same args, and still run out of
+# stack space. So we consider this usage invalid for now.
+# Might fix it later.
+
 
 @bpf
 @map
@@ -14,12 +26,12 @@ def count() -> HashMap:
 @bpf
 @section("xdp")
 def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    prev = count().lookup(0)
+    prev = count.lookup(0)
     if prev:
-        count().update(0, prev + 1)
+        count.update(0, prev + 1)
         return XDP_PASS
     else:
-        count().update(0, 1)
+        count.update(0, 1)
 
     return XDP_PASS
 

tests/failing_tests/globals.py

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import logging
+
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def somevalue() -> c_int32:
+    return c_int32(42)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def somevalue2() -> c_int64:
+    return c_int64(69)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def somevalue1() -> c_int32:
+    return c_int32(42)
+
+
+# --- Passing examples ---
+
+
+# Simple constant return
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def g1() -> c_int64:
+    return c_int64(42)
+
+
+# Constructor with one constant argument
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def g2() -> c_int64:
+    return c_int64(69)
+
+
+# --- Failing examples ---
+
+# No return annotation
+# @bpf
+# @bpfglobal
+# def g3():
+#     return 42
+
+# Return annotation is complex
+# @bpf
+# @bpfglobal
+# def g4() -> List[int]:
+#     return []
+
+# # Return is missing
+# @bpf
+# @bpfglobal
+# def g5() -> c_int64:
+#     pass
+
+# # Return is a variable reference
+# #TODO: maybe fix this sometime later. It defaults to 0
+# CONST = 5
+# @bpf
+# @bpfglobal
+# def g6() -> c_int64:
+#     return c_int64(CONST)
+
+
+# Constructor with multiple args
+# TODO: this is not working. should it work ?
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def g7() -> c_int64:
+    return c_int64(1)
+
+
+# Dataclass call
+# TODO: fails with dataclass
+# @dataclass
+# class Point:
+#     x: c_int64
+#     y: c_int64
+
+# @bpf
+# @bpfglobal
+# def g8() -> Point:
+#     return Point(1, 2)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("test")
+    global somevalue
+    somevalue = 2
+    print(f"{somevalue}")
+    return c_int64(1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("globals.py", "globals.ll", loglevel=logging.INFO)
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/named_arg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+# NOTE: This example exposes the problems with our typing system.
+# We can't do steps on line 25 and 27.
+# prev is of type i64**. For prev + 1, we deref it down to i64
+# To assign it back to prev, we need to go back to i64**.
+# We cannot allocate space for the intermediate type now.
+# We probably need to track the ref/deref chain for each variable.
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def count() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    prev = count.lookup(0)
+    if prev:
+        prev = prev + 1
+        count.update(0, prev)
+        return XDP_PASS
+    else:
+        count.update(0, 1)
+
+    return XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/undeclared_values.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import logging
+
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+# This should not pass as somevalue is not declared at all.
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("test")
+    print(f"{somevalue}")  # noqa: F821
+    return c_int64(1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("globals.py", "globals.ll", loglevel=logging.INFO)
+compile()

tests/failing_tests/xdp_pass.py

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile_to_ir
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
+from vmlinux import TASK_COMM_LEN  # noqa: F401
+
+from vmlinux import struct_qspinlock  # noqa: F401
+
+# from vmlinux import struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter  # noqa: F401
+# from vmlinux import struct_posix_cputimers  # noqa: F401
+from vmlinux import struct_xdp_md
+
+# from vmlinux import struct_trace_event_raw_sys_enter  # noqa: F401
+# from vmlinux import struct_ring_buffer_per_cpu  # noqa: F401
+# from vmlinux import struct_request  # noqa: F401
+from ctypes import c_int64
+
+# Instructions to how to run this program
+# 1. Install PythonBPF: pip install pythonbpf
+# 2. Run the program: python examples/xdp_pass.py
+# 3. Run the program with sudo: sudo tools/check.sh run examples/xdp_pass.o
+# 4. Attach object file to any network device with something like ./check.sh xdp examples/xdp_pass.o tailscale0
+# 5. send traffic through the device and observe effects
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def count() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_int64, value=c_int64, max_entries=1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("xdp")
+def hello_world(ctx: struct_xdp_md) -> c_int64:
+    key = 0
+    one = 1
+    prev = count().lookup(key)
+    if prev:
+        prevval = prev + 1
+        print(f"count: {prevval}")
+        count().update(key, prevval)
+        return XDP_PASS
+    else:
+        count().update(key, one)
+
+    return XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile_to_ir("xdp_pass.py", "xdp_pass.ll")

tests/passing_tests/assign/comprehensive.py

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile, struct
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
+
+
+# NOTE: This is a comprehensive test combining struct, helper, and map features
+# Please note that at line 50, though we have used an absurd expression to test
+# the compiler, it is recommended to use named variables to reduce the amount of
+# scratch space that needs to be allocated.
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    ts: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dat = data_t()
+    dat.pid = 123
+    dat.pid = dat.pid + 1
+    print(f"pid is {dat.pid}")
+    tu = 9
+    last.update(0, tu)
+    last.update(1, -last.lookup(0))
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    print(f"Map value at index 0: {x}")
+    x = x + c_int32(1)
+    print(f"x after adding 32-bit 1 is {x}")
+    x = ktime() - 121
+    print(f"ktime - 121 is {x}")
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    x = x + 1
+    print(f"x is {x}")
+    if x == 10:
+        jat = data_t()
+        jat.ts = 456
+        print(f"Hello, World!, ts is {jat.ts}")
+        a = last.lookup(0)
+        print(f"a is {a}")
+        last.update(9, 9)
+        last.update(
+            0,
+            last.lookup(last.lookup(0))
+            + last.lookup(last.lookup(0))
+            + last.lookup(last.lookup(0)),
+        )
+        z = last.lookup(0)
+        print(f"new map val at index 0 is {z}")
+    else:
+        a = last.lookup(0)
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    c = last.lookup(1 - 1)
+    print(f"c is {c}")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/assign/cst_var_binop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 1
+    print(f"Initial x: {x}")
+    a = 20
+    x = a
+    print(f"Updated x with a: {x}")
+    x = (x + x) * 3
+    if x == 2:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print(f"Goodbye, World! {x}")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/assign/helper.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+# NOTE: An example of i64** assignment with binops on the RHS
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    print(f"{x}")
+    x = x + 1
+    if x == 2:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/assign/struct_and_helper_binops.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile, struct
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.helper import ktime
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    ts: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dat = data_t()
+    dat.pid = 123
+    dat.pid = dat.pid + 1
+    print(f"pid is {dat.pid}")
+    x = ktime() - 121
+    print(f"ktime is {x}")
+    x = 1
+    x = x + 1
+    print(f"x is {x}")
+    if x == 2:
+        jat = data_t()
+        jat.ts = 456
+        print(f"Hello, World!, ts is {jat.ts}")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/binops.py

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
 
 @bpf
-@section("sometag1")
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
 def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    a = 1 + 2 + 1
+    a = 1 + 2 + 1 + 12 + 13
     print(f"{a}")
     return c_int64(0)
 

tests/passing_tests/binops1.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_sync")
+def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    b = 1 + 2
+    a = 1 + b
+    print(f"{a}")
+    return c_int64(0)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/and.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    last.update(1, 2)
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    y = last.lookup(1)
+    if x and y:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/bool.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    if True:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/const_binop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    if (0 + 1) * 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/const_int.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    if 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/map.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    # last.update(0, 1)
+    tsp = last.lookup(0)
+    if tsp:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/map_comp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    tsp = last.lookup(0)
+    if tsp > 0:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/not.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    # last.update(0, 1)
+    tsp = last.lookup(0)
+    if not tsp:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/or.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
+
+
+@bpf
+@map
+def last() -> HashMap:
+    return HashMap(key=c_uint64, value=c_uint64, max_entries=3)
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    last.update(0, 1)
+    # last.update(1, 2)
+    x = last.lookup(0)
+    y = last.lookup(1)
+    if x or y:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/struct_access.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, struct, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@struct
+class data_t:
+    pid: c_uint64
+    ts: c_uint64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    dat = data_t()
+    if dat.ts:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/type_mismatch.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 0
+    y = c_int32(0)
+    if x == y:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 0
+    if x:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/var_binop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 0
+    if x * 1:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/conditionals/var_comp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    x = 2
+    if x > 3:
+        print("Hello, World!")
+    else:
+        print("Goodbye, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/perf_buffer_map.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from pythonbpf import bpf, map, struct, section, bpfglobal, compile, compile_to_ir, BPF
 from pythonbpf.helper import ktime, pid
 from pythonbpf.maps import PerfEventArray
-
+import logging
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32, c_uint64
 
 
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
     return "GPL"
 
 
-compile()
 compile_to_ir("perf_buffer_map.py", "perf_buffer_map.ll")
+compile(loglevel=logging.INFO)
 b = BPF()
 b.load_and_attach()
 

tests/passing_tests/return/binop_const.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return 1 + 1 - 2
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/binop_var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 2
+    return a - 2
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/bool.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return True
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/int.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return 1
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/null.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/typecast_binops.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 1  # int64
+    x = 1  # int64
+    return c_int32(a - x)  # typecast to int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/typecast_const.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return c_int32(1)
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/typecast_var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int32:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 1  # int64
+    return c_int32(a)  # typecast to int32
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/var.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    a = 1
+    return a
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/return/xdp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from pythonbpf import bpf, section, bpfglobal, compile
+from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
+from pythonbpf.helper import XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_execve")
+def hello_world(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
+    print("Hello, World!")
+    return XDP_PASS
+
+
+@bpf
+@bpfglobal
+def LICENSE() -> str:
+    return "GPL"
+
+
+compile()

tests/passing_tests/var_rval.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import logging
+
 from pythonbpf import compile, bpf, section, bpfglobal
 from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 
@@ -5,8 +7,7 @@ from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64
 @bpf
 @section("sometag1")
 def sometag(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
-    b = 1 + 2
-    a = 1 + b
+    a = 1 - 1
     return c_int64(a)
 
 
@@ -16,4 +17,4 @@ def LICENSE() -> str:
     return "GPL"
 
 
-compile()
+compile(loglevel=logging.INFO)

tools/vmlinux-gen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+BTF to Python ctypes Converter
+Converts Linux kernel BTF (BPF Type Format) to Python ctypes definitions.
+
+This tool automates the process of:
+1. Dumping BTF from vmlinux
+2. Preprocessing enum definitions
+3. Processing struct kioctx to extract anonymous nested structs
+4. Running C preprocessor
+5. Converting to Python ctypes using clang2py
+6. Post-processing the output
+
+Requirements:
+- bpftool
+- clang
+- ctypeslib2 (pip install ctypeslib2)
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+
+class BTFConverter:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        btf_source="/sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux",
+        output_file="vmlinux.py",
+        keep_intermediate=False,
+        verbose=False,
+    ):
+        self.btf_source = btf_source
+        self.output_file = output_file
+        self.keep_intermediate = keep_intermediate
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp() if not keep_intermediate else "."
+
+    def log(self, message):
+        """Print message if verbose mode is enabled."""
+        if self.verbose:
+            print(f"[*] {message}")
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, description):
+        """Run a shell command and handle errors."""
+        self.log(f"{description}...")
+        try:
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                cmd, shell=True, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True
+            )
+            if self.verbose and result.stdout:
+                print(result.stdout)
+            return result
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            print(f"Error during {description}:", file=sys.stderr)
+            print(e.stderr, file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def step1_dump_btf(self):
+        """Step 1: Dump BTF from vmlinux."""
+        vmlinux_h = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "vmlinux.h")
+        cmd = f"bpftool btf dump file {self.btf_source} format c > {vmlinux_h}"
+        self.run_command(cmd, "Dumping BTF from vmlinux")
+        return vmlinux_h
+
+    def step2_preprocess_enums(self, input_file):
+        """Step 1.5: Preprocess enum definitions."""
+        self.log("Preprocessing enum definitions...")
+
+        with open(input_file, "r") as f:
+            original_code = f.read()
+
+        # Extract anonymous enums
+        enums = re.findall(
+            r"(?<!typedef\s)(enum\s*\{[^}]*\})\s*(\w+)\s*(?::\s*\d+)?\s*;",
+            original_code,
+        )
+        enum_defs = [enum_block + ";" for enum_block, _ in enums]
+
+        # Replace anonymous enums with int declarations
+        processed_code = re.sub(
+            r"(?<!typedef\s)enum\s*\{[^}]*\}\s*(\w+)\s*(?::\s*\d+)?\s*;",
+            r"int \1;",
+            original_code,
+        )
+
+        # Prepend enum definitions
+        if enum_defs:
+            enum_text = "\n".join(enum_defs) + "\n\n"
+            processed_code = enum_text + processed_code
+
+        output_file = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "vmlinux_processed.h")
+        with open(output_file, "w") as f:
+            f.write(processed_code)
+
+        return output_file
+
+    def step2_5_process_kioctx(self, input_file):
+        # TODO: this is a very bad bug and design decision. A single struct has an issue mostly.
+        """Step 2.5: Process struct kioctx to extract nested anonymous structs."""
+        self.log("Processing struct kioctx nested structs...")
+
+        with open(input_file, "r") as f:
+            content = f.read()
+
+        # Pattern to match struct kioctx with its full body (handles multiple nesting levels)
+        kioctx_pattern = (
+            r"struct\s+kioctx\s*\{(?:[^{}]|\{(?:[^{}]|\{[^{}]*\})*\})*\}\s*;"
+        )
+
+        def process_kioctx_replacement(match):
+            full_struct = match.group(0)
+            self.log(f"Found struct kioctx, length: {len(full_struct)} chars")
+
+            # Extract the struct body (everything between outermost { and })
+            body_match = re.search(
+                r"struct\s+kioctx\s*\{(.*)\}\s*;", full_struct, re.DOTALL
+            )
+            if not body_match:
+                return full_struct
+
+            body = body_match.group(1)
+
+            # Find all anonymous structs within the body
+            # Pattern: struct { ... } followed by ; (not a member name)
+            # anon_struct_pattern = r"struct\s*\{[^}]*\}"
+
+            anon_structs = []
+            anon_counter = 4  # Start from 4, counting down to 1
+
+            def replace_anonymous_struct(m):
+                nonlocal anon_counter
+                anon_struct_content = m.group(0)
+
+                # Extract the body of the anonymous struct
+                anon_body_match = re.search(
+                    r"struct\s*\{(.*)\}", anon_struct_content, re.DOTALL
+                )
+                if not anon_body_match:
+                    return anon_struct_content
+
+                anon_body = anon_body_match.group(1)
+
+                # Create the named struct definition
+                anon_name = f"__anon{anon_counter}"
+                member_name = f"a{anon_counter}"
+
+                # Store the struct definition
+                anon_structs.append(f"struct {anon_name} {{{anon_body}}};")
+
+                anon_counter -= 1
+
+                # Return the member declaration
+                return f"struct {anon_name} {member_name}"
+
+            # Process the body, finding and replacing anonymous structs
+            # We need to be careful to only match anonymous structs followed by ;
+            processed_body = body
+
+            # Find all occurrences and process them
+            pattern_with_semicolon = r"struct\s*\{([^}]*)\}\s*;"
+            matches = list(re.finditer(pattern_with_semicolon, body, re.DOTALL))
+
+            if not matches:
+                self.log("No anonymous structs found in kioctx")
+                return full_struct
+
+            self.log(f"Found {len(matches)} anonymous struct(s)")
+
+            # Process in reverse order to maintain string positions
+            for match in reversed(matches):
+                anon_struct_content = match.group(1)
+                start_pos = match.start()
+                end_pos = match.end()
+
+                # Create the named struct definition
+                anon_name = f"__anon{anon_counter}"
+                member_name = f"a{anon_counter}"
+
+                # Store the struct definition
+                anon_structs.insert(0, f"struct {anon_name} {{{anon_struct_content}}};")
+
+                # Replace in the body
+                replacement = f"struct {anon_name} {member_name};"
+                processed_body = (
+                    processed_body[:start_pos] + replacement + processed_body[end_pos:]
+                )
+
+                anon_counter -= 1
+
+            # Rebuild the complete definition
+            if anon_structs:
+                # Prepend the anonymous struct definitions
+                anon_definitions = "\n".join(anon_structs) + "\n\n"
+                new_struct = f"struct kioctx {{{processed_body}}};"
+                return anon_definitions + new_struct
+            else:
+                return full_struct
+
+        # Apply the transformation
+        processed_content = re.sub(
+            kioctx_pattern, process_kioctx_replacement, content, flags=re.DOTALL
+        )
+
+        output_file = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "vmlinux_kioctx_processed.h")
+        with open(output_file, "w") as f:
+            f.write(processed_content)
+
+        self.log(f"Saved kioctx-processed output to {output_file}")
+        return output_file
+
+    def step3_run_preprocessor(self, input_file):
+        """Step 2: Run C preprocessor."""
+        output_file = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "vmlinux.i")
+        cmd = f"clang -E {input_file} > {output_file}"
+        self.run_command(cmd, "Running C preprocessor")
+        return output_file
+
+    def step4_convert_to_ctypes(self, input_file):
+        """Step 3: Convert to Python ctypes using clang2py."""
+        output_file = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "vmlinux_raw.py")
+        cmd = (
+            f"clang2py {input_file} -o {output_file} "
+            f'--clang-args="-fno-ms-extensions -I/usr/include -I/usr/include/linux"'
+        )
+        self.run_command(cmd, "Converting to Python ctypes")
+        return output_file
+
+    def step5_postprocess(self, input_file):
+        """Step 4: Post-process the generated Python file."""
+        self.log("Post-processing Python ctypes definitions...")
+
+        with open(input_file, "r") as f:
+            data = f.read()
+
+        # Remove lines like ('_45', ctypes.c_int64, 0)
+        data = re.sub(r"\('_[0-9]+',\s*ctypes\.[a-zA-Z0-9_]+,\s*0\),?\s*\n?", "", data)
+
+        # Replace ('_20', ctypes.c_uint64, 64) → ('_20', ctypes.c_uint64)
+        data = re.sub(
+            r"\('(_[0-9]+)',\s*(ctypes\.[a-zA-Z0-9_]+),\s*[0-9]+\)", r"('\1', \2)", data
+        )
+
+        # Replace ('_20', ctypes.c_char, 8) with ('_20', ctypes.c_uint8, 8)
+        data = re.sub(r"(ctypes\.c_char)(\s*,\s*\d+\))", r"ctypes.c_uint8\2", data)
+
+        # below to replace those c_bool with bitfield greater than 8
+        def repl(m):
+            name, bits = m.groups()
+            return (
+                f"('{name}', ctypes.c_uint32, {bits})" if int(bits) > 8 else m.group(0)
+            )
+
+        data = re.sub(r"\('([^']+)',\s*ctypes\.c_bool,\s*(\d+)\)", repl, data)
+
+        # Remove ctypes. prefix from invalid entries
+        invalid_ctypes = ["bpf_iter_state", "_cache_type", "fs_context_purpose"]
+        for name in invalid_ctypes:
+            data = re.sub(rf"\bctypes\.{name}\b", name, data)
+
+        with open(self.output_file, "w") as f:
+            f.write(data)
+
+        self.log(f"Saved final output to {self.output_file}")
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        """Remove temporary files if not keeping them."""
+        if not self.keep_intermediate and self.temp_dir != ".":
+            self.log(f"Cleaning up temporary directory: {self.temp_dir}")
+            import shutil
+
+            shutil.rmtree(self.temp_dir, ignore_errors=True)
+
+    def convert(self):
+        """Run the complete conversion pipeline."""
+        try:
+            self.log("Starting BTF to Python ctypes conversion...")
+
+            # Check dependencies
+            self.check_dependencies()
+
+            # Run conversion pipeline
+            vmlinux_h = self.step1_dump_btf()
+            vmlinux_processed_h = self.step2_preprocess_enums(vmlinux_h)
+            vmlinux_kioctx_h = self.step2_5_process_kioctx(vmlinux_processed_h)
+            vmlinux_i = self.step3_run_preprocessor(vmlinux_kioctx_h)
+            vmlinux_raw_py = self.step4_convert_to_ctypes(vmlinux_i)
+            self.step5_postprocess(vmlinux_raw_py)
+
+            print(f"\n✓ Conversion complete! Output saved to: {self.output_file}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"\n✗ Error during conversion: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+            import traceback
+
+            traceback.print_exc()
+            sys.exit(1)
+        finally:
+            self.cleanup()
+
+    def check_dependencies(self):
+        """Check if required tools are available."""
+        self.log("Checking dependencies...")
+
+        dependencies = {
+            "bpftool": "bpftool --version",
+            "clang": "clang --version",
+            "clang2py": "clang2py --version",
+        }
+
+        missing = []
+        for tool, cmd in dependencies.items():
+            try:
+                subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True, check=True, capture_output=True)
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                missing.append(tool)
+
+        if missing:
+            print("Error: Missing required dependencies:", file=sys.stderr)
+            for tool in missing:
+                print(f"  - {tool}", file=sys.stderr)
+            if "clang2py" in missing:
+                print("\nInstall ctypeslib2: pip install ctypeslib2", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Convert Linux kernel BTF to Python ctypes definitions",
+        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+        epilog="""
+Examples:
+  %(prog)s
+  %(prog)s -o kernel_types.py
+  %(prog)s --btf-source /sys/kernel/btf/custom_module -k -v
+        """,
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--btf-source",
+        default="/sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux",
+        help="Path to BTF source (default: /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux)",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-o",
+        "--output",
+        default="vmlinux.py",
+        help="Output Python file (default: vmlinux.py)",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-k",
+        "--keep-intermediate",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Keep intermediate files (vmlinux.h, vmlinux_processed.h, etc.)",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Enable verbose output"
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    converter = BTFConverter(
+        btf_source=args.btf_source,
+        output_file=args.output,
+        keep_intermediate=args.keep_intermediate,
+        verbose=args.verbose,
+    )
+
+    converter.convert()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()